夏季青藏高原低涡结构的动力学研究

应用卫星云图资料分析了两例夏季青藏高原低涡发展过程及其结构演变,揭示出高原低涡结构特征的若干观测事实。在此基础上借鉴研究类热带气旋低涡的方法,将暖性青藏高原低涡视为受加热和摩擦强迫作用,且满足热成风平衡的轴对称涡旋系统,通过求解柱坐标系中的线性化涡旋模式,得出边界层动力作用下低涡的流函数解,重点讨论了地面热源强迫和边界层动力"抽吸泵"对高原低涡流场结构的作用。研究认为,由于边界层加热和摩擦的共同作用,高原低涡的温度场呈暖心结构。热源强迫的边界层低涡的散度场存在一个动力变性高度,该高度的位置与边界层顶高度有关。通过边界层动力抽吸作用,当边界层顶有气旋性涡度时,能引起边界层低涡的水平辐合运动和随高度增强的上升运动,并可加强低涡的切向流场;如果低涡的中心区域为"内冷外热"型加热分布,则热源强迫的低涡中心区域下层为辐散气流和随时间减弱的切向流场,上层为辐合气流和随时间增强的切向流场,并伴有下沉运动,从而有利于形成涡眼(或空心)结构,在卫星云图上表现为低涡中心为少云(或无云)区,即这类高原低涡具有与台风类似的眼结构,因而可视为类热带气旋涡旋的新例证。最后通过高原低涡的简化模型对低涡所含的波动进行了分析和讨论,结果表明:高原低涡中既含有涡旋Rossby波,又含有惯性重力波,即低涡波动呈现涡旋Rossby-惯性重力混合波特征。     

西南低涡结构及潜热加热分析

本文通过对一次西南低涡暴雨过程进行诊断分析,讨论了西南低涡的结构及潜热加热对该低涡的影响。指出:在西南低涡发展过程中伴随着低层辐合、上升运动以及水汽通量辐合的加强,此时潜热加热的垂直分布有利于低涡发展;水汽辐合最强超前于西南低涡最强盛阶段。     

冬半年青藏高原低涡发生发展的天气学分析

本文针对冬半年高原低涡几个不同源地的低涡生成背景,着重分析500hpa环流场,指出:地形对低涡生成是非常重要的条件,但一定范围内有利的环境流场也是低涡生成不可缺少的外部条件。并给出了不同涡源区有利于低涡发生,发展的500hpa环流形势。     

西南低涡移动的初步分析

从描述西南低涡运动的中尺度原始方程组出发，对低涡系统作水平分布的零阶Ｂｅｓｓｅｌ函数近似，在铅直方向上取６层斜压模式近似；导出了西南低涡移动速度的控制方程，得到了影响低涡移动的较为全面的因子，并通过对个例进行６层斜压模式的数值计算和诊断分析，找出了对低涡移动取决定性作用的决定性因子、一般影响因子、作用较小的修正因子和贡献极其在弱的不影响因子。然后分析和讨论了各因子对低涡移动作用的物理意义，为认识西南低涡移动的物理机制及用于业务预报提供参考。     

西南低涡的一些基本事实及初步分析

本文统计了1970～1989年20年西南低涡生成的资料,得到了西南低涡生成的月际和年际分布的其本事实。在此基础上分析了生成低涡的500hPa环流背景和九龙涡生成的地理环境,试图揭示西南涡生成的机理,最后,文章利用非热成风适应原理,对低涡生成机理进行了理论分析。     

一次西南低涡过程中强降水云系的特征分析

为了方便研究西南低涡伴随产生的云系空间特征,尝试使用TRMM卫星数据,结合NCEP再分析资料和常规观测资料,对2010年7月23日至24日发生在四川盆地内的一次西南低涡过程进行分析。结果表明,23日18Z受高原涡和台风的气流影响,四川盆地处于"鞍"型气压场内,西南低涡在该地区产生,至24日18Z有强降水在绵阳至广元一带出现。在这过程中,低层的偏南气流补充和水汽辐合倾斜上升,对低涡有加强作用。研究强降水产生时刻西南低涡降水云系的水平、垂直特征,显示云系发展出中尺度对流复合体,云系东南侧对流较强,并与云顶亮温梯度递减大值区、水汽辐合中心和对流云降水区三者相关。强降水云系顶部窄小,中部宽大,5km至近地面表现为倒梯形结构。低涡云系7至5km高度层对应层云上部的弱回波区,亮温-72℃的云系在7-10km高度包含有大量冰粒子。不同云顶亮温的云系内,最大降水率呈现三段阶梯状分布,亮温-68℃的云系表现出集中化和接地的特点,亮温-68℃至-60℃的云系在5km以下垂直分布均匀。云顶亮温越低,其内部最大降水出现的高度越低,且平均降水高度同最大降水出现高度的差距越大,西南低涡云系垂直特征与热对流有不同,低涡出现时需要关注云顶亮温-60℃的对流云。     

