福建省沿海鱚属（Sillago）鱼类新纪录种——中国鱚（Sillago sinica Gao and Xue,2011）

本研究报道了在福建省晋江和厦门近海采集到的新记录种——中国鱚,将其分布区向南延伸至福建省沿海,并对采集到的中国鱚进行形态特征的重新描述,及扩增其DNA条形码.中国鱚的主要鉴别特征为：第一背鳍鳍膜具不规则的、呈弥散状的黑色斑点,由前往后逐渐稀疏;第二背鳍沿鳍条具3～4行规则的黑色斑点;侧线上鳞数为6～7;脊椎骨数为37～39.结合Gen Bank中鱚属鱼类的同源序列进行比对研究,结果显示本研究采集到的中国鱚与中国鱚模式种聚类到一起,并与其余种类明显分开,在遗传距离和氨基酸水平上与其他种类产生了明显地分化,进一步证明了DNA条形码能高效快速的鉴别鱚属鱼类.本研究为鱚属鱼类分类与研究提供理论基础,通过调查发现中国鱚主要分布在有大量淡水注入的河口区,南至韩国光阳沿海,北至中国福建省沿海,数量较少并不能形成渔汛.     

雷州马尾藻Sargassum leizhouense(Fucales,Phaeophyta)形态结构及分类研究

本研究通过对产于雷州半岛的雷州马尾藻(Sargassum leizhouense)形态结构进行研究,结合形态解剖、分类学特征等观察,比较了与同类组中其他3种马尾藻的特征差异,澄清了其分类地位,并修改了雷州马尾藻的检索表。结果表明,雷州马尾藻属于马尾藻属、真马尾藻亚属、叶托混生组、拟叶托混生亚组;尽管雷州马尾藻与该组的瓦氏马尾藻(S.vachellianum)、鳞茎马尾藻(S.bulbiferum)及滑托组的亨氏马尾藻(S.henslowianum)形态有许多相似之处,但其与上述3种马尾藻的主要差异在于球芽及分裂叶的有无。本研究不仅修改了雷州马尾藻分类地位,也为将来开展该马尾藻的人工繁育及养殖、加工提供帮助。     

海洋绿藻气生硬毛藻(Chaetomorpha aerea)和线形硬毛藻(C. linum)的形态与分子鉴定

Green macroalgae Chaetomorpha aerea and C. linum are taxonomically confused. In this paper, we tried morphological and molecular analyses to separate these two species. C. aerea and C. linum can be distinguished from morphological characteritics, such as frond dimension, cells size and shape, their mean length/width ratios(LWR), and cell walls constriction. Thalli of C. aerea attenuate basipetally, with diameter 270–500 μm at upper portion, 160–360 μm at middle portion, 100–160 μm at basal portion. For the upper part, the length of cells is less than their diameter. Cell walls usually constrict at the dissepiments, which are pellucid or colorless and give the filament beaded appearance. In contrast, thalli of C. linum often have a constant diameter of 90–300 μm within the same individual, cell walls usually do not constrict and cells are cylindrical or barrel shaped. The LWR is larger than that of C. aerea. Results show that the pairwise distance between two species is 3.6%–3.7% for 18 S r RNA gene and 53.5%–54.3% for ITS region. In phylogeny, they distribute at distant clades, which confirms a genetic divergence at molecular level. In addition, morphological data indicates that filament diameter of C. linum samples is highly variable, ranging from 90 μm to 300 μm. Then these two species can be considered as separate species.     

New record of occurrence ofSergia lncens (Hansen) (crustacea,sergestidae) off Tung-kang,Taiwan, with special reference to phylogeny and distribution of the species

The commercially important sergestid shrimp,Sergia lucens (Hansen), has long been considered an endemic species of Japan because it had been found only in Suruga Bay and neighbouring waters. Recently, however, a considerable amount of a similar shrimp was caught by trawl nets off Tung-kang, southwestern Taiwan. This shrimp is distributed at depths of 100–300 m on the continental slope, around a deep submarine canyon adjacent to the mouth of the Kao-ping River. A morphological comparison with specimens from Suruga Bay reveals that the shrimp is identical toS. lucens. However, a slight difference in the patterns of water-soluble proteins was observed in a thin layer isoelectrophoretic examination. A difference was also observed in the spawning season of the two populations, indicating sexual and geographic isolation. Considering the distribution and phylogeny of the family Sergestidae, based on a possible evolutionary development from a benthic neritic organism to a pelagic oceanic one along the generaSicyonella-Sergestes-Sergia, it is assumed thatS. lucens entered a lower epipelagic habitat in the coastal waters from the warm oceanic mesopelagic habitat of the original stock. A hypothesis is proposed that speciation ofS. lucens from the original stock occurred when it was trapped in a semi-enclosed inlet (the paleo-East China Sea Gulf) that existed at the present Okinawa Trough during the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. The inlet was deep, but had a neritic environment due to drainage from ancient large river systems, including the paleo-Yangtze River. The species expanded its distribution to the neighbouring waters during the warm interglacial period. However, a rapid rise in sea level after 14,000 years significantly changed the environmental conditions in the distributional area and the species could not expand into a neritic environment, which was too shallow for survival. Accordingly,S. lucens populations remained only in Suruga Bay and Tung-kang waters, where the environment has remained stable for the last 17,000 years or more. The two areas have the following common characteristics:

