粤北油洞岩体SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其成因研究

油洞岩体位于诸广南部岩体中部,是一个重要的产铀岩体,岩性为中粒小斑状二云母花岗岩。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为232±4Ma(MSWD=3.2),属于印支早期岩浆活动产物。该岩体在主量元素方面,具有富硅(SiO2平均为72.65%)、富铝(A/CNK值平均为1.12)和高的K2O/Na2O比值(平均为1.79);在微量元素方面,大离子元素富集,Ba、Sr、P、Ti、Nb、Ta亏损明显,具有高的Rb/Sr(平均为8.08)和Rb/Nb比值(平均为20.96);在稀土元素方面,轻稀土明显富集,配分模式呈右倾型,Eu亏损明显;在同位素方面,εNd(t)值低(平均为-11.9),(87Sr/86Sr)i高(平均为0.72330),Nd模式年龄古老(平均为1954 Ma)。这些特征一致表明,油洞岩体属于典型的壳源型花岗岩范畴,是在华南地块和印支地块碰撞结束后不久形成的伸展构造环境中,位于中—下地壳部位的古—中元古代地壳组分由于在地壳缩短之后的伸展、减薄环境下产生的减压、导水和地幔上涌等因素的综合影响下,由泥质岩和砂质岩混合组成的源区发生部分熔融而形成。     

Basalt geochemistry as a diagnostic indicator of tectonic setting

Basalt geochemistry can be used as a diagnostic indicator for determining the tectonic setting of origin, because specific plate tectonic settings often impart distinctive geochemical characteristics. For example: (1) mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and oceanic island basalts (OIB) have clearly distinguishable trace element and Sr-Nd isotope geochemical characteristics; (2) arc related basalts, including IOAB (intra-oceanic arc basalts), IAB (island arc basalts) and CAB (continental arc basalts), exhibit following distinguishing features: all are characterized by low Nb/La ratios (<0.85) and negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies; most exhibit low Nb concentrations (<8 ppm), high positive ɛ_Nd values and low enrichment of incompatible elements except the continental arc shoshonitic basalts that possess high concentrations of incompatible trace elements and lower to negative ɛ_Nd values; (3) although contamination by continental crust or lithosphere can impart subduction-like signature (e.g., low Nb, low Ta and low Ti) and lead to misidentification of contaminated continental intraplate basalts as arc related, there are still some essential differences between continental intraplate basalts and arc related ones; such as: uncontaminated continental intraplate basalts have high Nb concentrations, Nb/La > 1, “hump-shaped” OIB-like trace element patterns and moderate positive ɛ_Nd values that distinguish them from the arc related ones; whereas, the contaminated continental intraplate basalts are characterized by pronounced negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies, but their concentrations of incompatible trace elements are conspicuously higher than those of subduction-zone basalts that also distinguishes them from the arc related ones; (4) an important difference between back-arc basin basalts (BABB) and the MORB is that the former exhibit both MORB-like and arc-like geochemical characteristics; (5) most oceanic plateau basalts (OPB) show diagnostic geochemical characteristics of enriched MORB (E-MORB) to transitional MORB (T-MORB); only the Kerguelen Plateau is an exception; the early (pre 90 Ma) volcanism of the Kerguelen Plateau is associated with the Early Cretaceous break-up of Gondwana and displays features of continental flood basaltic volcanism; with time, the tectonic setting of the Kerguelen plume-derived volcanism changed from a rifted continental margin setting (133–118 Ma) through a young, widening ocean (118–40 Ma), finally to an oceanic intraplate setting (~40 Ma to the present).Tectonic discrimination diagrams should not be used in isolation, but can still be useful as part of holistic geochemical characterization. For example: (1) MORB and OIB are distinguishable from each other in the 3Tb-Th-2Ta diagram; (2) the arc related basalts, including IOAB, IAB and CAB, constantly plot in the arc-related basalts fields in the Th/Yb-Ta/Yb diagram; (3) the 3Tb-Th-2Ta diagram can be utilized to fully illustrate both MORB-like and arc-like characteristics of BABB; (4) some discriminant diagrams (such as Zr/Y-Zr, Th/Yb-Ta/Yb, 3Tb-Th-2Ta and Hf/3-Th-Nb/16 diagrams) can be used to distinguish continental intra plate basalts from arc related ones; (5) although there are not any discrimination diagrams published that delineate an OPB field, some trace element diagrams can still reveal diagnostic characteristics of the OPB.     

