基于激光垂直照射沙床面的风成沙波纹二维形态特征分析

风成沙波纹因其规则的波浪形几何图案吸引着研究者的兴趣,但是对其发育过程的认识还比较薄弱。原因之一就是缺少高精度和高分辨率的沙波纹形态动态测量方法。传统的风成沙波纹形态动态测量方法采用的倾斜光源照射方式忽略了沙波纹脊线高度和走向的变化,会导致沙波纹高度测量错误和形态变形。本研究建立的激光片光源垂直照射沙波纹表面的方式纠正了这一问题,并分析了沙波纹形态及其参数随时间的变化规律。结果表明：（1）沙波纹发育形成过程的初始形成阶段、增长阶段和稳定阶段的时长都随风程长度的增加呈减小趋势,且风程长度越短沙波纹的发育进程越滞后,形成 “倒游现象”。（2）沙波纹的波高和波长都随时间先快速增大然后趋于稳定,而且波高增长速度随风程长度增加而增大。稳定阶段沙波纹平均高度和波长呈现随风程长度的增加而增大的趋势。（3）沙波纹指数、迎风坡指数和背风坡指数都随时间先快速减小然后基本保持不变,服从指数函数分布。稳定阶段平均沙波纹指数随风程长度增加而减小。（4）沙波纹移动速度总体上随高度增大而减小,平均移动速度随时间按幂函数减小,而且在风沙流未饱和时平均移动速度总体上呈随风程长度增加而减小的趋势。可见,风程长度是沙波纹定量中不可忽略的一个因素。     

坡面地表下的风场的风洞实验与数值模拟

 针对传统近地层风沙流的理论与数值模拟研究以及风洞实验大多是基于理想条件（平坦床面、定常风速）,而实际风沙运动通常发生在复杂环境下（如复杂地形、湍流结构风场等）,沙漠最基本的地貌形态如沙丘、沙波纹等迎风面坡度对颗粒起动和输沙率影响很大。基于此,应用相位多普勒粒子分析仪（PDPA）对坡面近地表风场进行测量,得到迎风坡及背风坡的风场特性,并且采用SIMPLE算法对坡面风场进行了数值模拟。通过对数值模拟及风洞实验结果进行对比分析后,发现数值模型不仅能够有效地模拟风洞实验中坡面地表的风场特性,而且能够较为直观全面的展现迎风坡面、特别是背风坡面的风场结构特性。     

风成沙波纹数学模型综述

风成沙波纹是风力作用下地表形成的最基本的地貌类型。近年来,随着计算机技术的迅猛发展,风成沙波纹数值模拟研究越来越引起重视。本文简要介绍了风成沙波纹数学建模的理论基础,并将已有的风成沙波纹数学模型划分为3类,着重介绍了几个经典的风成沙波纹数学模型,详细列举了这些模型的假设条件和数学表达,分析了他们的优缺点。目前,风成沙波纹数学建模的两个基本理论依据为:一个是地表坡度变化导致的蠕移沙通量的变化;另一个是跃移长度随沙床面高度变化的规律,但目前关于此理论的研究并不多。最后,总结和展望了这一领域的研究方向和前景。     

风成沙波纹脊线提取与应用计算

风成沙波纹是沙质地表在风力作用下形成的最小地貌单元,对研究风沙的起动过程和运动过程极其重要,同时,沙波纹形态特征的研究为了解大尺度范围风沙地貌形态演变提供理论基础。然而由于风成沙波纹尺度较小,形成速度较快,导致对其形态特征的观测比较困难。近些年,随着计算机图形学的迅猛发展,数字图像处理方法得到了较大发展,使得测量和计算更加便捷。本文基于高清相机拍摄的风成沙波纹图像,借助于Matlab平台,采用数字图像处理技术,对沙波纹脊线进行提取,并应用于沙波纹形态参数计算。本文选取腾格里沙漠东南缘的沙波纹进行验证分析,得到风成沙波纹波长的正态分布规律,沙波纹的波长随时间逐渐增长,在40 min的时间范围内,波长由不足1 cm逐步发展到接近10 cm。最后,采用数字图像处理方法,计算了沙波纹脊线长度和波长。采用数字图像处理方法,波长等数据更易于获取和统计,数据采集效率大大提高,为风成沙波纹的研究提供了新的方法。     

