Optimum design of filament-wound multilayer-sandwich submersible pressure hulls

Submersible pressure hulls with fiber-reinforced multilayer-sandwich constructions have been developed in recent years as substitutes for classical metallic ring-stiffened pressure hulls. This study aims to optimize the design of filament-wound multilayer-sandwich submersible pressure hulls, taking into consideration the shell buckling strength constraint, the angle-ply laminated facing failure strength constraint and the low-density isotropic core yielding strength constraint under hydrostatic pressure using the hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA). The thickness of the facing, the thickness of the core layer, the orientation angle of the fibers in the facings and the shear modulus of the core material are taken as design variables. A sensitivity analysis is performed to study the effects of the operational depths and the hull shell geometry parameter, the length-to-diameter ratio (L/D), on the optimal design of filament-wound multilayer-sandwich submersible pressure hulls with graphite/epoxy, glass/epoxy and boron/epoxy composite facings. The results reveal that the optimal weight of various sandwich pressure hulls increases linearly with the operational depth, but it is almost unchanged as the geometry paramter. Furthermore, Graphite/Epoxy is the best choice for the material of the facings in a light-weight design. With reference to wall design, Boron/Epoxy is the best choice for the material of the facing at shallow depths, but Graphite/Epoxy is the best choice at extreme depths. Results of this study provide a valuable reference for designers of underwater vehicles.     

球柱壳耐压舱体极限承载力研究

耐压舱设计是水下机器人的核心技术之一,其极限承载力研究是核心中的核心。针对球壳封盖加柱形壳体耐压舱,现行标准对于初始导入缺陷数值的确定往往过于保守,对于耐压舱体数量较多的无人潜水器来说,过大的设计质量是总体设计所无法接受的。首先采用装配体整体建模策略,建立复合屈曲的受力模型,将三大非线性影响因素同时引入到极限承载力研究中,提升了计算精度。然后分别针对确定性缺陷和非确定性缺陷结构开展极限承载力研究。最后,提出以0.23%的初始缺陷导入尺度作为球壳封盖加圆柱壳体的耐压壳体缺陷导入参数,给出了导入尺度的计算方法,并借助水压试验对上述参数的准确性进行验证。     

Structural and acoustic response of a finite stiffened submarine hull

After borrowing the idea of precise integration method, a precise integration transfer matrix method (PITMM) is proposed by modifying traditional transfer matrix method. The submarine hull can be modeled as joined conicalcylindrical-spherical shells. By considering the effect of the ring-stiffeners, the field transfer matrixes of shells of revolution are obtained accurately by PITMM. After assembling the field transfer matrixes into an entire matrix, the dynamic model is established to solve the dynamic responses of the joined shell. By describing the sound pressure in fluid by modified wave superposition method (MWSM) and collocating points along the meridian line of the joined shell, finally the structural and acoustic responses of a finite stiffened submarine hull can be predicted by coupled PITMM and MWSM. The effectiveness of the present method has been verified by comparing the structural and acoustic responses of the spherical shell with existing results. Furthermore, the effects of the model truncation, stiffness and thickness on the structural and acoustic responses of the submarine hull are studied.     

GPU-Based DEM Simulations of Global Ice Resistance on Ship Hull During Navigation in Level Ice

The ice resistance on a ship hull affects the safety of the hull structure and the ship maneuvering performance in icecovered regions.In this paper,the discrete element method(DEM)is adopted to simulate the interaction between level ice and ship hull.The level ice is modeled with 3D bonded spherical elements considering the buoyancy and drag force of the water.The parallel bonding approach and the de-bonding criterion are adopted to model the freezing and breakage of level ice.The ship hull is constructed with rigid triangle elements.To improve computational efficiency,the GPU-based parallel computational algorithm was developed for the DEM simulations.During the interaction between the ship hull and level ice,the ice cover is broken into small blocks when the interparticle stress approaches the bonding strength.The global ice resistance on the hull is calculated through the contacts between ice elements and hull elements during the navigation process.The influences of the ice thickness and navigation speed on the dynamic ice force are analyzed considering the breakage mechanism of ice cover.The Lindqvist and Riska formulas for the determination of ice resistance on ship hull are employed to validate the DEM simulation.The comparison of results of DEM,Lindqvist,and Riska formula show that the DEM result is between those the Lindqvist formula and Riska formula.Therefore the proposed DEM is an effective approach to determine the ice resistance on the ship hull.This work can be aided in the hull structure design and the navigation operation in ice-covered fields.     