The geochemistry of arsenic and its use as an indicator element in geochemical prospecting

The geochemistry of arsenic is reviewed, and the use of the element as an indicator in geochemical prospecting for various types of mineral deposits is outlined.Arsenic is a widespread constituent of many types of mineral deposits, particularly those containing sulphides and sulpho-salts. In these and other deposits arsenic commonly accompanies Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, U, Sn, Pb, P, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te, Mo, W, Fe, Ni, Co, and Pt metals. Under most conditions arsenic is a suitable indicator of deposits of these elements, being particularly useful in geochemical surveys utilizing primary halos in rocks, and secondary halos and trains in soils and glacial materials, stream and lake sediments, natural waters, and vegetation. Some of the natural arsenic compounds (e.g., arsine, dimethylarsine) are volatile, but methods utilizing gaseous arsenic halos for geochemical prospecting have not yet been developed.     

The geochemistry of antimony and its use as an indicator element in geochemical prospecting

The geochemistry of antimony is reviewed, and the use of the element as an indicator in geochemical prospecting for various types of mineral deposits is outlined.Antimony is widely diffused in many types of mineral deposits, particularly those containing sulphides and sulphosalts. In these and other deposits, antimony commonly accompanies Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ba, U, Sn, Pb, P, As, Bi, S, Se, Te, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Fe, Ni, Co, and Pt metals. Under most conditions antimony is a suitable indicator of deposits of these elements, being particularly useful in geochemical surveys utilizing primary halos in rocks, and secondary halos and trains in soils and glacial materials, stream and lake sediments, natural waters, and to a limited degree vegetation. Some of the natural antimony compounds (e.g. stibine, dimethylstibine) are volatile, but methods utilizing gaseous antimony halos for geochemical prospecting have not yet been developed.     

碎屑金红石地球化学特征对库车坳陷中生代沉积物源的启示

本文主要对库车坳陷的库车河流域和巴音布鲁克盆地中生代砂岩样品进行了碎屑金红石微量元素电子探针分析。结果显示,巴音布鲁克地区侏罗纪砂岩中的碎屑金红石来自变质泥质岩和来自基性变质岩的比例大致相当,而库车坳陷中生代砂岩中碎屑金红石则主要来自变质泥质岩。两地金红石的变质级别以角闪岩相/榴辉岩相为主,并有一定比例麻粒岩相变质的金红石。库车坳陷中生代砂岩中麻粒岩相金红石的含量,从三叠纪至白垩纪呈现出低—高—低的特点,说明侏罗纪时期物源方向有所变化,可能有东南部物源的参与。白垩纪时期,库车河地区砂岩中麻粒岩相变质金红石含量减少,可能与南天山再度抬升隆起成为优势物源区有关。     