风成沙波纹的数值模拟及稳定性分析

本文基于颗粒的质量守恒原理,考虑了沙粒的跃移、溅移和蠕移运动,建立了风成沙波纹的非线性积分微分演化方程,并进而通过尺度变换得到了近似的微分方程。数值求解该微分方程,得到了与野外观测相一致的沙波纹斑图,同时再现了沙波纹生成、合并的非线性行为,为进一步风成地貌形成演化的理论分析提供了一种可行的数学物理方法。     

新月形沙丘形态的模拟实验研究

新月形沙丘是风沙地貌基本形态之一,一般为高浓度非饱和风沙流所塑造。其形成过程始于风沙运动的“波粒二重性”,并经历沙物质积累（高浓度饱和风沙流）和形体塑造（高浓度不饱和风沙流）两个发育阶段,即耗散性增大和色散性减小过程;非沙质床面零星分布的单个新月形沙丘具有明显的移动性和形态的不稳定性（高大新月形沙山除外）。风洞实验条件下形成的新月形沙丘形态（其尺度比床面沙纹大一个数量级）,有助于新月形沙丘形成机制的了解。     

科尔沁沙地大型沙波纹的初步研究

通过实地考察、观测和采样,利用Google Earth遥感影像和激光粒度分析仪,研究了科尔沁沙地大型沙波纹（large-scale ripples, LSR）的空间分布、单体和群体的基本形态和粒度特征,探讨了LSR粗颗粒的来源、它同普通沙波纹和普通风成沙在颗粒组成、形态特征和内部沉积结构方面的区别。结果表明：（1）科尔沁沙地的LSR主要分布于翁牛特旗中部和北部地区。（2）LSR空间单元的空间形态具有片状、斑块状和条带状3种类型,分别发育于宽阔的丘间地、沙丘中上部、槽形低地3类地形部位。（3）LSR平均长度为6.32 m,总体走向为东北—西南,平均波长为1.68 m,空间分异较为明显;单体LSR的前后坡不对称。（4）LSR的颗粒为中砂-粗砂粒级,其中粗颗粒主要来自旧河道的河流冲积层、下伏Q3河湖相地层、剥蚀残山的风化壳和山麓洪积物。（5）LSR同普通沙波纹在外观、物质组成、几何形态和内部沉积结构方面有明显差异。该项研究将有助于促进风沙地貌学的理论发展和实践。     

若尔盖盆地沙丘形成分布影响因素探讨

应用遥感数据、DEM数据、野外采样数据和气象数据探讨若尔盖盆地沙丘形成分布的影响因素。气候变化与人类活动等多种因素导致的现代河相沉积物与活化出露的古河相湖相沉积物是重要沙源,风动力条件与沙源的时空结合在堆积床面形成沙丘,沙丘主要分布在河谷与丘陵山坡。沙丘分布随海拔高度增加面积减少,随坡度增大面积下降。河谷沙丘坡度小,主导坡向也不突出。丘陵沙丘坡度相对较大,以分布在斜坡和缓坡为主;主导坡向相对突出,主要分布在背风坡的东坡、东南坡。在沙源地下风方向随距离增大沙丘沉积物平均粒径变小,分选性变好。沙丘形成是沙源、风动力、堆积床面三者耦合作用的结果,这种耦合既表现在时间上,也表现在空间上。     

不同沙源供给条件下砾石床面的风沙流结构与蚀积量变化风洞实验研究

通过对不同沙源供给条件下各种砾石床面的风沙流结构、床面风蚀及堆积沙量变化的风洞实验,结果表明,风沙流结构是判断戈壁风沙流饱和与不饱和的一个重要途径,不同的戈壁风沙流结构对床面输、阻沙特性具有不同的指示意义。近地表0～6 cm高度内的风沙流结构决定了床面的输、阻性质,而6 cm以上的风沙流结构反映了风力对沙物质的输送状况。沙源供给的丰富与否,决定了风沙流的饱和程度,以及风沙流在砾石床面产生的蚀积状况。同等风速条件下,饱和风沙流的输沙率是非饱和风沙流输沙率的2～8倍。在饱和风沙流情形下,床面过程总体以积沙为主,且随风力的增强,床面积沙量急剧增加。在不饱和风沙流情形下,砾石床面总体以风蚀和输送沙物质过程为主,风沙流结构在0～2 cm高度内反映出砾石床面具有明显的阻沙功能,在2～5 cm高度上出现最大输沙值。     

沙粒跃移云及Magnus力对床面有效粗糙度的影响

建立了考虑Magnus效应的、吹过平坦沙面的稳定风场中风与跃移沙粒相互耦合的风沙跃移云模型,并通过数值模拟研究了风沙跃移运动对床面粗糙度的影响。结果表明,跃移沙粒对风速的影响类似于床面粗糙度的影响,有效粗糙度随摩阻速度的变化关系可用二次函数表征;Magnus力对有效粗糙度有明显的影响,但这种影响并不改变有效粗糙度与摩阻风速之间的二次函数关系。     