高原低涡结构特征模拟与诊断的初步研究

利用二重嵌套的非静力中尺度数值模式MM5对2005年7月28—29日的一次高原低涡过程进行了数值模拟,并利用模拟结果对此次低涡的结构进行了初步分析。结果表明：MM5模式对此次低涡过程有较好的模拟能力,模拟出的位势高度场分布和涡度场结构与实况基本吻合。此次高原低涡具有同热带气旋相似的涡眼（空心）结构和暖心结构。在流场上,高原低涡在涡眼区下层表现为辐散下沉运动,上层为辐合上升运动;而在涡心四周下层表现为辐合上升运动,上层为辐散下沉运动;在涡度场上,高原低涡下层为正涡度区,上层为负涡度区。     

高原低涡结构特征模拟与诊断的初步研究

利用二重嵌套的非静力中尺度数值模式MM5对2005年7月28—29日的一次高原低涡过程进行了数值模拟,并利用模拟结果对此次低涡的结构进行了初步分析。结果表明．-MM5模式对此次低涡过程有较好的模拟能力,模拟出的位势高度场分布和涡度场结构与实况基本吻合。此次高原低涡具有同热带气旋相似的涡眼（空心）结构和暖心结构。在流场上,高原低涡在涡眼区下层表现为辐散下沉运动,上层为辐合上升运动;而在涡心四周下层表现为辐合上升运动,上层为辐散下沉运动;在涡度场上,高原低涡下层为正涡度区,上层为负涡度区。     

一次西南低涡过程的地面场中尺度分析

本文运用带通滤波分析方法,对四川省1981年7月由西南低涡等天气系统引起的大暴雨过程作了地面气象要素场的中尺度诊断分析。结果表明,带通滤波后的场具有明显的中尺度特征,其中一些物理量场的适当配置与6小时后的暴雨中心有较好的对应关系。说明了此带通滤波方法在实际业务预报中具有一定的使用价值。     

摩擦作用对西南低涡扰动的影响

西南低涡是对流层下层的中尺度扰动。本文在零级近似条件下,采用p坐标系的基本方程组,在边界层内设计两层模式。通过一定的简化方程组后,得到:当Z≤1/2[kL~2/(μ~2Knu~*)] 时,摩擦效应具有二重性,一方面使扰动减弱;另一方面使扰动增强,而前者的影响略大于后者,最终使扰动消失。频率随高度Z的降低而增加。当Z>1/2[kL~2/(μ~2Knμ~*)]时,摩擦作用甚微,几乎可以忽略不计。频率虽然有两个值,但随高度Z的增加,他们趋于一个常值。     

Evaluation of ERA-interim monthly temperature data over the Tibetan Plateau

In this study, surface air temperature from 75 meteorological stations above 3000 m on the Tibetan Plateau are applied for evaluation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) third-generation reanalysis product ERA-Interim in the period of 1979-2010. High correlations ranging from 0.973 to 0.999 indicate that ERA-Interim could capture the annual cycle very well. However, an average root-meansquare error(rmse) of 3.7°C for all stations reveals that ERA-Interim could not be applied directly for the individual sites. The biases can be mainly attributed to the altitude differences between ERA-Interim grid points and stations. An elevation correction method based on monthly lapse rates is limited to reduce the bias for all stations. Generally, ERA-Interim captured the Plateau-Wide annual and seasonal climatologies very well. The spatial variance is highly related to the topographic features of the TP. The temperature increases significantly(10°C- 15°C) from the western to the eastern Tibetan Plateau for all seasons, in particular during winter and summer. A significant warming trend(0.49°C/decade) is found over the entire Tibetan Plateau using station time series from 1979-2010. ERA-Interim captures the annual warming trend with an increase rate of 0.33°C /decade very well. The observation data and ERA-Interim data both showed the largest warming trends in winter with values of 0.67°C/decade and 0.41°C/decade, respectively. We conclude that in general ERA-Interim captures the temperature trends very well and ERA-Interim is reliable for climate change investigation over the Tibetan Plateau under the premise of cautious interpretation.     