Testing the validity of detrital zircon chemistry as a provenance indicator

Zircon grains from the Nile Delta beach sediments were mineralogically investigated for their provenance perspective. Electron microprobe backscattered electron images, and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy line scans showed well-developed oscillatory and sector zoning in the majority of the studied zircon grains. In addition, some grains showed inclusions represented mainly by apatite. The zoning in zircon reflects compositional variations of Zr, Si, Hf, P, Y, and rare earth elements (REE). Based on the electron probe microanalyzer data, the calculated formula of the studied detrital zircon is ^A(Zr_3.82Hf_0.05Th_0.003Ca_0.10Fe_0.008REE_0.033Tl_0.03Y_0.001)∑_4.04 ^T(Si_3.90P_0.08Al_0.011V_0.003Sc_0.004)∑_4.00O₄. Th, Y, P, Sc, and Fe are substituted into zircon either by simple or coupled substitution mechanisms. Additional zircon grains separated from Abu Swayel granites and metamorphic gneisses, south Eastern Desert of Egypt were similarly investigated for comparison. Although evidence based on morphological characteristics, zoning, apatite inclusions, and mineral chemistry supports a derivation of zircon from granitic rocks including the hydrothermally altered varieties, the possibility that the zircon grains may have more than one source cannot be ruled out due to the large area of the Nile watershed.     

云南安宁地区石虎山花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征和锆石Hf同位素组成及其成因

石虎山花岗岩岩体位于安宁市德滋村附近,本文对该岩体开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学、锆石Hf同位素组成研究。结果获得(616±20) Ma的岩浆结晶年龄和(839±17) Ma、(766±15) Ma、(705.5±9.4) Ma的继承性年龄,说明岩体形成于新元古代埃迪卡拉纪;其中(839±17) Ma、(766±15) Ma、(705.5±9.4) Ma的继承性年龄组合可能是Rodinia超大陆裂解构造过程的记录,839 Ma、616 Ma可能是Rodinia超大陆在扬子板块西缘开始裂解与最终裂解时限。花岗岩主量、微量元素特征显示,其产生于伸展环境的高硅、过铝、高钾的A型花岗岩;锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值均小于0,在t-t(Ma)和t-(~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf)图上,所有样品点均落在上地壳演化线之上,二阶段模式年龄变化范围为1.77～2.31 Ga,结合Nb/Y—Rb/Y图解,表明成岩物质主要来源于古元古代古老下地壳页岩60%部分熔融。     

Manganoan ilmenite as kimberlite/diamond indicator mineral

Manganoan ilmenite was identified in Juina, Brazil kimberlitic rocks among other megacrysts. It forms oval, elongated, rimless grains comprising 8–30 wt.% of the heavy fraction. Internally the grains are homogeneous. The chemical composition of Mn-ilmenite is almost stoichiometric for ilmenite except for an unusually high manganese content, with MnO = 0.63–2.49 wt.% (up to 11 wt.% in inclusions in diamond) and an elevated vanadium admixture (V₂O₃ = 0.21–0.43 wt.%). By the composition, Mn-ilmenite megacrysts and inclusions in diamond are almost identical. The concentrations of trace elements in Mn-ilmenite, compared to picroilmenite, are much greater and their variations are very wide. Chondrite-normalized distribution of trace elements in Mn-ilmenite megacrysts is similar to the distribution in Mn-ilmenites included in diamond. This confirms that Mn-ilmenite in kimberlites is genetically related to diamond. The finds of Mn-ilmenite known before in kimberlitic and related rocks are late- or postmagmatic, metasomatic phases. They either form reaction rims on grains of picroilmenite or other ore minerals, or compose laths in groundmass. In contrast to those finds, Mn-ilmenite megacrysts in Juina kimberlites are a primary mineral phase with a homogeneous internal structure obtained under stable conditions of growth within lower mantle and/or transition zone. In addition to pyrope garnet, chromian spinel, picroilmenite, chrome-diopside, and magnesian olivine, manganoan ilmenite may be considered as another kimberlite/diamond indicator mineral.     

