区域渔业管理组织中的鲨鱼养护管理问题研究

目前鲨鱼养护管理问题已引起国际社会的广泛关注,《鲨鱼养护管理国际行动计划》和《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》等国际文件从生态系统保护和贸易管控角度对鲨鱼问题做出规定。为了顺应国际社会加强鲨鱼养护管理的趋势,RFMOs出台了一系列决议和措施。对此,作为远洋渔业大国的我国应针对目前履行RFMOs管理规定中存在的问题,尽早做好各项准备,以彰显我国渔业大国的负责任态度,更好地维护我国远洋渔业合法权益。第一,对外加大宣传,树立我国远洋渔业的正面形象;第二,加强远洋渔业从业人员培训,强化远洋渔船监管;第三,加强国际渔业法律科学人才队伍建设,提升在国际渔业管理中的话语权和主导权;第四,转变我国渔业法规指导理念,确立以养护为主的渔业管理基本方针。     

公海渔业制度的发展及我国的公海渔业权益

<联合国海洋法公约>及以后出台的一系列国际渔业协定、决议或公约促进了公海渔业制度的发展.本文阐述了公海及公海渔业的基本概念,介绍了现行公海渔业制度的主要内容,探讨了公海渔业制度的特征和今后发展趋势.在此基础上,分析了我国公海渔业现状,提出维护我国公海渔业权益的相应措施:(1)合理调整作业类型,积极开发新渔场;(2)建立国家级远洋渔船档案制度和捕捞数据收集制度;(3)积极加入国际渔业组织,在国际渔业管理中争取我国的权益;(4)建立违规渔船的惩罚制度;(5)加强远洋船员教育,提高远洋人员素质.     

国际渔业法律制度的发展及其对世界海洋渔业的影响分析

1982年签署的《联合国海洋法公约》确立了专属经济区制度；《联合国海洋法公约》签订以后出台的一系列国际渔业协定、决议或公约使新的公海渔业制度得以建立。本文简要介绍了专属经济区制度和新公海渔业制度的主要内容，分析了这两项制度对国际渔业及我国海洋渔业生产与管理的影响，并探讨了公海渔业制度的当前特征及发展趋势。     

论国际组织决议在公海生物多样性保护中的作用

公海生物多样性的保护已成为目前国际海洋事务的一个热点问题,但至今还没有专门针对公海生物多样性保护的国际条约,许多全球性和区域性的国际组织决议在该领域起到了关键的指导作用,并将在未来很长一段时间内继续发挥重要的规范作用。我国应高度重视国际组织决议在公海生物多样性保护中的重要性,积极参与相关国际组织决议的制定过程,促进公海生物多样性国际法律制度的完善,维护我国海洋权益,为我国海洋开发管理事业的全面发展打造更为广阔的平台。     

北冰洋公海渔业权益争端的博弈分析——基于环北极国家视角

北冰洋公海尚处于冰封状态,但气候变暖、海冰加速融化使未来公海出现新渔场成为可能,其战略价值因而得到国际关注。当前,环北极国家已率先展开渔业权益争夺。为分析北冰洋公海渔业事务的国际走势,文章基于博弈论思想,构建非对称懦夫博弈模型及古诺模型来模拟和探究环北极国家在渔业利益争夺中的合作或冲突行为,研究得出:现阶段北冰洋公海渔业权益争端主要表现为渔业管理权的争夺,在该博弈中,非北冰洋沿岸国采取退让策略,沿岸国采取进攻策略,可以达到进化稳定均衡;一旦公海具备捕鱼条件,争端将演化为开发模式选择的博弈,此时,北冰洋沿岸国采取合作开发策略可以有效保护公海渔业资源,并实现国家的长期利益。     

上海市海洋渔业国际竞争力研究

为进一步促进上海市海洋渔业的发展,文章在概述其生产和出口贸易情况的基础上,运用资源禀赋指数、国际市场占有率和显示性比较优势指数实证分析其国际竞争力,并提出影响因素和对策建议。研究结果表明:2006—2015年,上海市海洋渔业的生产总量较东海区渔业大省偏低,出口总额有下降趋势;资源禀赋、国际市场占有率和显示性比较优势方面均处于较低水平,国际竞争力整体较弱;针对制约上海市海洋渔业国际竞争力提升的生态环境、体制机制、产业发展和科技支撑等因素,应加强海洋生态环境保护和渔业资源监控、提高管理效率、促进产业联动和融合发展以及提高产业科技应用率。     

浅析海洋保护区在渔业管理上的应用

对海洋渔业资源的过渡捕捞,不仅直接使经济种鱼类濒临灭绝,同时还导致了海洋生物多样性降低、海洋生境丧失等各种海洋环境危机,对于传统渔业管理的尴尬处境,海洋保护区作为一种新型的管理手段正逐渐被人们所重视。文章阐述了传统管理体制所存在的缺陷,系统地说明了海洋保护区在渔业管理上的作用机制,并对存在的一些限制因素提出了相关对策。     

辽宁省海洋功能区划与海洋渔业的可持续发展

海洋渔业是辽宁省海洋经济的重要组成部分,海洋功能区划是建设海洋渔业资源开发利用和保护机制的重要举措.在研究辽宁省海洋功能区划的基础上,分析了辽宁省海洋渔业的发展现状及面临的主要问题,提出了海洋渔业可持续发展的对策.即通过调整渔业产业结构、实施"科技兴渔战略"、发展渔业第三产业、优化远洋捕捞产业、加强渔业资源利用和养护区的建设等措施来促进海洋渔业的可持续发展.     