Distortion of thin shells due to rapid temperature changes

A mathematical model which predicts pressure changes and resultant hull distortion due to variations in temperature of a thin closed shell is presented. The model is of general application but in this paper it is specifically applied to the case of a small sailing boat whose bouyancy depends on the fact that the hull is effectively a water-tight shell made of GRP. In extreme climates such as vessel experiences large temperature changes on launching and beaching and pressure differentials of the order of 2 psi can result. The design of the hull incorporates a small vent hole to relieve the pressure build-ups but the recommended diameter is shown to be too small to avoid damage. Reasons for structural failures, which have frequently been observed, are presented.     

Optimum design of metallic corrugated core sandwich panels subjected to blast loads

Recently, the naval industry has continued to develop innovative lightweight structural concepts with the purpose of seeking alternative replacements for conventional plate–beam metallic structures in selected areas of ships. This study investigated the optimum design of metallic corrugated core sandwich panels subjected to blast loads by using a combined algorithm, the Feasible Direction Method (FDM) coupled with the Backtrack Program Method (BPM), in which the corrugation leg, corrugation angle, face sheet thickness, core thickness and corrugation pitch are selected as design variables, and the axial compression, bending and buckling constraints and the side constraints of the manufacturing limitations on the sizes are considered. A corrugated core sandwich panel model in the combatant deckhouse of a naval ship is adopted in the optimum study. The results show that the corrugation leg, corrugation angle and core thickness are most important for the core component, and that the corrugation leg and face sheet thickness are most important for the face sheet component. The significance of the design varibles is discussed in detail. Optimization results may provide a useful reference for designers.     

深水滑翔机器人耐压壳体结构优化设计

针对深水滑翔机器人耐压壳体在深水中压缩变形和海水密度随水深增大而变化等因素造成驱动浮力变化问题,利用压缩变形和密度变化对驱动浮力影响的互补特性,归纳了载体耐压壳体结构优化设计方法.保证耐压壳体抗压条件和质量最小前提下采用结构优化设计方法,降低耐压壳体压缩变形和海水密度变化对驱动浮力的影响,提高系统能源的利用率.     

深海浮球内部气压对水下内爆波的抑制机理

深海潜器常携带中空浮球来为其提供浮力。陶瓷因其高强度、低密度等优点成为浮球的理想材料。然而,中空结构在外部高压环境下易发生内爆,产生的内爆波会对周围结构产生毁灭性损害。为了探索浮球内部初始气压对内爆波的影响,首先,利用气泡动力学对其不考虑球壳影响时进行理论分析,得到内爆波压力脉冲沿径向以指数?1 衰减,并指出其物理意义和隐含假设,进而从能量分析得到增加内压使压缩空气消耗的能量增加,从而减弱释放到水中的压力波能量;其次,采用三相流固耦合有限元模型进行计算,考虑水的可压缩性和球壳因挤压引起的脆性破裂的影响,得到更为接近实际的内爆压力的分布。由于两侧挤压球壳,外部的水在不断扩大的缺口处产生向内的射流,造成内部气体非球形塌缩,后续压力波呈现出与球壳碎裂方式有关的方向性差异。通过有限元模型对内部初始气压的研究表明,增加初始内部气体压力到 1 MPa 时,压力脉冲在球壳表面处下降了 15. 6%~24. 8%。这一结果表明,在几乎不增加浮球质量的条件下,增加内部初始气压具有很好地抑制近端内爆波强度的效果。     

Transient dynamic response of submerged sphere shell with an opening subjected to underwater explosion

This investigation applies the time domain FEM/DAA coupling procedure to predict the transient dynamic response of submerged sphere shell with an opening subjected to underwater explosions. The elastic–plastic material behavior of the transient fluid–structure interaction relate to structural response equation also presented herein. This analysis also examines the transient responses of structures to different charge distances. The effects of standoff distance on pressure time history of the shell to underwater explosion (3001b TNT) are presented. Additionally, the transient dynamic responses to underwater explosion shockwaves in the sea and the air are compared.     

A model of the upper branch of the meridional overturning of the southern ocean

A zonal-average model of the upper branch of the meridional overturning circulation of the southern ocean is constructed and used to discuss the processes – wind, buoyancy, eddy forcing and boundary conditions – that control its strength and sense of circulation. The geometry of the thermocline ‘wedge’, set by the mapping between the vertical spacing of buoyancy surfaces (the stratification) on the equatorial flank of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and their outcrop at the sea surface, is seen to play a central role by setting the interior large-scale potential vorticity distribution. It is shown that the action of eddies mixing this potential vorticity field induces a residual flow in the meridional plane much as is observed, with upwelling of fluid around Antarctica, northward surface flow and subduction to form intermediate water. Along with this overturning circulation there is a concomitant air-sea buoyancy flux directed in to the ocean.     

