应用地质和地震反演信息进行三维沉积微相随机建模

探讨了综合应用地质及测井约束地震反演信息进行三维沉积微相随机建模的基本原理、思路与方法，并以渤海湾盆地某区块新近系明化镇组河流相储层为例，说明这一研究过程的基本步骤，包括井眼沉积微相解释、测井约束地震反演、波阻抗与地质相的概率关系分析、随机模拟方法选择、地质统计特征分析、三维随机建模、随机模拟预测的多解性评价。研究表明，波阻抗与沉积微相之间具有一定的概率相关关系。综合应用包括地震信息在内的多学科信息进行沉积微相随机建模，可对储层预测的多解性进行有效评价。     

The crustal structure of the Eastern Alps from a combination of 3D gravity modelling and isostatic investigations

The transition between European and Adriatic crust is an important feature related to the plate collision that formed the European Alps. The diversity of seismic and geological information allows the construction of two alternative 3D density models, which both match the observed gravity field. Different seismic experiments suggest a thickness for the Adriatic crust between 30 and 40 km. The thick crust model requires an unusually dense lower crust (>3050 kg/m³) to reproduce the observed Bouguer anomaly. To evaluate the two alternative models, the isostatic implications of the geometry and density distribution within both 3D models are investigated, using local (Airy) and regional (Vening Meinesz) isostasy.Airy isostatic investigations show that the Eastern Alps are not isostatically compensated and the residuals correlate strongly with exposed geological formations. Subsequently, subsurface loading is an important factor controlling isostatic processes. The different geometry and densities in the two 3D models imply different loading at the crust–mantle boundary. The subsurface loads calculated from the 3D density models were used to estimate regional isostasy by a convolution method. In general, small rigidity values (D<10×10²¹ Nm) are determined for the Eastern Alpine lithosphere. In the model with a 40-km-thick Adriatic crust, high flexural rigidities are inferred for the Adriatic plate (>100×10²¹ Nm), but these values are unusual for an active orogenic region. The results point to the interfingering of European and Adriatic crust that results in the squeezing of European crust between Adriatic crust and mantle with additional contamination by mantle material.     

An integrated multi-scale 3D seismic model of the Archaean Yilgarn Craton, Australia

The collection of a range of different seismic data types has greatly improved our understanding of the crustal architecture of Australia's Archaean Yilgarn Craton over the last few years. These seismic data include broadband seismic studies, seismic receiver functions, wide-angle recordings and mine-scale to deep seismic reflection transects. Each data set provides information on the three-dimensional (3D) tectonic model of the Yilgarn Craton from the craton scale through to the mine scale. This paper demonstrates that the integration and rationalisation of these different seismic data sets into a multi-scale 3D geological/seismic model, that can be visualised at once in a single software package, and incorporating all available data sets, significantly enhances this understanding. This enhanced understanding occurred because the integrated 3D model allowed easy and accurate comparison of one result against another, and facilitated the integrated questioning and interrogation across scales and seismic method. As a result, there are feedback questions regarding understanding of the individual seismic data sets themselves, as well as the Yilgarn Craton as a whole.The methodology used, including all the data sets in the model range, had to allow for the wide range of data sets, frequencies and seismic modes. At the craton scale, P-wave, S-wave and surface wave variations constrained the 3D lithospheric velocity model, revealing noticeable large-scale velocity variations within and across the craton. An interesting feature of the data, easily identified in 3D, is the presence of a fast S-wave velocity anomaly (> 4.8 km s^− 1) within the upper mantle. This velocity anomaly dips east and has a series of step-down offsets that coincide approximately with province and terrane boundaries of the Yilgarn Craton.One-dimensional receiver function profiles show variations in their crustal velocity across the craton. These crustal velocity variations are consistent with the larger-scale geological subdivision of the craton, and provide characteristic profiles for provinces and terranes. The receiver function results and the deep seismic reflection data both agree on the depth to the Moho, and both indicate an increase in Moho depth to the east. The 2D seismic refraction results in the south-west of the craton provide crustal thickness information, an indication of middle and lower crustal compositions, and information regarding the broad-scale architectural framework.At the province- and terrane-scale, the deep seismic reflection data and the mine-scale seismic data provide geometric constraints on crustal architecture, in particular the orientation of the region's fault systems as well as variations in the thickness of the granite–greenstone succession. Integration of the results from wide-angle seismic refraction data coincident with the deep seismic reflection data provided additional constraints on likely upper crustal lithologies.The integrated 3D seismic model implies the dominant geodynamic process involved the development of an orogenic belt that developed with a series of contractional (folding and thrusting) events, separated by equally important extensional events. The seismic reflection data in particular suggests that extensional movement on many shear zones was more common than previously thought.The seismic reflection data suggest that the dominant mineral systems involved deeply sourced fluid flowing up crustal-penetrating shear zones. These deeply sourced fluids were further focussed into sites located above fault-breached domal regions in the upper crust.     

