含放射性核素天然榍石的稳定性研究

放射性核素固化体备选矿物的研究是高放废弃物处理及其安全性评估的重要方面,但选择理想的人工固化矿物及其评估在地质环境中的安全性一直是一个需要解决的难题。含放射性核素的榍石作为固化核废料的备选矿物,其稳定性对核废物固化体的安全性评估意义重大。通过对北祁连牛心山变质杂岩体中榍石(775Ma)和山西凤凰山花岗岩中榍石(1758Ma)的XRD及EDS等测试与研究,结果表明:两地榍石的杂质元素质量分数高达8.6%～10.91%,放射性核素锶、铯和铀的质量分数达4.26%～4.58%;晶胞参数的变化极小,△a=-0.0009nm～0.0041nm、△b=0.0018nm～0.0004nm、△c=0.0002nm～-0.0048nm、△β=-0.10°～0.09°,结晶度仍高达99.27%～96.46%,榍石经过10×108a的地质作用,结晶度仅减少了3%,显示榍石固化放射性系列核素的能力较强,虽经历了约775Ma～1758Ma的复杂地质演化及其所含放射性核素的衰变作用,其晶体结构完好,稳定性极高,是值得期待的理想核废物固化矿物。     

榍石的高压结构研究

利用同步辐射和金刚石压腔(DAC)技术对天然矿物榍石进行原位高压能散模式X射线实验研究,结果表明榍石在3.9 GPa和10.9 GPa分别发生P 21/a→A 2/a和A 2/a→A 1结构相变,并首次确定10.9 GPa→25.1 GPa榍石结构很可能稳定保持A 1相。基于此认为榍石能在地球较深部位稳定存在,此外,本研究对探索地球深部T i和S i元素的地球化学行为也有一定帮助作用。     

榍石中钛的测定

试样分解后,钛在一定酸度下,与磷酸二氢钠生成白色沉淀,借以重量法测定之,从生成物组成看,提高了测定方法的灵敏度。     

新疆新产出的宝石级榍石的宝石学特征

新疆西南部帕米尔－西昆仑山区近年来新发现许多宝石新品种。其中宝石级榍石晶体较大，呈金黄色，透明，金刚光泽，硬度５．５～６，密度３．５３；高折射率，具很强的双折射和十分明显的色散（出火）；可与锆石、金红石甚至钻石媲美，十分美丽，属较罕见宝石品，是近年来新疆宝石品种的重要发现之一。     

粤北大宝山次英安斑岩中副矿物榍石的初步研究

榍石是花岗岩,尤其是钙碱性花岗岩中常见的副矿物之一。利用背散射图像和电子探针成分分析对粤北大宝山矿区岩心样品(次英安斑岩)中的榍石进行了系统的矿物学研究。结果表明,研究区榍石可分为岩浆榍石和次生(热液)榍石两类,其中岩浆榍石为自形至半自形,颗粒较大,具环带结构,平均w(Al2O3)=1.24%,w(TiO2)=38.10%,w(F)=0.40%;次生(热液)榍石与绿泥石等蚀变矿物共生,多呈它形,平均w(Al2O3)=2.44%,w(TiO2)=36.02%,w(F)=1.00%。榍石的不同世代、成因、副矿物组合特征等可以揭示花岗岩的形成条件、演化历史,且对判别花岗岩的成因类型具有重要意义。     

碱性岩中磷灰石、榍石和锆石的稀土元素地球化学特征

碱性岩的副矿物磷灰石和榍石是岩体中稀土元素的主要载体矿物。它们的稀土分布模式与母岩相同，向右陡倾斜，磷灰石的Eu负异常明显，榍石具Ce正异常，锆石呈大体对称“V”形模式，Eu负异常最大。与花崩岩中同一矿物对比，上述矿物都体现了幔源碱性岩浆轻稀土富集，Eu亏损小的特点。磷灰石、榍石和锆石相应富集了母岩中的轻、中、重稀土元素，稀土元素的这种置换行为主要是矿物晶体化学性质控制的。     