Ore geochemistry,zircon mineralogy,and genesis of the Sakharjok Y-Zr deposit,Kola Peninsula,Russia

The Sakharjok Y-Zr deposit in Kola Peninsula is related to the fissure alkaline intrusion of the same name. The intrusion ∼7 km in extent and 4–5 km² in area of its exposed part is composed of Neoarchean (2.68–2.61 Ma) alkali and nepheline syenites, which cut through the Archean alkali granite and gneissic granodiorite. Mineralization is localized in the nepheline syenite body as linear zones 200–1350 m in extent and 3–30 m in thickness, which strike conformably to primary magmatic banding and trachytoid texture of nepheline syenite. The ore is similar to the host rocks in petrography and chemistry and only differs from them in enrichment in zircon, britholite-(Y), and pyrochlore. Judging from geochemical attributes (high HSFE and some incompatible element contents (1000–5000 ppm Zr, 200–600 ppm Nb, 100–500 ppm Y, 0.1–0.3 wt % REE, 400–900 ppm Rb), REE pattern, Th/U, Y/Nb, and Yb/Ta ratios), nepheline syenite was derived from an enriched mantle source similar to that of contemporary OIB and was formed as an evolved product of long-term fractional crystallization of primary alkali basaltic melt. The ore concentrations are caused by unique composition of nepheline syenite magma (high Zr, Y, REE, Nb contents), which underwent subsequent intrachamber fractionation. Mineralogical features of zircon-the main ore mineral—demonstrate its long multistage crystallization. The inner zones of prismatic crystals with high ZrO₂/HfO₂ ratio (90, on average) grew during early magmatic stage at a temperature of 900–850°C. The inner zones of dipyramidal crystals with average ZrO₂/HfO₂ = 63 formed during late magmatic stage at a temperature of ∼500°C. The zircon pertaining to the postmagmatic hydrothermal stage is distinguished by the lowest ZrO₂/HfO₂ ratio (29, on average), porous fabric, abundant inclusions, and crystallization temperature below 500°C. The progressive decrease in ZrO₂/HfO₂ ratio was caused by evolution of melt and postmagmatic solution. The metamorphic zircon rims relics of earlier crystals and occurs as individual rhythmically zoned grains with an averaged ZrO₂/HfO₂ ratio (45, on average) similar to that of the bulk ore composition. The metamorphic zircon is depleted in uranium in comparison with magmatic zircon, owing to selective removal of U by aqueous metamorphic solutions. Zircon from the Sakharjok deposit is characterized by low concentrations of detrimental impurities, in particular, contains only 10–90 ppm U and 10–80 ppm Th, and thus can be used in various fields of application.     

Apatite as an indicator mineral for mineral exploration: trace-element compositions and their relationship to host rock type

Over 700 apatite grains from a range of rock types have been analysed by laser-ablation microprobe ICPMS for 28 trace elements, to investigate the potential usefulness of apatite as an indicator mineral in mineral exploration. Apatites derived from different rock types have distinctive absolute and relative abundances of many trace elements (including rare-earth elements (REE), Sr, Y, Mn, Th), and chondrite-normalised trace-element patterns. The slope of chondrite-normalised REE patterns varies systematically from ultramafic through mafic/intermediate to highly fractionated granitoid rock types. (Ce/Yb)_cn is very high in apatites from carbonatites and mantle-derived lherzolites (over 100 and over 200, respectively), while (Ce/Yb)_cn values in apatites from granitic pegmatites are generally less than 1, reflecting both HREE enrichment and LREE depletion. Within a large suite of apatites from granitoid rocks, chemical composition is closely related to both the degree of fractionation and the oxidation state of the magma, two important parameters in determining the mineral potential of the magmatic system. Apatite can accept high levels of transition and chalcophile elements and As, making it feasible to recognise apatite associated with specific types of mineralisation. Multivariate statistical analysis has provided a user-friendly scheme to distinguish apatites from different rock types, based on contents of Sr, Y, Mn and total REE, the degree of LREE enrichment and the size of the Eu anomaly. The scheme can be used for the recognition of apatites from specific rock types or styles of mineralisation, so that the provenance of apatite grains in heavy mineral concentrates can be determined and used in geochemical exploration.     