氮化硅陶瓷空心浮力球在内爆临界状态下的失效分析

氮化硅陶瓷具有密度小强度高的优点,在深潜浮力设备领域具有广阔发展前景。然而陶瓷材料固有的脆性以及万米深海严苛的工作环境,使得氮化硅陶瓷空心浮力球在深水环境下面临着内爆的风险。为探究氮化硅陶瓷空心浮力球在内爆临界状态下的失效问题,设计并进行了三点弯曲试验,确定了氮化硅陶瓷材料的力学性能参数,包括弹性模量和破坏应力;随后对氮化硅陶瓷空心浮力球内爆试验的过程及结果进行了回顾总结;基于标准球壳模型与浮力球实物的CT扫描几何模型,对浮力球在内爆临界状态的失效过程进行了有限元仿真分析。结果表明：氮化硅陶瓷空心浮力球的性能存在一定不稳定性;结构内表面局部过大的拉应力是造成失效的主要原因,对内表面进行预加压处理或能提高其抗内爆性能。     

壳体厚度对战斗部爆炸气泡特性影响的数值模拟研究

采用LS-DYNA软件,对装药半径为0.15m、0.42m、0.55m的战斗部有、无壳体的爆炸特性进行数值模拟研究,分析了炸药在有无壳体的水下爆炸时的冲击波压力、气泡脉动压力等特性参数,对比总结了不同当量、不同装药半径及有无壳体的数值计算结果。结果表明:壳体对水下爆炸气泡脉动的影响是较为显著的。壳体厚度对气泡形成时间没有太多影响,但对气泡压力峰值影响较大。因此,研究战斗部水下爆炸威力时必须考虑壳体因素,不能简化。     

设计相关动载荷作用下的水下耐压结构拓扑优化

常规耐压结构拓扑优化设计研究主要集中于静水压条件下的设计相关载荷拓扑优化理论及方法。但是,在深海环境下,耐压结构可能面临内爆所产生的冲击载荷,其载荷呈现高频率的周期性变化。为研究载荷变化对耐压结构优化设计的影响,在BILE模型的基础上,结合修正的SIMP插值模型,开展不同频率、设计相关动载荷作用下的水下耐压结构拓扑优化理论及方法研究。设计相关动载荷的难点在于不仅载荷的作用位置和方向在优化过程中发生变化,且其大小也随优化过程进行而发生变化,这是与常规设计相关静载荷本质的不同。通过经典的拱形结构优化算例验证BILE模型在动力学拓扑优化中的可行性,进而研究设计相关动载荷作用下的水下耐压结构的最佳拓扑形式。研究表明,在低频时,圆环型耐压结构无明显变化,但多球交接耐压结构在交接处会出现明显材料聚集;高频时,两者均发生明显变化,得到耐压结构新形式。关于设计相关动载荷作用下的水下耐压结构拓扑优化研究,将对新型水下耐压结构的探索具有一定的工程应用价值。     

The spray volume shed by an uncambered planing hull in steady planing

Earlier papers (Payne, 1981 a,b,c) have developed what might be called a virtual mass theory which in principle permits the forces on any planing hull form to be calculated. In the present paper, this methodology is extended to calculate the thickness and momentum of the jet or spray sheet thrown off by the planing surface. For a two-dimensional flat planing plate—the only case where comparison is possible—the theory gives essentially the same result as that of Pierson and Leshnover (1948). For a three-dimensional flat plate and prismatic hulls, the results seem physically reasonable.For the small trim angles associated with efficient planing, on a weightless inviscid fluid the total pressure drag of any hull can be reduced to close to zero by deflecting the jet rearwards and parallel to the undisturbed surface, the residual resistance being due to the cross-flow force which varies as (trim angle)².     