榍石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年技术研究

榍石具有较高的U含量和封闭温度,是一种重要的适用于U-Pb定年的副矿物。然而,基体效应与普通Pb校正成为制约榍石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年发展的主要因素。本文以~(206)Pb/~(238)U为例,采用基体归一化因子(F_(AVG))评估了锆石与榍石U-Pb定年标准的基体效应,结果显示榍石F_(AVG)几乎都大于1.20,而锆石F_(AVG)明显都小于1.20,表明锆石与榍石U-Pb定年标准存在显著的基体效应。以BLR-1榍石标准为外部校准标样,OLT1榍石获得的谐和年龄1014.9±4.8Ma(95%置信水平,n=23,MSWD=0.32)与SHRIMP谐和年龄1017.1±3.6Ma及ID-TIMS谐和年龄1014.6±1.3 Ma在误差范围内一致,同时获得~(206)Pb/~(238)U、~(207) Pb/~(235) U、~(207) Pb/~(206) Pb加权平均年龄在误差范围内与其谐和年龄一致;而以91500锆石为外部校准标样,OLT1榍石获得的~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为891.3±9.5 Ma(n=23,MSWD=5.3),与ID-TIMS测得的谐和年龄相比偏低约12%。经~(207)Pb法校正后,TCB榍石获得的~(206)Pb/~(238) U加权平均年龄1015.6±6.2 Ma(n=16,MSWD=0.84)与ID-TIMS谐和年龄1018.1±1.7Ma在误差范围内一致。本研究表明,采用基体匹配的榍石标准为外部标样,利用LA-ICP-MS对榍石进行U-Pb定年也能获得与ID-TIMS相一致的年龄,精度(2RSE)小于2%。     

Zircon and titanite U-Pb dating of the Zhangjiawa iron skarn deposit,Luxi district,North China Craton: Implications for a craton-wide iron skarn mineralization

The North China craton hosts numerous iron skarn deposits containing more than 2600 Mt of iron ores, mostly with an average grade of >45 wt% Fe, which have been among the most important source of high-grade iron ores for the last three decades in China. These deposits typically form clusters and can be roughly divided into the western and eastern belts, which are located in the middle of Trans-North China orogen and to the west of the Tan-Lu fault zone in the eastern part of North China craton, respectively. The western belt mainly consists of the southern Taihang district, as well as the Linfen and Taiyuan ore fields, whereas the eastern belt comprises the Luxi and Xu-Huai districts. The Zhangjiawa deposit in the Luxi district has proven reserves of 290 Mt at an average of 46% Fe (up to >65%). The iron mineralization occurs mainly along contact zones between the Kuangshan dioritic intrusion and middle Ordovician marine carbonate rocks that host numerous evaporite intercalations. Titanite grains from the mineralized skarn are closely intergrown with magnetite and retrograde skarn minerals including chlorite, phlogopite and minor epidote, indicating a hydrothermal origin. The titanite grains have extremely low REE contents and low Th/U ratios, consistent with their precipitation directly from hydrothermal fluids responsible for the iron mineralization. Ten hydrothermal titanite grains yield a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 131.0 ± 3.9 Ma (MSWD = 0.1, 1σ), which is in excellent agreement with a zircon U-Pb age (130 ± 1 Ma) of the ore-related diorite. This age consistency confirms that the iron skarn mineralization is temporally and likely genetically related to the Kuangshan intrusion. Results from this study, when combined with existing isotopic age data, suggest that iron skarn mineralization and associated magmatism throughout both the eastern and western belts took place coevally between 135 and 125 Ma, with a peak at ca. 130 Ma. As such, those deposits may represent the world's only major Phanerozoic iron skarn concentration hosted in Precambrian cratons. The magmatism and associated iron skarn mineralization coincide temporally with the culmination of lithospheric thinning and destruction of the North China craton, implying a causal link between the two.     

Advances in geochemical research for the underground disposal of high-level, long-lived radioactive waste in a clay formation

One of the options for the long-term confinement of high-level, long-lived radioactive waste is the disposal in deep geological formations. In France, this option is particularly studied in a 155-Ma-old Jurassic clay formation located in the eastern part of the Paris Basin. Fifteen years of research and the construction of an underground research laboratory have provided a large set of data that allows the feasibility of the geological disposal to be evaluated from a scientific standpoint. Geochemical aspects of this research are of major importance because they provide essential information on both the characteristics of the geological medium and the long-term behaviour of the waste and the engineered system.     

Protracted thrusting followed by late rapid cooling of the Greater Himalayan Sequence,Annapurna Himalaya,Central Nepal: Insights from titanite petrochronology

The Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS) has commonly been treated as a large coherently deforming high‐grade tectonic package, exhumed primarily by simultaneous thrust‐ and normal‐sense shearing on its bounding structures and erosion along its frontal exposure. A new paradigm, developed over the past decade, suggests that the GHS is not a single high‐grade lithotectonic unit, but consists of in‐sequence thrust sheets. In this study, we examine this concept in central Nepal by integrating temperature–time (T–t) paths, based on coupled Zr‐in‐titanite thermometry and U–Pb geochronology for upper GHS calcsilicates, with traditional thermobarometry, textural relationships and field mapping. Peak Zr‐in‐titanite temperatures are 760–850°C at 10–13 kbar, and U–Pb ages of titanite range from c. 30 to c. 15 Ma. Sector zoning of Zr and distribution of U–Pb ages within titanite suggest that diffusion rates of Zr and Pb are slower than experimentally determined rates, and these systems remain unaffected into the lower granulite facies. Two types of T–t paths occur across the Chame Shear Zone (CSZ). Between c. 25 and 17–16 Ma, hangingwall rocks cool at rates of 1–10°C/Ma, while footwall rocks heat at rates of 1–10°C/Ma. Over the same interval, temperatures increase structurally upwards through the hangingwall, but by 17–16 Ma temperatures converge. In contrast, temperatures decrease upwards in footwall rocks at all times. While the footwall is interpreted as an intact, structurally upright section, the thermometric inversion within the hangingwall suggests thrusting of hotter rocks over colder from c. 25 to c. 17–16 Ma. Retrograde hydration that is restricted to the hangingwall, and a lithological repetition of orthogneiss are consistent with thrust‐sense shear on the CSZ. The CSZ is structurally higher than previously identified intra‐GHS thrusts in central Nepal, and thrusting duration was 3–6 Ma longer than proposed for other intra‐GHS thrusts in this region. Cooling rates for both the hangingwall and footwall of the CSZ are comparable to or faster than rates for other intra‐GHS thrust sheets in Nepal. The overlap in high‐T titanite U–Pb ages and previously published muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar cooling ages imply cooling rates for the hangingwall of ≥200°C/Ma after thrusting. Causes of rapid cooling include passive exhumation driven by a combination of duplexing in the Lesser Himalayan Sequence, and juxtaposition of cooler rocks on top of the GHS by the STDS. Normal‐sense displacement does not appear to affect T–t paths for rocks immediately below the STDS prior to 17–16 Ma.     

高放废物地质处置库花岗岩体预选研究

简要介绍了应用遥感技术结合地质研究,优选高放废物地质处置库花岗岩体的思路和方法。以北山外围地区为例,通过遥感数据处理,遥感影像解译,岩体地质特征分析,岩体预选准则的建立,在野外勘查的基础上,预选了若干有利的花岗岩体。为优选高放废物地质处置库场址提供决策依据。     

湖北金山店大型矽卡岩型铁矿热液榍石特征和原位微区LA-ICPMS U-Pb定年

本文对湖北金山店大型矽卡岩型铁矿床的矽卡岩和钠长石化岩体中的热液榍石进行了LA-ICPMS微量元素和UPb同位素定年分析,结果表明,与方柱石和透辉石矽卡岩中的榍石相比,钠长石蚀变岩中的榍石具有明显偏低的稀土元素含量和明显的轻重稀土分异、更小的δEu值、较低的Th、U、Lu含量和Th/U、Lu/Hf比值,以及高的Hf含量,表明二者的形成环境有所差异。热液榍石中的Ti可能主要来自于蚀变过程中岩体含Ti副矿物榍石、钛铁矿和金红石等矿物的分解。热液榍石原位微区LA-ICPMS U-Pb定年结果表明,矽卡岩和钠长石蚀变岩中的榍石形成时代分别为129.5±1.1Ma~130.4±1.2Ma和127±12Ma,与前人所得的成岩成矿时代在误差范围内一致,代表了成矿阶段的热液活动时间。热液榍石的年龄与鄂东南地区铁-铜矿化类型时代相近,均形成于区域早白垩世岩石圈减薄的环境。研究结果表明热液榍石原位微区LA-ICPMS U-Pb定年是确定矽卡岩型铁矿矿床年代的一种有效方法。     

应用生物吸附剂技术处理中低放废液的研究

利用高担子菌所含壳多糖的强吸附性能研制成功的生物吸附剂,以其具有对放射性核素的强选择性吸附能力、减容效果好和显经济效益的优势,可用于处理中低放废液。迄今,已应用于对切尔诺贝利核事故核心区和若干核电站正常运行产生的核废液的处理,在俄罗斯、乌克兰、法国、芬兰等国家的应用研究中效果显。我国自1999年引进该项技术以来,通过对BR厂YG废液和SG废水的吸附小试,验证了该吸附剂对Cs与sr的吸附能力,查明了应用该生物吸附剂技术的最佳条件。目前,正积极筹备对SG废水的扩大规模台架试验。该项技术具有极良好的应用前景。     