1. A large amount of fresh water is discharged into the deep submarine canyon adjacent to the river mouth.
2. The northeastern part is surrounded by land so that a direct inflow of boreal water into the environment is blocked.
3. Warm Kuroshio extension water intrudes and mixes with water from the rivers, and for Suruga Bay there is a current system that keeps distribution of the eggs and larvae restricted to the local habitats.

Taiwan annually exported some tens of metric tons of the driedS. lucens to Japan for the last few years, but the standing stock of Tung-kang waters is probably not as large as that in Suruga Bay.     

APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTERTECHNIQUES TO TAXONOMY OFMARINE ORGANISMS

For the identification of Milleporidae in this paper four designs are given as follows:(1) According to the morphological characters of the studied materials, the computer can present a rapid way to help in identifying specimens and to answer the tpecies name at well at its synonyms.(2) The user can take the second design, if asking for synonyms, numbers and a check of the synonyms are shown on the Video Display of the micromputer.(3) If you want to know the morphological characters of a certain specics, you can take the third design, that is, input a valid species name and its morphological characters will be output automatically.(4) When asking for a valid or an invalid species of Millepora, you caa sclect the fourth design, i.e. input its Latin name and the computer will answer "it is a valid species" or "it is an invalid species and the synonym of a certain valid species".     

基于线粒体16S rRNA基因序列对3种珍珠贝的鉴定

传统的形态鉴定主要依赖于分类者的经验和水平,容易产生分类错误。为提高物种鉴定的准确性,作者采用形态学与线粒体16S rRNA基因序列分析相结合的方式对广西北海涠洲岛采获的3种珍珠贝进行了鉴定。研究结果表明,基于形态学可将3种珍珠贝分别鉴定为企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria penguin)、宽珍珠贝(P.loveni)和中国珍珠贝(P.chinensis),但基于16S r RNA基因序列,形态学鉴定为P.loveni的标本应为P.lata。P.loveni和P.lata是两个完全独立的种,并非为同物异名。珍珠贝属16S rRNA基因序列的种间遗传距离明显大于种内遗传距离,适宜作为该属种类鉴定的分子标记。在基于16S r RNA基因序列构建的系统树中,相同种类的不同个体均形成单系群,并获得很高的支持率。分布于中国沿海的珍珠贝属种类应包括P.lata,是否有P.loveni的分布尚需进一步证实。     

A new species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ammonicera</Emphasis> (Prosobranchia,Omalogyridae) in a coralline algae community from Jeju Island,off the south coast of Korea

A species of the genus Ammonicera Vayssière, 1893 collected from coralline algae communities in Jeju Island, South Korea, is described as a new species, A. aurea, for science. Its morphological characters are described and illustrated by SEM micrographs. This new species can be clearly distinguished from other Ammonicera species from the Pacific Ocean by the presence of a spiral cord and about 25 slightly-elevated axial ribs, resulting in about 25 nodules at intersecting points of the cord and ribs on the last whorl of the teleoconch.     

印度尼西亚峇淡岛海域鱾新本尼登虫（Neobenedenia girellae）形态学及28S rRNA分子鉴定

本研究通过结合形态学与DNA分子标记等生物学手段,对印度尼西亚峇淡岛海域海水鱼类养殖中的本尼登虫(Isolate Batam, IB)进行形态学分析和种类鉴定。IB虫株在形态上与鱾新本尼登虫(Neobenedenia girellae)相似,属于新本尼登属。28S rRNA序列扩增得到序列为394 bp,与其他本尼登虫属比对相似性在85.86%～99.47%之间。进化树构建结果显示IB虫株与其他珻氏新本尼登虫(Neobenedenia melleni)和鱾新本尼登虫构成一簇,而本尼登虫自成一簇。综上所述,本研究结果支持鱾新本尼登虫与珻氏新本尼登虫为同种异名的分类学观点,并将IB虫株定种为鱾新本尼登虫。     