三维地震建模与可视化

在地震模型与正演中利用已知资料或虚拟建立复杂的二维和三维地震模型, 对进行后续地震模拟和面元分析以及合理地设计观测系统等工作是非常重要的, 同时为地震资料处理解释提供了工具, 为反演方法提供了必要的基础.根据地震模型特点对地震模型建立及其在计算机上可视化的一些算法进行了简要阐述, 对能很好地实现三维地震模型可视化的克里格插值、Delaunay三角剖分算法的原理进行了分析研究.在SeisWay1.0“地震模型与正演”模块中根据以上算法所生成的模型数据生成三维地震模型.      

三维地震物理模拟采集技术及其应用

地震物理模拟建立了地震理论方法研究和实际地震勘探相互联系的桥梁,是弹性波场传播规律研究和处理解释方法验证的重要手段,在油气地震勘探领域发挥了重要的理论支撑作用。由于煤田与油气在地震勘探属性上存有较大差异,且国内外在煤田地震勘探领域尚没有建设成专业的自动化地震物理模拟系统。为此,设计研制了适用于煤田地震勘探的大型专业化三维地震物理模拟系统,主要由运动和控制系统、导轨和传动系统、测量系统、采集系统构成。针对该系统的物理模拟采集问题,研发了单坐标系统高定位精度技术和双坐标系统精度统一技术,实现了测量系统的空间定位精度误差不大于7 μm、双坐标系统具备统一的绝对零点坐标的超于预期的研究目标,并且通过含典型构造的煤田地震物理模拟实验,验证了系统的各项功能。      

基于钻孔数据的三维可视化快速建模技术的研究

为了实现三维建模过程的智能化以及自动化,以及使复杂地质体三维建模过程变得简单,针对CAD图形资料编写了能够直接将地表、钻孔等地质信息读入到数据库的DXF接口程序,提出了一种利用GA-Kriging插值手段对地层属性进行插值并最终实现三维可视化快速建模的方法,并且在此基础上基于VTK图形库实现了三维建模、等值线绘制、钻孔显示、切片以及特定地层的提取以及体积的计算等功能。在编写Kriging插值算法时,为了实现块金常数、变程等常数取值的自动化、最优化,应用GA智能算法求解。最后,通过地铁隧道的一个工程实例,对建模方法以及相应的算法模块进行了验证,表明方法具有一定的优越性。     

MT3D-通用的三维地下水污染物运移数值模型

定量研究污染物在地下水中的运移过程通常采用数值模拟方法。MT3D是一套基于有限差分方法的污染物运移模拟软件，近年来在国外水文地质和水环境模拟等领域的研究中已经得到较为广泛的认可。MT3D比较全面地考虑了污染物在地下水中的对流、弥散和化学反应等过程，可以灵活处理各种复杂的源汇项和边界条件，能够准确模拟承压、无压和越流含水层中的污染物运移过程。MT3D具有模块化的程序结构、灵活的求解方法以及全面的模拟功能，非常适合实际问题的研究，值得在国内推广使用。     

基于ADIPI的单程波三维VSP正演模拟方法

三维VSP正演模拟在三维VSP观测系统设计、三维VSP波场分析及三维VSP偏移成像方法研究中均有重要的作用。以三维单程波动方程为基础,采用基于正交方向加插值(ADIPI)的傅里叶有限差分(FFD)算子,实现了三维VSP正演模拟。克服了对三维算子的双向正交分裂所导致的方位各向异性误差,既保证了模拟精度,又提高了计算效率,还可根据实际需要单独模拟上行波或下行波。模型试验结果证明了方法的有效性。      