潜在公海世界遗产及其保护和管理

为保护全人类共有的公海资源,尤其是具有重要价值的世界遗产,文章概述联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心与世界自然保护联盟提出的5处潜在公海世界遗产,并分析其保护和管理的问题及其原因。研究结果表明:潜在公海世界遗产分别为失落之城热液区、哥斯达黎加热穹窿、大白鲨咖啡厅、马尾藻海和亚特兰蒂斯浅滩,均为重要的海洋生物栖息地,具有极高的研究和保护价值,其中失落之城热液区有望成为全球首处公海世界遗产;由于名称和定义尚不明确等原因,潜在公海世界遗产缺乏统一的保护和管理;全球海洋世界遗产较少,公海世界遗产更处于初级发展阶段,应充分发挥国际组织的作用,促进各国的积极参与,可持续开发利用公海资源。     

绿色渔业背景下的舟山群岛新区海洋渔业创新发展

为促进舟山群岛新区海洋渔业经济发展水平的进一步提升,文章以绿色渔业为背景,采用PEST分析法综述舟山群岛新区海洋渔业创新发展的宏观环境和存在的问题,并提出措施建议。研究结果表明:舟山群岛新区海洋渔业创新发展具有优良的政治、经济、社会和技术环境,但存在渔业资源环境约束、渔业经营规模小、休闲渔业同质化和现代技术发展受阻等问题。未来舟山群岛新区海洋渔业创新发展应主要采取4项措施:加强海域资源环境修复,建设海洋牧场;提升海洋渔业信息化水平,建设渔业智库;深入挖掘旅游文化资源,打造特色休闲渔业综合体;推进互联网技术运用,开拓"互联网+海洋捕捞业"新模式。     

Indonesia tuna fisheries development and future strategy

Tuna has made a significant contribution to Indonesian and world fisheries. Indonesian tuna fisheries were introduced from Japan, Taiwan and Korea. Longline fishing was introduced in 1962, and purse seine gear was first used in 1974. Many foreign vessels have reflagged to the Indonesian flag. The Indonesian government developed its own tuna fisheries and closed the chartering program in 2006. Through these efforts, Indonesia became the number one tuna production country in 2004 and has further targeted an increase in marine capture fisheries catch of 0.5%/year from 2010 to 2014. Tuna resources remain under pressure globally. The tuna regional fisheries management organizations attempt to manage tuna fisheries by strengthening conservation of stocks. To enhance international cooperation, Indonesia ratified the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1985 and the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in 2005 and became a member of Indian Ocean Tuna Commission and Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna and a cooperating non-member of Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission in the 2000s. Consequently, Indonesia adopted domestic regulations to comply with management measures. For future sustainable development, Indonesia needs to build its capacity, improve its compliance with the tuna RFMOs’ conservation and management measures, strengthen data collection, develop its products to increase their quality and diversification, and enhance its international cooperation.     

海洋捕捞与海水养殖监管系统研究

文章针对海洋渔业由于过度捕捞造成渔业资源枯竭的问题,提出了一种基于海洋遥感(ORS)、全球定位系统(GPS)和海洋地理信息系统(MGIS)等高新技术的海洋捕捞与海水养殖监管系统设计方案,可以远程自动对海洋渔业区域的水质多参数信息和养殖环境视频信息进行综合采集、传输及监控,也可以自动采集传输渔船RFID身份识别信息、渔船AIS自动识别信息、渔船GPS定位信息和捕捞生产视频信息等,并通过海洋精细渔业专家系统ES进行渔业养殖监控、渔业环境资源监测评估、渔船船数和功率数控制和海洋捕捞生产渔情监测等。该系统可以实现海洋渔业精细化捕捞和海洋渔业精细化养殖,促进海洋渔业可持续发展。     

Technologies and their influence on future UK marine resource development and management

This paper attempts to predict changes and trends in future UK marine resource development and management. It does this by asserting that our presumptions about marine resources and the way in which they should be used are changing. Some emerging presumptions may not only preclude the use of existing technologies in some cases (e.g. dumping at sea), but may also act as drivers to the development of new technologies, such as offshore wave and wind power generation devices. A variety of maritime industries exploiting both living and non-living resources are examined individually. Attention is paid to marine conservation and the technologies that are important to providing generally for the protection of the marine environment. The authors conclude that major drivers will be ones for cleaner seas, for the development of renewable marine energy sources, and for the innovative management of the consequences of sea-level rise. With regard to the exploitation of living resources the finite limits to fisheries are stressed, and the present importance of industrial fishmeal supplies for salmon farming are highlighted. One of the greatest potential technological advances is predicted to be in marine habitat mapping. Given the changes in presumptions about our use of the seas, one over-riding conclusion is that the sustainable development of marine resources, and the conservation of priority habitats and species (for both the local seas and global oceans), must involve sustainable mechanisms for conflict resolution and decision-making.     