Recrystallisation of oscillatory zoned zircon: some geochronological and petrological implications

Oscillatory zoning is a common feature in zircons from acid igneous rocks and is believed to form during crystallisation of zircons from a magma by a mechanism which is not yet understood. Many zircons with oscillatory zoning also show a patchwork replacement of zoned by unzoned zircon. The unzoned zircon occurs as rounded, transgressive patches distributed throughout the zoned zircon and as areas of transitional replacement where zoned zircon is progressively replaced by unzoned zircon such that only faint traces of original zones remain. This structure is interpreted as a progressive recrystallisation of the oscillatory zoned zircon made unstable by the incorporation of high concentrations of contaminant elements during magmatic crystallisation. Recrystallisation overprints oscillatory zones and appears to have occurred after completion of primary crystallisation. It is accompanied by loss of U, Th and Pb and the removal of oscillatory zones. The recrystallised unzoned zircon is extremely stable with respect to later Pb loss and tends to retain a concordant or slightly discordant U–Pb age. Recrystallisation provides a mechanism for resetting zircon U–Pb ages which is independent of the degree of radiation damage of the zircon lattice. This differs from other models of discordance which involve a leaching of radiogenic Pb as a consequence of a progressive breakdown of the zircon structure through time-integraded radiation damage further enhanced by high concentrations of trace-element contaminants. The U–Pb age of the unzoned zircon may date the recrystallisation event, which may be close to the age of primary crystallisation or reflect a later metamorphism.Dedicated to Borwin Grauert on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday     

乌兰浩特地区中性火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及成因探讨

乌兰浩特地区出露一套以辉石安山岩为主的中性火山岩组合.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,该套火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄为130.0±1.5 Ma和129.9±1.4 Ma,表明其形成于早白垩世.辉石安山岩SiO2含量为57.84%~60.86%,Al2O3含量为16.49%~17.76%,A/CNK>1.1,属过铝质岩石;ALK值为11.19%~11.87%,σ为1.08~1.98;∑REE为(128.69~145.06)× 10-6,(La/Sm)N为4.64~5.24,(La/Yb)N为6.58~8.09,轻稀土元素富集程度高且轻、重稀土元素分馏明显;Eu异常不明显,大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K、Sr富集,高场强元素Nb、Ti、P、Ta亏损,推断该中性火山岩的形成与蒙古—鄂霍次克洋闭合陆壳加厚之后的岩石圈伸展有关.     

藏东吉塘复式花岗岩成因——来自锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学的证据

吉塘复式花岗岩位于澜沧江岩浆岩带北段,是研究澜沧江结合带演化过程的重要窗口。对澜沧江北段卡贡地区吉塘复式花岗岩中的黑云母二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学研究。研究结果表明,所选锆石样品均具有明显的生长环带,Th/U值普遍大于0.4,为典型的岩浆锆石,分别获得锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为222.8±1.5Ma(MSWD=1.60,n=16)、213.6±1.1Ma(MSWD=0.98,n=20)和221.1±1.5Ma(MSWD=1.30,n=15),时代均属于晚三叠世。岩石地球化学特征表明,吉塘黑云母二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩具有较一致的主量、微量元素含量,其变化特征也具有一致性,反映这2类岩石可能为同一期岩浆演化而来;吉塘复式花岗岩属于过铝质S型花岗岩,与临沧花岗岩、纽多花岗岩具有一致的岩石地球化学性质,为澜沧江花岗岩带的重要组成部分,具有统一的构造岩浆活动模式;吉塘复式花岗岩的成因与碰撞造山导致地壳加厚增温及与岩石圈剪切、伸展期有关的深熔作用有关,澜沧江洋的闭合时间可能为273Ma左右。     