凝结潜热在高原涡东移发展不同阶段作用的初步研究

为探讨潜热加热对高原涡发展的作用并加深对水汽与高原涡垂直结构及发展变化关系的认识。应用NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料,通过大气热源诊断计算,分析2005年5月1~4日和2005年6月23~28日两次高原涡的垂直结构及生命史特征。通过比湿、涡度、Q2等诊断量的对比分析发现:高原涡在东移发展过程中,涡柱内水汽含量上升、涡度明显加强,水汽、涡度上传明显,两者在垂直方向的大值中心有较好的同步性。高原涡未下坡前,水汽通过凝结释放潜热的方式加热大气,高原涡暖中心结构明显。高原涡下坡过程中,其涡度和垂直速度均整层陡增,高原涡区域水汽含量下降,潜热加热作用减弱,暖中心结构消失。因此,大气中水汽的含量和垂直分布状况直接影响凝结潜热作用的发挥,凝结潜热对高原涡发展作用主要表现在高原涡下坡前和下坡后期,是高原涡下坡后是否继续东移发展的重要影响因素。     

ANALYSIS OF MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS OVER TIBETAN PLATEAU IN SUMMER

1INTRODUCTION In meteorological satellite cloud images, the features of Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) are shown in white bright cloud cluster, cloud band, cloud line, vorti- calcloudsystem,etc. The MCSlife cycle and spatial size usuallyvaryfrom several hours to one day and 100km to approximately 1000km, respectively. In the last two decades, it has been proven that storm and intensive con- vective weather, such as spasmodic thunderstorm and gale, tornado and short macro-precipitati…     

青藏高原上中尺度对流系统东移传播成因

运用1998年夏季日本静止气象卫星探测反演出的红外辐射亮温资料,对青藏高原上的中尺度对流系统(MCSs)进行了自动追踪,进而对移出高原的MCSs进行了分类,在此基础上,运用空间数据挖掘中的决策树方法得到了东移出高原的MCSs与其环境物理量场之间的关系,结果表明,在400hPa上,当MCSs的中心位置位于100°E附近时,移出高原且向东南方向移动的MCSs仅与该等压面上的高度和温度有关;而向东北方向移动的MCSs仅与高度和假相当位温有关;此外,移出高原且方向向东的MCSs主要决定于等压面高度、散度、涡度和假相当位温这4个物理量值。在500hPa上,位于东经104°E以西且最终移出高原的MCSs,决定其是否移向东北方向的环境物理量因素为K指数和水汽通量散度,而影响其向东南及东方向移动的因素则较多。     

IMAGE ANALYSIS OF GEOSTATIONARY METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE FOR MONITORING MOVEMENT OF MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS OVER TIBETAN PLATEAU

Disaster weather forecasting is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, the trajectories of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) were automatically tracked over the Chinese Tibetan Plateau using Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) brightness temperature (Tbb) from June to August 1998, and the MCSs are classified according to their movement direction. Based on these, spatial data mining methods are used to study the relationships between MCSs trajectories and their environmental physical field values. Results indicate that at 400hPa level, the trajectories of MCSs moving across the 105°E boundary are less influenced by water vapor flux divergence, vertical wind velocity, relative humidity and K index. In addition, if the gravity central longitude locations of MCSs are between 104°E and 105°E, then geopotential height and wind divergence are two main factors in movement causation. On the other hand, at 500hPa level, the trajectories of MCSs in a north-east direction are mainly influenced by K index and water vapor flux divergence when their central locations are less than 104°E. However, the MCSs moving in an east and south-east direction are influenced by a few correlation factors at this level. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40371080), Key Foundation Supported by Ministry of Education (No. 104083), Foundation of Wuhan University State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in surveying, mapping and remote sensing (No. WKL (03) 0103) Biography: GUO Zhong-yang (1965-), male, a native of Shengxian of Zhejiang Province, professor, specialized in spatial data mining. E-mail: zyguo@geo.ecnu.edu.cn     

