Distribution, isotopic variation and origin of sulfur in coals in the Wuda coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China

This paper describes coal petrographic characteristics, sulfur abundance, distribution and isotopic signature in coals in the Wuda coalfield, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Petrographic studies suggest that depositional environment influences petrographic composition. The No. 9 and No. 10 coal seams, which are thought to have formed on a tidal delta plain, have high collodetrinite contents (up to 66.1%) indicating enhanced gelification and bacteria activity during coal accumulation, and also have the highest sulfur content (3.46% and 3.42%). Both organic and pyritic sulfur isotope values (−12.3‰ to 5.8‰ and −18.7‰ to 1.1‰, respectively) are variable and generally tend to be more negative in high-sulfur coals than those in low-sulfur coals in the Wuda coalfield. The negative sulfur isotope values indicate that a large portion of sulfur in the high-sulfur coals has a bacterial origin. Sulfur isotopic compositions and variations within the section were used to propose a model to explain the origin of sulfur in these coals. The presence of pyritized rod-like bacteria, cyanophyte's gelatinous sheaths and degraded algae organic matter suggests that bacteria, and perhaps algae, may play an important role in the formation of these high-sulfur coals.     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of boehmite-rich coals: New insights from the Haerwusu Surface Mine, Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China

Boehmite-rich coal of Pennsylvanian age was discovered earlier at the Heidaigou Surface Mine, Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China. This paper reports new results on 29 bench samples of the no. 6 coal from a drill core from the adjacent Haerwusu Surface Mine, and provides new insights into the origin of the minerals and elements present. The results show that the proportion of inertinite in the no. 6 coal is higher than in other Late Paleozoic coals in northern China. Based on mineral proportions (boehmite to kaolinite ratio) and major element concentrations in the coal benches of the drill core, the no. 6 coal may be divided into five sections (I to V). Major minerals in Sections I and V are kaolinite. Sections II and IV are mainly kaolinite with a trace of boehmite, and Section III is high in boehmite. The boehmite is derived from bauxite in the weathered surface (Benxi Formation) in the sediment-source region. The no. 6 coal is rich in Al₂O₃ (8.89%), TiO₂ (0.47%), Li (116 μg/g), F (286 μg/g), Ga (18 μg/g), Se (6.1 μg/g), Sr (350 μg/g), Zr (268 μg/g), REEs (172 μg/g), Pb (30 μg/g), and Th (17 μg/g). The elements are classified into five associations by cluster analysis, i.e. Groups A, B, C, D, and E. Group A (ash–SiO₂–Al₂O₃–Na₂O–Li) and Group B (REE–Sc–In–Y–K₂O–Rb–Zr–Hf–Cs–U–P₂O₅–Sr–Ba–Ge) are strongly correlated with ash yield and mainly have an inorganic affinity. The elements that are negatively or less strongly correlated with ash yield (with exceptions of Fe₂O₃, Be, V, and Ni) are grouped in the remaining three associations: Group C, Se–Pb–Hg–Th–TiO₂–Bi–Nb–Ta–Cd–Sn; Group D, Co–Mo–Tl–Be–Ni–Sb–MgO–Re–Ga–W–Zn–V–Cr–F–Cu; and Group E, S–As–CaO–MnO–Fe₂O₃. Aluminum is mainly distributed in boehmite, followed by kaolinite. The high correlation coefficients of the Li–ash, Li–Al₂O₃, and Li–SiO₂ pairs indicate that Li is related to the aluminosilicates in the coal. The boehmite-rich coal is high in gallium and F, which occur in boehmite and the organic matter. Selenium and Pb are mainly in epigenetic clausthalite fillings in fractures. The abundant rare earth elements in the coal benches were supplied from two sources: the bauxite on the weathered surface of the Benxi Formation and from adjacent partings by groundwater leaching during diagenesis. The light rare earth elements (LREEs) are more easily leached from the partings and incorporated into the organic matter than the heavy REEs, leading to a higher ratio of LREEs to HREEs in the coal benches than in the overlying partings.     

内蒙古西部乌达矿区煤层自燃的控制因素

煤层自燃是一个复杂的物理、化学和环境作用过程,是多种内在原因和外在条件综合作用的结果.本文分析了内蒙古乌达矿区煤层自然发火的内在原因和外在条件,揭示了煤层自燃的各种控制因素.影响煤层自燃的内在原因包括煤层厚度、变质程度、灰分含量、发热量、硫含量和有机显微组分含量等;外在条件包括地质构造、气候、水文地质、地形地貌、煤层的赋存状况、大矿和小煤窑的开采情况等.最后探讨了对不同成因的煤层自燃采取不同的预防和治理方法,为今后煤火的研究和治理奠定了理论基础.     