斜井三维VSP多波射线正演方法

基于费马原理和 Snell 定理,对三维 VSP两点射线追踪问题作了研究,给出了三维逐段迭代射线追踪算法的计算公式;同时考虑射线入射到界面时能量分配问题,探讨了三维介质条件下射线追踪计算方法。对斜井VSP三维任意起伏层状介质中多波进行正演模拟,结果表明:该方法可行性和有效性较高,计算速度快,且计算精度高。      

大地电磁三维正、反演多核并行计算的设计与实现

首先以频点为并行粒度,完成了MT三维正演并行计算,然后将该算法引入共轭梯度法MT三维反演过程中的正演求数据的残差、反演方程右端项的求取、共轭梯度求解模型增量这三个计算环节中,使得MT三维反演中的主要计算量实现并行化。对编制的MT三维正、反演并行计算程序,在多核工作站上通过理论地电模型进行了正演试算和反演验证,并在串行和并行两种计算方式下进行了计算效率对比。     

三维地震属性解释技术在巷道探测中的应用

针对煤矿安全生产中老窑巷道的位置和边界难以确定的困扰,对采煤巷道进行正演模拟,分析了巷道在二维地震资料剖面上的反映特征及敏感属性特征。以内蒙某区三维地震为例,在高品质数据采集的前提下,对实际三维地震资料进行保幅处理;在常规解释的基础上提取平均振幅、平均地震能量和均方根振幅等多种属性进行巷道定位解释。最终,解释结果与采掘工程图比对,巷道定位准确。      

基于MLS的FLAC3D复杂三维地质建模

针对岩土力学分析软件FLAC3D建模效率较低的不足之处,在分析FLAC3D建模命令以及网格模型＊.FLAC3D文件格式特点的基础上,介绍了空间坐标变换、MLS插值的方法与意义,并提出了新的建模方法,开发了相应的计算机辅助建模程序.该程序直接读取原始数据点,无需借助第三方软件,通过坐标变换、MLS插值,可快速生成具有复杂边界的地质模型,且便于材料参数和应力边界条件参数的赋值,可有效地提高工作效率.     

三维地震约束多点建模降低井间砂体预测的不确定性

本文利用垦71断块的测井数据和三维地震数据,运用多点统计建模方法,和软硬数据结合的原理,进行了油藏建模的井间砂体预测研究。本文的研究包括,三维地震数据的质量控制,软硬数据结合,多点统计学建模应用,训练图象的制作,砂体概率生成曲线的选用。在这基础上,本文利用测井数据和三维地震数据结合的建模结果,与仅用测井数据的建模结果进行了对比。这种分析和对比,以地震泥质含量剖面图为对比根据,分为三个层次:研究层段的上部和下部的砂泥岩分布对比,不同井及其周围地区的砂泥岩分布对比,不同随机种子产生的多个测井砂体预测剖面图之间、和多个井震砂体预测剖面图之间分别对比。本文结果可以说明,地震约束的多点统计建模结果明显地提高了井间砂体预测的合理性,并降低了油藏建模的不确定性。     

Multi-scale simulation of wave propagation and liquefaction in a one-dimensional soil column: hybrid DEM and finite-difference procedure

The paper describes a multi-phase, multi-scale rational method for modeling and predicting free-field wave propagation and the weakening and liquefaction of near-surface soils. The one-dimensional time-domain model of a soil column uses the discrete element method (DEM) to track stress and strain within a series of representative volume elements (RVEs), driven by seismic rock displacements at the column base. The RVE interactions are accomplished with a time-stepping finite-difference algorithm. The method applies Darcy’s principle to resolve the momentum transfer between a soil’s solid matrix and its interstitial pore fluid. Different algorithms are described for the dynamic period of seismic shaking and for the post-shaking consolidation period. The method can analyze numerous conditions and phenomena, including site-specific amplification, down-slope movement of sloping ground, dissolution or cavitation of air in the pore fluid, and drainage that is concurrent with shaking. Several refinements of the DEM are described for realistically simulating soil behavior and for solving a range of propagation and liquefaction factors, including the poromechanic stiffness of the pore fluid and the pressure-dependent drained stiffness of the grain matrix. The model is applied to four sets of well-documented centrifuge studies. The verification results are favorable and highlight the importance of the pore fluid conditions, such as the amount of dissolved air within the pore water.