新疆温泉县别珍套山新元古代花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其成因

对新疆温泉县别珍套山新元古代花岗岩开展了相关研究。获得了3个片麻状-眼球状花岗岩4件锆石样品年龄,其中206Pb/238U年龄值一致,大多集中在910~950 Ma之间。极少量继承锆石的年龄大于1000 Ma。这些花岗岩以特有的粗粒、巨大的眼球状片麻结构为特征。岩体具有高硅（≥ 70%）、富碱（K2O+Na2O,6.5%~8.9%）且K2O>Na2O的特征,表现出从钙碱性到钾玄岩演化的变化趋势。稀土元素特征表明其与碱性花岗岩相似。样品的微量元素蛛网图几乎完全相同,均明显亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti,富集Rb、Th、U、K等元素,显示活动大陆边缘岩石特征。全岩Sr-Nd同位素特征表明具典型壳源花岗岩（S型花岗岩）的特征。Lu-Hf同位素特征表明单阶段Hf模式年龄（tDM1）为883~1351 Ma,平均为1133 Ma;二阶段Hf模式年龄（tDM2）为891~1588 Ma,平均为1250 Ma,与锆石形成年龄较接近。新元古代早期（约9 Ga）片麻状花岗岩可能是与Rodinia超大陆会聚有关的格林维尔期造山作用、地壳增厚导致地壳物质部分熔融的产物。     

大新铀矿床稀土元素地球化学特征及成矿机理

通过对大新铀矿床各构造地球化学带的稀土元素特征参数、球粒陨石标准化配分曲线以及分层聚类谱系的分析,笔者对该矿床铀源和成矿机理进行了探讨。研究表明,大新矿床的铀主要来自于寒武纪地层,泥盆纪地层虽然有一定的预富集作用,但以作为有利的储矿空间为主。成矿过程为地下水在燕山早期和晚期构造运动产生的构造热和岩体加热下形成地下热水,并在构造驱动下沿着沟通寒武系和泥盆系的F2主断层向上运移,萃取寒武系中的活性铀,在F2正断层的次级断层F13、F23、F33等控制的富含有机质、黄铁矿的还原环境中沉淀富集,形成铀矿床。     

Glacial dispersal studies using indicator minerals and till geochemistry around two eastern Finland kimberlites

Diamondiferous kimberlites occur in eastern Finland, in the areas of Kaavi–Kuopio and Kuhmo. Active diamond exploration has been ongoing in the country for over two decades, but the Karelian craton still remains under explored given its size and potential. In order to develop techniques that can be applied to diamond exploration in glaciated terrains, the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) carried out a detailed heavy mineral and geochemical survey of Quaternary till in 2001–2003 around two of the known kimberlitic bodies in Finland, Pipe 7 in Kaavi and Dyke 16 in Kuhmo. The mineralogical and geochemical signatures of these two kimberlites were studied in the basal till deposited down-ice from the targets. The kimberlites were selected to represent two different types in terms of shape, size, age and petrology, as well as showing contrasting country rocks and Quaternary deposits. Till samples up to 60 kg in weight were taken by excavator and by drill rig. Kimberlitic indicator mineral grains (0.25–1.0 mm) were concentrated using a GTK modified 3″Knelson Concentrator. Fine fractions (< 0.063 mm) of selected samples were analyzed by XRF and ICP-MS. The indicator grains down-ice from Pipe 7 form a well-defined fan in the basal till that can be followed for at least 2 km with a maximum concentration at 1.2 km distance from the pipe. Another kimberlitic body discovered during the study 300 m down-ice from Pipe 7 demonstrates that there are in fact at least two superimposed indicator fans. The results do not rule out the possibility of even more undiscovered kimberlitic sources in the area. In contrast, the indicator dispersal trail from Dyke 16 is shorter (1 km) and less well-defined than that at Kaavi, mainly due to the lower indicator content in the kimberlite itself and subsequently in till, as well as a large population of background chromites in till. The latter population is likely having been derived from the Archean Näätäniemi serpentinite massif and the associated ultramafic metavolcanics of the Kuhmo greenstone belt, located ca. 30 km up-ice from the sampling area. The indicator maximum at Seitaperä dyke swarm occurs immediately down-ice from the kimberlite, after which the concentration drops rapidly. Results of this study contribute to the overall understanding of the Quaternary history of the Kaavi and Kuhmo areas, and more importantly, provide key information to diamond exploration in these particular regions and also elsewhere in glaciated terrains.