飞行时间二次离子质谱(TOF-SIMS)在矿物包裹体研究中的应用

矿物包裹体的化学成分研究在地质学、矿床学和油气勘探等方面具有重要意义。目前对包裹体化学成分分析的主要分析方法有激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)、电子探针(EPMA)、显微激光拉曼光谱(LRS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、质子诱发X射线光谱分析(PIXE)、同步辐射X射线荧光光谱(SXRF)和(传统的)二次离子质谱分析(SIMS)等。本文在对上述方法的分析特点进行简单介绍的基础上,重点阐述了对于矿床学样品表征具有广泛应用潜力的飞行时间二次离子质谱(TOF-SIMS)的原理、特点和技术优势,总结了国内外学者应用TOF-SIMS对矿物包裹体化学成分分析的研究进展与存在问题,并做了相关领域的展望。     

高硫煤中硫的地质演化模式——以内蒙古乌达矿区为例

以内蒙古乌达矿区为例，通过对高硫煤9煤层中黄铁矿和有机硫同位素的测定（有机硫同位素δ^34S=-12.3‰-5.8‰，黄铁矿硫同位素δ^34S=-18.7‰-1.1‰），结合煤岩学特征的综合分析以及黄铁矿化菌落和蓝藻胶壳的发现，提出了庙充煤中硫的党政军化模式，认为高硫煤中主要来源的硫的同位素由于硫酸盐的异化细菌还原作用导致大规模分馏，使之趋于负值，在高硫煤形成过程中，黄铁矿和有机硫表现出形成初期Fe^2 和有机质对硫离子的争夺性、形成过程中在剖面上的层次性、阶段性和时间上的相向性，层次性和阶段性表现为沼泽体系对SO4^2-和H2S的开放程度及黄铁矿的形成对^32SO4^2-的过滤性，相向性表现为泥炭聚积初期和晚期，Fe^2 和SO4^2-对高硫煤形成做出了贡献，具有剖面上的对称特点。     

Geochemical characteristics of REY,Li, Ga trace elements in the No. 9 coal seam of the Daheng mine,Ningwu coalfield,Shanxi Province,China

To understand the geochemical characteristics of the No.9 coal in the Daheng Mine of the Ningwu coalfield, the trace element analysis was conducted through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The sedimentary environment was discussed according to the element geochemical parameters. The results show that Li, Ga, Hf, Zr, Nb, Th, and Ta are slightly enriched in the No. 9 coal of Daheng Mine. The average value of the rare earth elements and yttrium (∑REY) in coal here is 144.20 μg/g (excluding parting), which is higher than the average value of ∑REY in the world ’s coal and China ’s coal. The light rare earth elements (LREY) are enriched. The content of Eu was 0.12–2.10 μg/g with an average of 0.57 μg/g, and the Eu is obviously negatively abnormal. Most of the trace elements in the coal are positively correlated with the ash content, which shows that the occurrence of these trace elements is related to inorganic minerals. The results of sequential chemical extraction experiments show that rare earth elements mainly exist in coal in the form of aluminosilicate. The value of the Sr/Ba and the content of S reflect that the coal-forming environment was influenced by seawater. The values of V/Cr and Ni/Co reflect that the peat swamp is in an anaerobic environment and a strongly reducing environment during the coal-forming period.     

Further Information of the Associated Li Deposits in the No.6 Coal Seam at Jungar Coalfield,Inner Mongolia,Northern China

Total 138 coal samples and 14 parting samples were taken from the No. 6 Seam of the Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia. These samples were analysed by optical microscopy, sequential chemical extraction procedure (SCEP), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope in conjunction with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX) analysis. The results indicate that the Li contents have reached the industrial grade of the coal associated Li deposit, and the total Li reserves have reached 2406600 tons, that is, 5157000 tons Li2O in the No. 6 seam in the Jungar Coalfield. The sequential chemical extraction procedure results suggest that the Li concentration is mainly related to inorganic matter. The minerals in the coals consist of kaolinite, boehmite, chlorite-group mineral, quartz, calcite, pyrite, siderite and amorphous clay material. Some Li could be absorbed by clay minerals in the Li-bearing coal seam. The chlorite phase?could be?most likely the host for a part of Li. The Yinshan Oldland should be the most possible source of Li of the coal.     

