荣成湾营养盐分布和变化特征

根据2006-2007年4个季节的调查资料,分析了荣成湾无机氮、磷酸盐和硅酸盐的平面分布特征和季节变化规律。结果显示,荣成湾营养盐浓度基本符合二类海水水质标准,季节性变化明显,夏、秋营养盐浓度较低,春季营养盐浓度较高。根据营养盐相对和绝对限制法则,Si是冬季浮游植物生长的限制因子,其它季节浮游植物生长具有P限制的潜在可能性。潜在性富营养化评价结果表明夏季荣成湾处于贫营养水平,秋季处于P限制的中度营养水平,春季和冬季处于P中等限制潜在性富营养化水平。     

杭州湾锋区浮游植物现存量和初级生产力

１９８７年１２月和１９８８年７月，对杭州湾锋区附近海域的浮游植物细胞丰度、优势种类、叶绿素ａ浓度和初级生产力进行了现场测定。结果表明，夏季海域浮游植物细胞丰度（１９．９５×１０６个／ｍ３）高于冬季（５．６０×１０６个／ｍ３）。主要为广温低盐河口性类群和近岸广温广盐性类群占优势。夏季表层平均叶绿素ａ浓度为２．７４ｍｇ／ｍ３，冬季为１．２７ｍｇ／ｍ３。其平面分布特征表现为，表层浓度高于中层和底层，小潮汛的浓度高于大潮汛，落潮时的浓度高于涨潮时，跟踪测站的浓度高于Ｅ断面。夏季平均初级生产力为１５０．２７ｍｇＣ／（ｍ２·ｄ）。杭州湾为高悬浮物浓度的海域，光强成为初级生产力的主要限制因素之一。     

日照海洋环境监测站海域表层海水盐度的变化特征

海水盐度是海洋物理环境的重要组成部分,其变化可改变水动力环境,进而改变海洋生态环境,因此研究海水盐度的变化特征具有十分重要的意义。文章对2011-2015年日照海洋环境监测站海域表层海水盐度的实测数据进行统计分析,研究结果表明：该海域表层海水盐度基本围绕多年平均值呈周期性波动;受季风影响,表层海水盐度呈显著的季节变化特征,即冬、春季高,而夏季最低;降水量对表层海水盐度的影响有明显的滞后性;冬季表层海水盐度有升高趋势。     

胶州湾浮游植物粒级结构及其时空变化

基于2003—2010年间对胶州湾分粒级叶绿素a浓度的连续观测,系统研究了胶州湾浮游植物粒级结构的季节变化、年际变化及长期变化特征。结果表明,胶州湾表层浮游植物粒级组成以小型和微型浮游植物为主,其浓度由东北部和北部向湾中间及湾外逐渐递减。不同区域分粒级叶绿素a浓度的季节与年际变化规律相似。小型和微型浮游植物表现出明显的双峰型季节变化,小型浮游植物的高峰值通常出现在冬季,而微型浮游植物则出现在夏季。长期变化结果表明,冬季小型浮游植物所占比例自90年代起表现为增加的趋势,而夏季的变化规律与冬季相反,自1998年开始,小型浮游植物所占比例下降,微型浮游植物比例有所上升。春季和秋季小型和微型浮游植物的贡献率没有表现出明显的升高或降低趋势,但微微型浮游植物的贡献率在2000年之后显著低于2000年之前。统计分析结果表明,温度、营养盐浓度与结构是影响胶州湾浮游植物粒级结构变动的重要因素。     

厦门西港赤潮发生区可溶性硅酸盐的分布特性

根据１９８７年厦门西港赤潮综合调查的部分资料，阐述了该海区的ＳｉＯ＾２－３Ｓｉ浓度水平，探讨了平面分布、季节变化和周日变化规律与浮游植物消长的关系以及ＳｉＯ＾２－３－Ｓｉ的来源。结果表明，厦门西港水体中可溶性硅酸盐的年平均浓度为４２．５μｍｏｌ／ｄｍ＾３，表层高于底层；明显高于福建海岸带和台湾海峡西部海区，含量较丰富。     