     

面块切片在三维地震资料解释中的应用

目前的三维地震资料解释方法仍停留在二维解释的基础上。面块切片解释改变了传统的解释方法，利用了更多的三维信息，比较充分地发挥了三维数据体的三维立体优势，使解释过程更直观、更清楚，提高了解释精度和速度。     

溪洛渡地下洞室群地震响应的二维及三维数值模型比较分析研究

验证了显示有限差分方法进行地震波衍射分析的可行性,并基于此方法分别建立了二维（2D）及三维（3D）数值模型,对溪洛渡地下洞室群的地震安全性进行了分析与讨论。研究表明,在唐山余震天津医院地震波作用下洞室群处于安全状态。对比2D及3D数值计算结果可以发现,2D数值模型计算效率远远高于3D数值计算模型;对于建造于完整性较好、强度较高的岩体介质中地下洞室群而言,可以采用2D数值模型粗略估算洞身部分的地震响应,而洞室端面的动力响应则必须通过建立3D模型来进行分析。     

基于Unity3D引擎的三维可视化技术在煤炭地震勘探中的应用

为满足地震勘探报告三维可视化的需要,以Unity3D引擎为开发平台,利用GIS 3D分析及3DS max三维建模,研究应用煤炭地震勘探三维可视化技术,实现三维地质数据体、地质层位(包括断层面)以及复杂地质模型等的三维可视化,实现对三维地质模型的平移、旋转、缩放,以及各种综合立体显示,建立三维环境漫游和三维可视化交互平台,并以动画形式表现出来,形成具有灵活方便使用的可视化系统。     

三维生物礁滩建模及地震数值模拟

基于塔礁、点礁、生物滩等地质体的几何特征及地质特征,采用高精度的三维块状建模方法,建立了适合于复杂地区的三维礁滩复合体模型。该模型不但立体地反映了生物礁、生物滩及地层间的空间展布特征,还可以直观地体现了生物礁滩储层内部的物性差异。此外采用FK域三维波动方程数值模拟方法对其进行了地震波场数值模拟,得到了一系列具有代表性时间剖面上的地震波场响应特征,为正确认识实际生物礁滩的复杂结构和特性提供了依据。     

三维自由表面多次波去除方法

多次波去除是地震数据处理与解释中的关键性问题,其去除结果直接影响地震数据的处理质量。笔者论述的自由表面多次波压制（SRME）是一种数据驱动理念,在不需任何地下信息和假设的情况下,利用地震数据的自身迭代就可以达到预测多次波的目的,并且相较于一些传统方法预测更加准确。面对越来越多的三维海洋地震采集,二维SRME方法暴露出其算法对三维构造的估计不足,所以有必要将SRME从二维向三维扩展。三维SRME相较于传统的二维SRME在考虑多次波贡献方面表现得更加全面,有效地计算地下每一处的多次波贡献,可以给出更准确的多次波预测。建立了三维倾斜层状速度模型,模拟含多次波的地震数据,利用3D SRME技术进行多次波预测,对比了2D SRME与3D SRME对三维地震数据的多次波预测结果,发现3D SRME的预测结果与理论多次波位置吻合;最后利用最小平方匹配减去法,实现了地震数据中多次波的去除,有效地压制了多次波信息。     

3D modeling of earthquake cycles of the Xianshuihe fault,southwestern China

We perform 3D modeling of earthquake generation of the Xianshuihe fault, southwestern China, which is a highly active strike-slip fault with a length of about 350 km, in order to understand earthquake cycles and segmentations for a long-term forecasting and earthquake nucleation process for a short-term forecasting. Historical earthquake data over the last 300 years indicates repeated periods of seismic activity, and migration of large earthquake along the fault during active seismic periods. To develop the 3D model of earthquake cycles along the Xianshuihe fault, we use a rate- and state-dependent friction law. After analyzing the result, we find that the earthquakes occur in the reoccurrence intervals of 400–500 years. Simulation result of slip velocity distribution along the fault at the depth of 10 km during 2694 years along the Xianshuihe fault indicates that since the third earthquake cycle, the fault has been divided into 3 parts. Some earthquake ruptures terminate at the bending part of the fault line, which may means the shape of the fault line controls how earthquake ruptures. The change of slip velocity and displacement at 10 km depth is more tremendous than the change of the shallow and deep part of the fault and the largest slip velocity occurs at the depth of 10 km which is the exact depth of the seismic zone where fast rupture occurs.