防护林搭配灌草条件下的PIV实验研究

在低速风洞中,利用粒子图像测速仪(PIV),采用2帧-互相关的分析方法,对疏透度为30%、带前搭配灌草的防护林绕林流场的流动特征进行实验测量,获得其较大范围(11 H×3 H,H为防护林高度)绕林流场的速度矢量分布图、流速分布图和涡量分布图,与带前无草的防护林流场进行对比分析研究,并且利用CFD软件STAR CD对其数值模拟计算,从而发现防护林在搭配灌草条件下对防护林防护效应的影响。     

冲击角对风成沙纹形态影响的机理分析

采用数值模拟的方法研究了沙粒冲击角对风成沙纹形成过程及其形态特征的影响。模拟中采用了均匀和正态两种冲击角分布情况。冲击角在10°~16°范围内均匀分布时,冲击角对沙纹波高影响不大,沙纹波长随冲击角影响系数的增加略有减小;沙粒跃移冲击角在5°~25°范围内呈正态分布时,冲击角影响系数增加时沙纹波高几乎没有变化,但沙纹波长却明显减小。     

风成沙纹的研究进展

近半个多世纪以来国内外学者对沙纹各方面有了详尽的研究,使沙纹研究理论逐渐趋向系统化和完善化。在扼要回顾了风成沙纹的研究历史的同时,分别从沙纹形态、沙纹形成过程和沙纹形成中的颗粒分异机制等几方面阐述了沙纹研究的现状及主要进展。最后根据沙纹研究的现状和目前沙纹研究中存在的问题,对将来的研究趋势作了初步探讨。     

应用近景摄影法研究沙纹的移动

近景摄影能够在无干扰的条件下,精确地测定正在发育阶段的风成沙纹,以波动方式整体移动的平均移动速度V_R(cm·min^-1),和相应的沙纹波长L(cm)波高Δh(mm)及其平均值。同时,求得沙纹移动速度V_R与局地风速V_L之间的实验关系式为V_R=158×(V_L-5.5)^0.67,沙纹移动是缓慢的,其数量级变化于10^-1~10¹cm·min^-1之间。沙纹波长与波高与直接测定值相当吻合。     

Complex systems in aeolian geomorphology

Aeolian geomorphology provides a rich ground for investigating Earth surface processes and landforms as complex systems. Sand transport by wind is a classic dissipative process with non-linear dynamics, while dune field evolution is a prototypical self-organisation phenomenon. Both of these broad areas of aeolian geomorphology are discussed and analysed in the context of complexity and a systems approach. A feedback loop analysis of the aeolian boundary-layer-flow/sediment-transport/bedform interactions, based on contemporary physical models, reveals that the system is fundamentally unstable (or at most meta-stable) and likely to exhibit chaotic behaviour. Recent field-experimental research on aeolian streamers and spatio-temporal transport patterns, however, indicates that sand transport by wind may be wholly controlled by a self-similar turbulence cascade in the boundary layer flow, and that key aspects of transport event time-series can be fully reproduced from a combination of (self-organised) 1/f forcing, motion threshold, and saltation inertia. The evolution of various types of bare-sand dunes and dune field patterns have been simulated successfully with self-organising cellular automata that incorporate only simplified physically-based interactions (rules). Because of their undefined physical scale, however, it not clear whether they in fact simulate ripples (bedforms) or dunes (landforms), raising fundamental cross-cutting questions regarding the difference between aeolian dunes, impact ripples, and subaqueous (current) ripples and dunes. An extended cellular automaton (CA) model, currently under development, incorporates the effects of vegetation in the aeolian environment and is capable of simulating the development of nebkhas, blow-outs, and parabolic coastal dunes. Preliminary results indicate the potential for establishing phase diagrams and attractor trajectories for vegetated aeolian dunescapes. Progress is limited, however, by a serious lack of appropriate concepts for quantifying meaningful state variables at the landscape scale. State variables currently used in the bare-sand models are far from capturing the rich 3D topography and patterns and are not sufficiently discriminative to distinguish different attractors. The vegetation component in the extended model, and indeed ecogeomorphic systems in general, pose even graver challenges to establishing appropriate state variables. A re-examination of older concepts, such as landscape entropy, perhaps complemented by recent developments in information theory, may be a potentially fruitful avenue for research, although the outlines of such an implementation are still rather vague.     