东山湾海水中活性硅酸盐的分布特征

1988年5月、8月、11月和1989年2月东山湾海水中活性硅酸盐的浓度范围分别为6.03～89.2、5.87～43.5、4.62～43.3和17.9～40.9μmol/dm~3,平均值分别为21.5、20.1、25.4和26.8μmol/dm~3。多元线性逐步回归的结果表明,春、夏、冬季活性硅酸盐的浓度与盐度呈负相关关系;秋季由于浮游植物大量繁殖,因而活性硅酸盐的分布主要受浮游植物摄取的影响.     

珠江口浮游桡足类摄食研究

根据珠江口2002年7月(夏季)、2003年1月(冬季)和2003年4月(春季)3个航次浮游桡足类现场调查及其肠道色素实验数据,分析了浮游桡足类食性特点、肠道色素含量及其对浮游植物和初级生产力的摄食压力。根据齿缘指数对珠江口浮游桡足类食性分析,发现捕食性桡足类种数高于草食和杂食的滤食性种数,而其丰度低于后两者。珠江口桡足类个体肠道色素平均含量为冬季高于春季和夏季,而对浮游植物现存量和表层初级生产力的摄食压力均为夏季高于春季和冬季。夏、冬季桡足类肠道色素含量与水体叶绿素a浓度呈正相关,春季不相关。     

黄海春季表面海水溶解无机碳的分层研究

根据中国SOLAS计划2006年4月航次出海调查所得数据,系统地研究了春季黄海表面海水溶解无机碳（DIC）的分布规律,同时,与2005年3月、5月两个航次的DIC调查结果进行了对比。结果表明：（1）DIC浓度由近岸向外海逐渐降低;（2）DIC浓度在海水微表层中明显大于次表层和表层,呈现富集现象;（3）由于海水微表层的多层模型特征和海水微表层中Gibbs吸附异常的共同作用,使DIC含量在海水微表层、次表层和表层中变化趋势呈现非线性;（4）在连续站的周日变化研究中发现,DIC浓度在02：00～03：00时间范围内出现最大值,在13：00～15：00时间范围内出现最小值,呈“单峰”分布规律;（5）对比2005年研究结果,发现黄海春季表面海水中的DIC浓度在3,4,5月份依次降低;（6）DIC与温度和盐度均呈较明显的负相关性。     

江苏近岸海域表层海水中营养盐组成、分布及季节变化特征

根据2014~2015年江苏近岸海域4个航次现场调查资料,分析探讨了该海区表层海水的溶解无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐和硅酸盐含量及分布特征,并对江苏近岸海域表层水质进行富营养化评价。海区全年表层DIN平均浓度均符合国家4类海水水质标准,表层活性磷酸盐平均浓度均符合国家二类海水水质标准。DIN表现为冬季夏季秋季春季。NO_3-N在4个季节均为DIN的主要存在形态,NO_2-N的比例随水温的升高而呈上升趋势。灌河口和江苏海域南端启东嘴处为营养盐高值区,而海州湾是营养盐低值区。江苏近岸海域在夏季基本处于磷限制潜在性富营养。而秋季北部海域基本处于磷限制潜在性富营养,南部海域处于中度营养及富营养状态;冬季海州湾基本处于磷限制潜在性富营养,其余海域处于中度营养及富营养状态,春季海区整体呈现中度营养及富营养状态。     

东海近海赤潮水体中酯酶活性测定及其意义

测试了东海正常海水与赤潮暴发时水体中的酯酶浓度，初步研究了营养盐的变化与酯酶浓度及其赤潮暴发的关系，发现赤潮暴发时水体的酯酶浓度大大高于正常海水，表明在赤潮暴发水体中浮游植物大量裂解死亡。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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