蟹鳃虱亚科(甲壳动物亚门:等足目)的分类与地理分布研究

作者对蟹鳃虱亚科(Keponinae)的研究进展进行概述,且阐述"海蛄虾转变"过程中该亚科的演化过程,从形态特征推测该亚科是相对较早演化出来的。基于蟹鳃虱亚科的形态特征,作者比较各属之间的特征差异并制作检索表,总结蟹鳃虱亚科31属98种的模式产地分布,发现物种主要集中分布在印度尼西亚等一些暖水区域,同1986年Markham推测鳃虱科的分布中心为印度-西太平洋热带,亚热带等观点一致。另外,对中国各海域内发现蟹鳃虱亚科14属的基本形态特征描述,并总结属内物种的地理分布。     

基于形态学和宏条形码技术的南海西沙群岛浮游动物多样性的比较分析

西沙群岛是我国南海陆地面积最大的群岛,海域广阔,拥有重要的战略地位与丰富的海洋资源。为了解该海域浮游动物组成与分布特征,本研究于2019年5月在西沙群岛14个岛礁站位开展多学科综合调查,并采用形态学方法和基于18S V9测序的宏条形码技术对浮游动物样本组成进行鉴定。结果显示,此次西沙调查站位浮游动物样本的主要种类包括桡足类、软甲纲和箭虫纲,这3个类别的物种在两种鉴定方法中均具有较高的相对丰度。14个站位浮游动物平均密度为707.53±378.34 ind/m³,各站位浮游动物丰度、物种组成及优势种存在差异。形态学方法共鉴定出11门17纲18目共86个物种,18S V9分子方法鉴定出22门46纲85目共233个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs),分子鉴定的物种覆盖度更高,且代表性类群相对丰度和多样性指数在大部分站位与形态学鉴定结果呈现出显著相关性,表明宏条形码技术鉴定方法与形态学鉴定方法在评价海洋浮游动物多样性方面具有较好的可比性,在我国海洋浮游动物群落监测中具有较高的应用潜力。但由于目前浮游动物的分子鉴定方法仍处于初...     

16S rRNA is a better choice than COI for DNA barcoding hydrozoans in the coastal waters of China

Identification of hydrozoan species is challenging, even for taxonomic experts, due to the scarcity of distinct morphological characters and phenotypic plasticity. DNA barcoding provides an efficient method for species identification, however, the choice between mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I（COI） and large subunit ribosomal RNA gene（16S） as a standard barcode for hydrozoans is subject to debate. Herein, we directly compared the barcode potential of COI and 16S in hydrozoans using 339 sequences from 47 pelagic hydrozoan species. Analysis of Kimura 2-parameter genetic distances（K2P） documented the mean intraspecific/interspecific variation for COI and 16S to be 0.004/0.204 and 0.003/0.223, respectively. An obvious ＂barcoding gap＂ was detected for all species in both markers and all individuals of a species clustered together in both the COI and 16S trees. These results suggested that the species within the studied taxa can be efficiently and accurately identified by COI and 16S. Furthermore, our results confirmed that 16S was a better phylogenetic marker for hydrozoans at the genus level, and in some cases at the family level. Considering the resolution and effectiveness for barcoding and phylogenetic analyses of Hydrozoa, we strongly recommend 16S as the standard barcode for hydrozoans.     

Morphological identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alexandrium</Emphasis> species (Dinophyceae) from Jinhae-Masan Bay,Korea

Outbreaks of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and dense blooms caused by Alexandrium species in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea have been nearly annual events for many years. However, excluding some Alexandrium species responsible for PSP, there are no critical reports on the morphology of Alexandrium species in this bay. To identify the Alexandrium species based on detailed morphological features, vegetative cells collected water samples and established by the incubation of resting cysts isolated from sediment trap samples were analyzed. Four species of Alexandrium were identified: Alexandrium affine, A. fundyense, A. catenella, and A. insuetum. Morphological features of these species were basically consistent with those outlined in previous studies. However, the ventral pore and the connecting pore on the sulcal plate, which have been accepted as diagnostic characteristics for the identification of A. fundyense and A. catenella, need to be reevaluated, indicating that useful morphological features for identifying these two species should be recommended to avoid confusion in the classification of species in genus Alexandrium.     