青藏高原植被变化特征及其对气候变化的影响

利用1982-2001年美国国家航天航空局(NASA)的归一化植被指数(NDVI)资料以及55个青藏高原地区气象台站实测的最高气温、最低气温、平均气温和降水资料,初步分析了青藏高原地区各季节植被变化特征及其对气候变化的影响,通过分析发现,各季节青藏高原地区NDVI均以增长为主.特别是高原南部、北部和西部等地区增加明显,高原中东部地区植被有所减少.通过相关分析和台站概率相关分析发现,高原冬季和春季NDVI与后期春季和夏季的最高气温、最低气温、平均气温和降水有较好的正相关关系,但有的表现在相关系数比较显著,有的表现为概率相关较明显.     

基于LSTM神经网络的青藏高原月降水量预测

青藏高原的降水量预测不仅为该地区水资源合理规划利用提供依据,同时对中国及周边国家气候变化研究有着重要的意义。论文利用1990—2016年青藏高原降水量数据,采用长短期记忆神经网络（LSTM）对青藏高原月降水量进行预测,主要包括：① 使用青藏高原86个测站1990—2013年的月降水资料,预测各个测站2014—2016年的月降水量,并与传统的RNN、NAR、SSA和ARIMA预测模型相比,平均决定系数R²分别提高了0.07、0.15、0.13和0.36,均方根误差（RMSE）和平均绝对误差（MAE）表现更低;② 分析了降水量预测精度的空间分布特征,将各模型的R²在青藏高原地区内插值,分析R²的空间分布特征,发现所有模型降雨稀少的干旱地区和降雨多的湿润地区R²较低,在气候稳定、降水规律性明显的地区R²较高,且LSTM模型R²≥0.6的空间范围远大于传统模型;③ 分析了不同预测长度对各模型预测精度的影响,发现所有模型会随着预测长度增加而预测精度降低,但在不同的预测长度下LSTM预测的RMSE值都低于其他模型。     

Variations in soil temperature at BJ site on the central Tibetan Plateau

The temporal and spatial variation in soil temperature play a significant role in energy and water cycle between land surface and atmosphere on the Tibetan Plateau.Based on the observed soil temperature data(hourly data from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2005)obtained by GAME-Tibet,the diurnal,seasonal and interannual variations in soil temperature at BJ site(31.37°N,91.90°E;4509 m a.s.l.)near Naqu in the central Tibetan Plateau were analyzed.Results showed that the average diurnal variation in soil temperature at 4 and 20 cm depth can be described as sinusoidal curve,which is consistent with the variation of solar radiation. However,the average diurnal variation in soil temperature under 60 cm was very weak.The average diurnal amplitude in soil temperature decreased by the exponential decay function with the increase of soil depth(R2=0.92,p<0.01).It is demonstrated that the average diurnal maximum soil temperature decreased by the exponential decay function with the increase of soil depth(R2=0.78,p<0.01).In contrast, the average diurnal minimum soil temperature increased by the exponential grow function with increasing of soil depth(R2=0.86,p<0.01).There were a linear negative correlation between the average annual maximum Ts and soil depth(R2=0.96, p<0.01),a logarithmic function relationship between the average annual minimum soil temperature and soil depth(R2=0.92,p<0.01).The average seasonal amplitude in soil temperature followed the exponential decay function with the increase of soil depth(R2=0.98,p<0.01).The mean annual soil temperature in each layer indicated a warming trend prominently.During the study period,the mean annual soil temperature at 4,20,40,60,80,100,130, 160,200 and 250 cm depth increased by 0.034,0.041, 0.061,0.056,0.062,0.050,0.057,0.051,0.047 and 0.042°C/a,respectively.     

Active tectonics and erosional unloading at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Introduction The eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, adjacent to the Sichuan Basin (Figure 1), has become a testing ground for a variety of models that contrast mechanisms of extrusion and crustal thickening associated with the India-Asia collision (Avouac and Tapponnier 1993, England and Houseman 1986),but that also address the extent to which the upper crust and upper mantle are coupled (Royden et al. 1997, Holt 2000). The margin is characterized by topographic relief of over 5 km an…