2000-2040年我国高放废物深部地质处置初探

本简要介绍了国内外高放废物地质处置研究概况，探讨了我国高放废物地质处置研究阶段的划分，各阶段的研究目标，任务和研究内容以及各研究阶段的大致时间安排，提出了我国高放废物地质处置研究在2000－2040年的远景规划设想。     

中国高放废物深地质处置的缓冲材料选择及其基本性能

人类的许多生产、生活活动均可能产生不同活度的放射性废物,其中高放废物的安全处置倍受全球科学家和广大公众所重视。目前深地质处置被国际上公认为处置高放废物的最有效可行的方法。借鉴国外成熟的技术和经验,我国采用多重工程屏障系统(包括废物固化体、废物容器及其外包装和缓冲/回填材料)和适宜的围岩地质体共同作用,来确保高放废物与生物圈的安全隔离。膨润土由于具有极低的渗透性和优良的核素吸附等性能而被国际上选作缓冲材料的基础材料。经过全国膨润土矿床筛选,我国高放废物深地质处置库缓冲材料的研究以产自高庙子膨润土矿床深部的钠基膨润土作为基本组成材料。本文介绍了高庙子膨润土矿床的地质特征以及高庙子钠基膨润土的基本特征。该膨润土与国外同类型材料相比具有蒙脱石含量高(75%左右)、杂质矿物相对较少的特点,该材料的系统和深入研究对于开发我国缓冲回填材料技术、确保高放废物的安全有效处置有重要意义。     

Timing of high-grade metamorphism: Early Palaeozoic U–Pb formation ages of titanite indicate long-standing high-T conditions at the western margin of Gondwana (Argentina, 26–29°S)

Abstract Concordant U–Pb ages of c. 530–510 Ma and c. 470–420 Ma on titanite from calcsilicate, orthogneiss and amphibolite rocks constrain the age of high‐T metamorphism in the Early Palaeozoic mobile belt at the western margin of Proterozoic Gondwana (Argentina, 26–29°S). The U–Pb ages document the time of titanite formation at high‐T conditions according to the stable mineral paragenesis and occurrence of titanite in the metamorphic fabric. The presence of migmatite at all sample sites indicates temperatures were > c. 650 °C. Titanite formed at similar metamorphic conditions at different times on the regional and on the outcrop scale. The titanite crystals preserved their U–Pb isotopic signatures and chemical composition under ongoing upper amphibolite to granulite facies temperatures. Different thermal peaks or deformations are only detected by the different U–Pb ages and not by changes in the mineral paragenesis or metamorphic fabric of the samples. The range of U–Pb ages, e.g. in the Ordovician and Silurian (c. 470, 460, 440, 430, 420 Ma), is interpreted as the effect polyphase deformation with deformation‐enhanced recrystallization of titanite and/or different thermal peaks during a long‐standing, geographically fixed, high‐T regime in the mid‐crust of a continental magmatic arc. A clear correlation of the different ages with distinct tectonic events, e.g. collision of terranes, is not possible based on the present knowledge of the region.     

U-Pb SHRIMP-II ages of titanite and timing constraints on apatite-nepheline mineralization in the Khibiny and Lovozero alkaline massifs (Kola Peninsula)

Results of this study of titanite samples collected from silicate rocks and apatite-nepheline-(sphene) ores from Paleozoic polyphase alkaline nepheline syenite complexes of the Khibiny and Lovozero massifs revealed the possibility of their in-situ U-Pb dating using sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe SHRIMP-II with an accuracy of 1.0-1.5%, which is comparable with that of U-Pb zircon analysis. Employing different approaches to age determination of the formation of the U-Pb system of titanites, the combined isochrons and mixing lines were plotted from the data obtained from the differentiated complex samples (121 analyses of five Khibiny samples and 52 analyses of one Lovozero sample) and apatite-nepheline ores (120 analyses of five Khibiny samples and 88 analyses of three Lovozero samples). They indicate synchronous crystallization of titanite in silicate rocks throughout the complexes: 374.1 ± 3.7 Ma for the Khibiny massif and 380.9 ± 4.5 Ma for the Lovozero massif, and attest to the later formation of phosphate-rare-metal ores: 371.0 ± 4.2 and 361.4 ± 3.2 Ma, respectively. The relatively delayed ore mineralization specific to the Lovozero massif can be accounted for the significantly lower volumes of magmatic melt and ore fluid involved, different thermal conditions, and the pattern of the investigated mineralization. As such, the obtained U-Pb data from titanite make it possible to limit significantly the time interval (most likely, not exceeding 15-20 Ma) comprising the evolution and activity of the ore-magmatic system of major agpaitic complexes, which is probably associated with plume magmatism.