长菱形藻(Nitzschia longissima)和新月细柱藻(Cylindrotheca closterium)分子分类研究

本研究自胶州湾分离了两种底栖硅藻,形态学初步鉴定为长菱形藻和新月细柱藻。对其18S rDNA和rbcL基因进行了测序并用邻接法构建了系统树。结果表明,两藻在18S rD-NA和rbcL基因序列上均存在较大的差异,基于DNA序列的分类结果与形态学分类结果一致。在依据形态指标难以确定藻类分类地位的情况下,18S rDNA和rbcL基因序列是有用的鉴定工具。     

荣成天鹅湖大叶藻(Zostera marina)间2种小型腹足类的分类学研究

小型腹足类生物在我国种类繁多,但其相关研究在国内基本属于空白.本文对荣成天鹅湖大叶藻间的2种小型腹足类生物进行了形态学及分子生物学(16S和28S rRNA基因片段)研究.结果表明,根据形态学所鉴定的短剑螺属未定种Machaeroplax sp.,应为畦螺属未定种Lirularia sp.;分子生物学研究结果支持形态学对刺绣翼螺Alaba picta的鉴定.同时,与A.picta有一定形态学差异的其它4种相近形态的小型腹足类,在基因序列及遗传距离上与刺绣翼螺非常接近,亦应为刺绣翼螺Alaba picta.     

Assessment of introduced Kappaphycus (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) species relationships in China with molecular markers

Due to morphological plasticity and paucity of diagnostic morphological characters, the taxonomy of Kappaphycus gets more and more confused with the expanding of commercial cultivation. In this study, the phylogenetic relationship of 13 strains of introduced Kappaphycus species in China was defined using DNA molecular markers, such as 18S rDNA, rbcL and cox2-cox3 spacer region. The resolutions obtained by three different molecular markers were compared: both cox2-cox3 spacer region and rbcL sequences are eligible in interspecies identification of Kappaphycus, whereas cox2-cox3 spacer region is more variable than rbcL sequence. There is several basepairs’ discrepancy among 18S rDNA sequences, while it is 100% identical among both cox2-cox3 spacer region and rbcL sequences of the ten strains of K. alvarezii. We suppose that 18S rDNA sequence can provide more information in biogeography study of Kappaphycus than other two DNA sequences.     

文蛤属(Meretrix)16S rRNA基因及ITS1序列的系统学分析

利用线粒体16SrRNA基因片段及核糖体DNA转录间隔区ITS1序列分析的方法,以近缘属的青蛤(Cyclinasinensis)为外群,对文蛤属的文蛤(M.meretrix)、丽文蛤(M.lusoria)、帘文蛤(M.lyrata)和斧文蛤(M.lamarckii)4种贝类进行了系统学研究。经ClustalX多重比对及DNAsp软件分析后,用PAUP4.0分析软件,计算出种间序列的碱基转换/颠换频率,利用邻接法NJ构建系统发育树。结果表明,帘文蛤与该属其他三种的分歧时间较早,两类序列与其他种类间的相对遗传距离分别在0.25866—0.28218和0.15644—0.20104之间。文蛤与丽文蛤间的16SrDNA及ITS1序列间的遗传距离仅为0.04805和0.04201,拓扑结构图显示关系很近,并且二者的分布区大面积重叠,其序列间的转换/颠换频率接近种内单元型(haplotype)间的序列变化,鉴于它们的贝壳形态有一定差别,应归为同一个种内的不同地理亚种比较恰当。     

外来入侵海洋红藻牛岛薄膜藻Haraldiophyllum udoense的形态观察及rbcL基因序列分析

为统计大连海域红藻的物种多样性,在2016年5月至2021年5月进行标本采集时,发现了红叶藻科入侵海藻牛岛薄膜藻Haraldiophyllum udoense M.S.Kim et J.C.Kang,对其形态结构进行了详细的观察,并对rbc L基因序列进行了分析。结果表明:①藻体直立;呈暗红色或红褐色;高7~30 cm,宽6~25 cm;叶片状,薄膜质;藻体除基部和生殖结构外为单层细胞。②rbc L基因序列分析的结果显示本研究的6个样本间无碱基差异,与产自韩国的牛岛薄膜藻无碱基差异。牛岛薄膜藻是在我国海域首次发现的新纪录种,同时薄膜藻属Haraldiophyllum Zinova为我国新纪录属,认为船舶压舱水及海水流动是该种入侵的主要原因。本研究结果将丰富我国红叶藻科海藻的多样性,同时为外来海藻的入侵途径及对当地生态的影响提供新资料。     

Discovery of Cladonema multiramosum sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hy-drozoa: Cladonematidae) using DNA barcoding and life cycle analyses

In contrast to typical planktonic hydromedusae, Cladonema medusae are mostly benthic, with specialised adhesive branches to adhere to the substrate. In this study, a Cladonema species discovered in a laboratory aquarium in Fuzhou, China, was confirmed as a new species, based on morphological and molecular analyses.The species was named Cladonema multiramosum sp. nov. Its medusa is distinct from that of congeners possessing substantially more adhesive branches(8–24, rarely 5–7), and tiny branches...