山东海洋渔业资源问题分析及其可持续发展策略

着重分析了山东海洋渔业资源状况及其存在的问题,提出了未来海洋渔业资源的发展对策。渔业生态环境恶化,过度捕捞,养殖种质退化,使渔业资源严重衰退;海产品加工技术落后,缺乏高附加值产品,渔业资源利用率低。开展海洋渔业资源相关基础研究,运用海洋生物技术等高新技术,重点进行海洋环境与渔业资源保护,发展生态渔业,科学、合理地开发利用渔业资源,是实现渔业资源可持续利用和长久发展的可行策略。     

An overview of cold-water coral protection on the high seas: The Hatton bank (NE Atlantic)—A case study

The present paper provides an overview of cold-water corals protection in the Hatton Bank deep-water fisheries through the implementation of the United Nations General Assembly resolution 61/105. The methodology and scientific evidence used to propose protection of cold-water coral ecosystems in the high seas (∼16,000 km²) are briefly summarised. The role of international agents and importance of interdisciplinary research for making management decisions are furthermore described. Implementation was slow because (i) of scarce initial scientific knowledge, (ii) research on the high seas was difficult and expensive, (iii) there were several international interests at stake, (iv) agreement from a number of agents was needed, and (v) international advisory and decision making processes were quite slow. Some lessons learned are also discussed since these may help to increase protection efficiency of deep-sea vulnerable marine ecosystems in the high seas.     

海山生物多样性研究近10年国际发展态势与热点

海山是全球深海生物多样性的汇聚区, 且以其高富钴结壳资源和高渔业资源成为深海探测研究热点。海山生态系统易受到人为活动的影响, 海山及其冷水珊瑚被认为是脆弱海洋生态系统的重要构成部分。对海山生物多样性的破坏以及过度开发可能对海洋健康造成不可逆的严重影响, 法律和地缘政治等因素的影响也使得保护海山生物多样性面临很多挑战。本研究对海山生物多样性近10年(2001—2020年)的国际研究计划以及论文发表情况进行了综合分析, 探讨了海山生物多样性研究的国际发展态势和研究热点, 为海山生物多样性研究、保护与管理及相关国际合作的开展提供参考。     

Failing the high seas: A global evaluation of regional fisheries management organizations

Regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) collectively manage the largest distinct area of the world, the high seas, but their effectiveness in conserving the fish stocks therein has been questioned lately, as many stocks have declined. This study quantitatively assesses the effectiveness of the world's 18 RFMOs, based on a two-tiered approach, concentrating first on their performance ‘on paper’ and secondly, in practice. The former was determined by assessing how well RFMOs scored against 26 criteria that together reflect current RFMO best practices. The latter assessment referenced the current state of the stocks RFMOs manage, through biomass and fishing mortality reference points and biomass trends through time. Results show low performance of RFMOs for both assessments, i.e., average scores of 57% and 49%, respectively. The latter result is emphasized by findings that reflect two-thirds of stocks fished on the high seas and under RFMO management are either depleted or overexploited. Findings also indicate that there is no connection between the two sets of scores, suggesting a disparity between organization intent and action.     

金枪鱼渔业国际市场结构成因分析及对我国的启示

金枪鱼渔业作为远洋渔业和海洋经济的重要组成部分,其发展受到各远洋渔业大国的高度重视和大力扶持。文章基于SCP分析范式,从市场结构、市场行为及市场绩效3个范畴研究金枪鱼渔业产业组织的结构特征,分析影响金枪鱼渔业市场结构的因素,探究市场结构、市场行为和市场绩效三者的关系。研究发现:金枪鱼国际生产和贸易垄断集中程度降低,市场竞争的有效性不断加强;金枪鱼的市场结构受到市场集中度、产品差别化,进入和退出壁垒的影响;金枪鱼渔业市场结构、市场行为和市场绩效之间存在相互影响关系。文章最后为我国发展金枪鱼渔业,提升国际竞争力提出了发挥渔业管理组织牵头作用,共同维护金枪鱼市场有效竞争;积极促进企业发展,提高生产研发能力,立足国际市场;创造良好国际环境,切实为金枪鱼渔业发展保驾护航等建议。