自动气象站报表预审经验点滴

1风向风速的检查校对(1)平行观测期间,遇人工站记录缺测时,特别是在编发报时次,因自动站2 m in风记录采集时间较人工站晚,故用自动站记录代替时尤须注意应等正点资料卸载完成后再取值,而不应与人工站采集时间同步取值,否则会使报表中两站数据不一致,影响报表记录。(2)平行观测期间,当风向风速某站记录缺测时,应首选两站记录互相代替,保证二者记录保持一致,但应注意若风速正常风向缺测时,关于静风C的选取应具有代表意义。(3)因软件智能化不完善等问题,有时会出现自记风向格式错误或最大及极大风速与定时自记风速矛盾的现象,这时则需要预审员…     

气象站自动与人工风观测数据对比分析

通过分析2006-2007年德州市自动站与人工站风观测资料,发现人工站观测的十分钟日平均风速(风速＞2.0m/s)、最大风速、极大风速比自动站偏大,并且随风速增大偏大越显著.当台站被局地环流控制,风速较小时,自动与人工观测的风向相符百分率较低.     

人工站与自动站风的自动观测资料差异分析

通过对侧风仪的构造及采集方法的差异分析,采用广西2004～2008年4个基准气候观测站人工站与自动站风的同步自动观测资料作对比分析,分析结果表明:人工站与自动站风的自动观测资料存在差异。短时风人工站与自动站差异比较大,平均风时间越长风速差异率就减少,风向相符率越大。风大时,人工站的观测数据比自动站大;10分钟平均风向风速人工站与自动站比较接近;极大风风速一致率及风向相符率比较低,说明瞬时风人工站与自动站差异最大。差异的原因主要是观测仪器制作材料不相同及观测方法不一致所造成。     

电接风向风速仪自记记录数字化处理精度分析

电接风向风速仪自记记录的数字化工作是实施珍贵气象资料拯救工程的一项重要内容.由甘肃省气象局和兰州大学联合承担的中国气象局新技术推广项目--"电接风向风速仪自记记录数字化处理系统开发"实现了对电接风向风速仪自记记录的计算机自动数字化处理.选取逐日电接风向风速仪自记记录,通过对人工挑取的定时和日最大风向、风速值与计算机自动数字化处理值进行比较,分析数字化处理系统的精度.分析结果表明,数字化处理系统对风向风速自记记录识别精度基本符合观测规范要求,同时对人工挑取值的时间订正方法做了一定的改进,系统也极大地提高了数字化的效率.     

陕西自动与人工观测风对比评估

利用陕西自动与人工平行观测第2年数据—4次定时观测的2min风速、逐时观测的10min风速及风向、日最大风速,分析人工与自动观测的风速差异及风向相符率,并对风速进行显著性t检验。结果表明:自动观测的2min、10min风速大于人工观测值。日最大风速则相反。月平均对比差值及其标准差,2min风速,分别为0.2m/s及0.71m/s;10min风速,分别为0.15m/s及0.39m/s,即两者之间10min风速较为接近。自动与人工观测10min风向相符率平均为42.8%,风向相符率频率以45%为中心,基本呈正态分布特征,且无明显的地域特征,相符率夏半年明显低于冬半年。显著性检验表明,α为0.05时,6.5%的月平均值、20.2%的年平均值由于仪器换型引起了2min风速的显著性差异。     

凤翔站2005--2006年自动气象站观测资料质量评估分析

利用中国气象局遥测仪资料质量评估系统,分析了凤翔国家基本气象站2005--2006年自动站和人工站平行观测期间的本站气压、气温、湿度、定时风、自记风资料。认为自动气象观测系统是可靠的,所采集的气象观测数据是可信的。对自动站运行期间存在的问题提出了应对措施。     

自动与人工观测风速和风向的差异分析

利用四川7个基准气候站2005年自动与人工观测风速和风向资料,就自动与人工观测的风速和风向的差异、引起差异的原因进行了分析.结果表明:各风速项目均是自动观测值比人工观测值平均偏高,偏高值在0.06～0.46 m·s-1之间,在风速测量准确度的偏差范围内;2分钟风速、10分钟风速、日最大风速的自动与人工对比观测样本差值在...     

四川省自动与人工气压观测值差异对比

应用四川省135个台站在自动站与人工站平行观测期间的对比观测数据,对两种不同的资料进行了对比分析。结果表明:自动站与人工站的日气压差值不满足正态分布,人工观测比自动观测平均偏高0.35 hPa,标准差为0.48 hPa。自动站与人工站的相关性较好,相关系数为0.99,大约3/4的对比观测台站的人工站气压观测值大于自动站气压观测值。自动站与人工站气压观测值的月平均差异在上半年逐步增大,6月达到最大,下半年开始逐步减小。2004年的自动与人工气压观测数据年平均值差异最小,2006年数据据差异最大。     

基于分钟数据的自动、人工观测雨量差异分析

利用武汉、黄陂、黄石三气象站合计9 a的自动、人工观测(雨量自记纸)同期分钟雨量数据及雨量筒资料,对两种观测方式下的年雨量、月雨量、日雨量偏差程度、暴雨日短历时降水、不同时段的短历时雨量进行了比较。结果发现:自动观测比人工观测(雨量自记纸)雨量偏大,两者的偏差程度主要在±10%之间。自动观测雨量结果与雨量筒更为吻合。3站多年自动、人工观测(雨量自记纸)两套暴雨日短历时(历时5 min)雨量序列高度相关。     

CAWS型自动站与人工观测风速记录的对比分析

利用平凉气象观测站2003年1~12月人工站和自动站平行观测的风速、风向资料,统计比较了2003年1~12月人工站与自动站风速观测值和极值,结果表明:受观测仪器系统偏差和观测取值时间差异的影响,人工站比自动站的日平均风速偏小0.4 m/s。风向完全相符的接近40%,2个以上方位的不相符率4%。     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。     

淮河流域水文极值预测模型研究

为探索气候变化影响下水文极值的非平稳性和预测方法,建立了水文极值非平稳广义极值（GEV）分布的统计预测模型。利用1952-2010年淮河上游流域累计面雨量和流量年最大值资料、同期500 hPa环流特征量资料以及17个CMIP5模式对环流特征量的模拟结果,筛选出对水文极值影响显著的年平均北半球极涡强度指数作为GEV分布参数的预测因子。分析了在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下2006-2050年淮河上游流域水文极值对气候变化的响应。结果表明,10年以下与10年以上重现期的水文极值在非平稳过程中呈现前者下降而后者上升的相反变化趋势;多模型预测的集合平均在未来情景中均呈现上升趋势,情景排放量越大增幅越大,重现期越长增幅也越大。与极值的常态相比,极值的极端态更易受气候变化影响。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.