灌溉方式对现代绿洲影响的数值模拟

灌溉是农业发展的根本,没有灌溉就没有荒漠区农业。利用美国NCAR中尺度模式MM5V3模拟了喷灌与不同水量地灌以及没有灌溉对绿洲土壤湿度、地下径流以及感热、潜热通量的不同影响。结果表明:①地灌后地表蒸发与植被层的蒸腾更旺盛,散失的水分更多;而喷灌可以抑制地表蒸发与植被层的蒸腾,对土壤水的保持更有利。②喷灌试验要在土壤湿度达饱和以后才会形成地下径流量,而地灌试验则是土壤湿度与地下径流量同时增长。总之,喷灌方式是一种高效节水的灌溉方式,它比其它灌溉方法更有利于绿洲农业生态系统的温度整体降低,不论土壤湿度还是大气湿度都会相应增大,抑制地表土壤水分的蒸发,有利于绿洲农业维持。     

Controls on the height and spacing of eolian ripples and transverse dunes: A numerical modeling investigation

Ripples and transverse dunes in areas of abundant sand supply increase in height and spacing as a function of time, grain size, and excess shear velocity. How and why each of these factors influence ripple and transverse dune size, however, is not precisely known. In this paper, the controls on the height and spacing of ripples and transverse dunes in areas of abundant sand supply are investigated using a numerical model for the formation of eolian bedforms from an initially flat surface. This bedform evolution model combines the basic elements of Werner's [Werner, B.T., 1995. Eolian dunes: Computer simulations and attractor interpretation. Geology 23, 1107–1110.] cellular automaton model of dune formation with a model for boundary layer flow over complex topography. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between bed shear stress and slope on the windward (stoss) side of evolving bedforms. Nonlinear boundary layer model results indicate that bed shear stresses on stoss slopes increase with increasing slope angle up to approximately 20°, then decrease with increasing slope angle as backpressure effects become limiting. In the bedform evolution model, the linear boundary layer flow model of Jackson and Hunt [Jackson, P.S., Hunt, J.C.R., 1975. Turbulent wind flow over a low hill. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 101, 929–955.], generalized to 3D, is modified to include the nonlinear relationship between bed shear stress and slope. Bed shear stresses predicted by the modified Jackson and Hunt flow model are then used to predict rates of erosion and deposition iteratively through time within a mass-conservative framework similar to Werner [Werner, B.T., 1995. Eolian dunes: Computer simulations and attractor interpretation. Geology 23, 1107–1110.]. Beginning with a flat bed, the model forms ripples that grow in height and spacing until a dynamic steady-state condition is achieved in which bedforms migrate downwind without further growth. The steady-state ripple spacing predicted by this model is approximately 3000 times greater than the aerodynamic roughness length of the initially flat surface, which is a function of grain size and excess shear velocity. Once steady-state ripples form, they become the dominant roughness element of the surface. The increase in roughness associated with ripple formation triggers the same bedform instability that created ripples, causing dunes to form at a larger scale. In this way, the numerical model of this paper suggests that ripples and dunes are genetically linked. Transverse dunes in this model have a steady-state height and spacing that is controlled by the effective roughness length of the rippled surface, which is shown to be on the order of 500 times greater than the original roughness length, but varies significantly with the details of ripple morphology. The model predictions for ripple and dune spacing and their controlling variables are consistent with field measurements from the published literature. The model of this paper provides a preliminary process-based understanding of the granulometric control of ripples and dunes in areas of abundant sand supply and unidirectional prevailing winds, and it argues for a genetic linkage between ripples and dunes via a scaling relationship between eolian bedform size and the aerodynamic roughness length.     

兰坪-思茅盆地勐野井组钾盐矿床成矿构造背景

兰坪—思茅盆地是国内唯一发现古钾盐沉积的盆地。对云南兰坪—思茅盆地钾盐成矿背景作了总结与分析,指出中生代以来盆地经历了陆内裂谷形成到消亡、侏罗纪箕状断陷盆地发育、早白垩纪双断式断陷盆地发育、早白垩晚期干化成盐和后期挤压走滑几个阶段。在此基础上通过盐系地层沉积特征的分析,得到了盆地在成盐期(早白垩世晚期)构造活动强烈,由统一的湖盆解体为多个次级成盐盆地,盐类资源的沉积应该分属不同的沉积序列的认识。兰坪—思茅盆地成盐期构造背景分析对于了解该区蒸发岩矿床特征和成矿机理具有重要的参考意义。