固体浮力材料在深海装备中的设计应用

固体浮力材料是一种新型高分子复合材料,具有低密度、耐静水压强度高、吸水率低、耐海水腐蚀等特点。 结合自主研制的 GFC 系列固体浮力材料在深海装备中的设计应用,对固体浮力材料的特性、设计选择及工艺情况进行了简单的介绍。     

An inverse hull design approach in minimizing the ship wave

The Levenberg–Marquardt Method (LMM) and a panel code for solving the wave-making problem are utilized in an inverse hull design problem for minimizing the wave of ships. A typical catamaran is selected as the example ship for the present study. The hull form of the catamaran is described by the B-spline surface method so that the shape of the hull can be completely specified using only a small number of parameters (i.e. control points). The technique of parameter estimation for the inverse design problem is thus chosen. The LMM of parameter estimation, which is the combination of steepest descent and Newton’s methods, has been proven to be a powerful tool for the inverse shape design problem. For this reason it is adopted in the present study.In the present studies, the inverse hull design method can not only be applied to estimate the hull form based on the known wave data of the target ship but can also be applied to estimate the unknown hull form based on the reduced wave height. The optimal hull forms of minimizing wave for a typical catamaran in deep water at service speed and at the critical speed of shallow water are estimated, respectively. Moreover, a new hull form with the combining feature of the optimal hull forms for deep water and shallow water is performing well under both conditions. The numerical simulation indicates that the hull form designed by inverse hull design method can reduce the ship wave significantly in comparison with the original hull form.     

不同养殖海域栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)混合家系的通径分析

为了深入认识栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)壳尺寸性状和体重之间的关系,达到通过直观可见形状判断非直观性状,在栉孔扇贝苗种培育中指导种贝挑选工作的目的,本实验将600余只扇贝分别于三个不同纬度养殖环境(山东青岛、山东荣成和辽宁大连)下养殖一年后测量其性状数据,包括壳长、壳高、壳宽、体重,进行壳尺寸性状对体重性状的通径分析。偏回归系数统计表明,除大连海域壳长对体重的偏回归系数为0.266,差异不显著(P0.05)外,其它参数对体重均极显著(P0.01),表明大多数自变量和因变量之间都有极显著的共线性关系。对各个海域建立以壳尺寸为自变量,体重为因变量的回归方程,得出通径系数、各性状间的相关性指数以及各参数对体重的决定系数,计算出了不同养殖地点的栉孔扇贝壳尺寸性状和体重之间关系的回归方程。通径分析显示,对青岛海域栉孔扇贝体重直接作用最大的是壳高,对荣成海域栉孔扇贝体重直接作用最大的是壳长,而对大连海域栉孔扇贝体重直接作用最大的是壳宽。因此,以体重为目标挑选青岛海域的种贝时,应以壳高为优先选择指标;挑选荣成海域的种贝时,优先选择壳长;挑选大连海域的种贝时,优先选择壳宽。不同养殖海域栉孔扇贝的通径分析为栉孔扇贝亲贝的挑选提供了理论支持。     

Solitary wave interaction with a concentric porous cylinder system

Theoretical investigations on solitary waves interacting with a surface-piercing concentric porous cylinder system are presented in this paper. The outer cylinder is porous and considered thin in thickness, while the inner cylinder is solid. Both cylinders are rigidly fixed on the bottom. Following Isaacson's [Isaacson, Micheal de St. Q., 1983. Solitary wave diffraction around large cylinder. Journal of the Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 109(1), 121–127.] approach, we obtained the solutions for free-surface elevation and the corresponding velocity potential in terms of Fourier integrals. Numerical results are presented to show the effects of incident wave condition, porosity of the outer cylinder and radius ratio on wave forces and wave elevations around the inner and outer cylinders.     

深潜器大开口球形耐压操纵舱结构模型的力学性能

结合模型试验和数值计算对大潜深、带大开口的球形耐压结构静态力学性能进行了研究。研究中考虑到材料非线性、非弹性的因素,通过对材料拉伸试验曲线的分析,得到了材料应力-应变的近似表达式;并且利用超声测厚仪对结构模型的几何缺陷进行了测量。同时基于参数化设计语言建立了有随机几何缺陷的有限元模型,并利用接触单元考虑了大开口观察窗与耐压结构的联系。试验验证表明论文提出的利用有限元软件分析大潜深、大开口耐压壳体力学性能的计算方法和计算策略是准确可靠的,所获得的结果可供设计使用。     

FPSO结构低周疲劳寿命计算方法研究

FPSO在海洋环境中频繁地进行装载与卸载操作,使FPSO船体结构产生较大的应力幅值,尤其是承受货油压力的内底纵骨。由于局部的应力集中,应力幅值超过材料的屈服强度,其装卸载次数小于104时,结构将产生低周疲劳。研究一种新的计算方法,根据Neuber假设进行塑性修正,通过应变范围得到伪热点应力范围,并确定热点应力与伪热点应力之间的关系。推导出一种新的S-N曲线作为低周疲劳的设计曲线,以伪热点应力作为计算量来预测低周疲劳寿命,降低了船体结构低周疲劳寿命计算的难度。