Genesis of the Bianjiadayuan Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit,Inner Mongolia,China:Constraints from in-situ sulfur isotope and trace element geochemistry of pyrite

The Southern Great Xing'an Range(S(GXR)which forms part of the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB)is known as one of the most important Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au metallogenic belts in China,hosting a number of porphyry Mo(Cu),skarn Fe(Sn),epithermal Au-Ag,and hydrothermal veintype Ag-Pb-Zn ore deposits.Here we investigate the Bianjiadayuan hydrothermal vein-type Ag-Pb-Zn ore deposit in the southern part of the SGXR.Porphyry Sn± Cu± Mo mineralization is also developed to the west of the Ag-Pb-Zn veins in the ore field.We identify a five-stage mineralization process based on field and petrologic studies including(i)the early porphyry mineralization stage,(ii)main porphyry mineralization stage,(iii)transition mineralization stage,(iv)vein-type mineralization stage and(v)late mineralization stage.Pyrite is the predominant sulfide mineral in all stages except in the late mineralization stage,and we identify corresponding four types of pyrites:Pyl is medium-grained subhedral to euhedral occurring in the early barren quartz vein;Py2 is medium-to fine-grained euhedral pyrite mainly coexisting with molybdenite,chalcopyrite,minor sphalerite and galena;Py3 is fine-grained,subhedral to irregular pyrite and displays cataclastic textures with micro-fractures;Py4 occurs as euhedral microcrystals and forms irregularly shaped aggregate with sphalerite and galena.LA-ICP-MS trace element analyses of pyrite show that Cu,Pb,Zn,Ag,Sn,Cd and Sb are partitioned into pyrite as structurally bound metals or mineral micro/nano-inclusions,whereas Co,Ni,As and Se enter the lattice via isomorphism in all types of pyrite.The Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd concentrations gradually increase from Pyl to Py4,which we correlate with cooling and mixing of ore-forming fluid with meteoric water.Py2 contains the highest contents of Co,Ni,Se,Te and Bi,suggesting high temperature conditions for the porphyry mineralization stage.Ratios of Co/Ni(0.03-10.79,average 2.13)and sulphur isotope composition of sulfide indicate typical hydrothermal origin for pyrites.The δ~(34)S_(cDT) values of Pyl(0.42‰-1.61‰,average1.16‰),Py2(-1.23‰to 0.82‰,average 0.35‰),Py3(—0.36‰to 2.47‰average 0.97‰).Py4(2.51‰--3.72‰,average 3.06‰),and other sulfides are consistent with those of typical porphyry deposit(-5‰to 5‰),indicating that the Pb-Zn polymetallic mineralization in the Bianjiadayuan deposit is genetically linked to the Yanshanian(Jurassic-Cretaceous)magmatic-hydrothermal events.Variations of δ~(34) S values are ascribed to the changes in physical and chemical conditions during the evolution and migration of the ore-forming fluid.We propose that the high Sn content of pyrite in the Bianjiadayuan hydrothermal vein-type Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit can be used as a possible pathfinder to prospect for Sn mineralization in the surrounding area or deeper level of the ore field in this region.     

西南三江地区镇沅金矿载金黄铁矿稀土与微量元素特征

镇沅金矿(也称老王寨金矿)是西南三江地区哀牢山金矿带超大型金矿床之一。前人研究表明黄铁矿的稀土与微量元素含量可以反映成矿流体与成矿物质来源的特征,本次采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)技术对镇沅金矿主要载金矿物黄铁矿进行研究。通过野外实地调查及室内显微镜下观察,将镇沅金矿载金黄铁矿分为四个阶段:Ⅰ阶段脉状黄铁矿;Ⅱ阶段团块状黄铁矿;Ⅲ阶段与辉锑矿等硫化物共生浸染状黄铁矿;Ⅳ阶段破碎状黄铁矿。矿区内多种地层均有矿化现象,矿石类型包括变砂岩型、炭质板岩型、蚀变大理岩型、蛇绿岩套型、蚀变花岗岩型、煌斑岩型等。ICP-MS测定结果显示Ⅰ阶段黄铁矿富集高场强元素Th、U、Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf,亏损大离子亲石元素;其后三阶段黄铁矿该特征则不明显。黄铁矿总体稀土元素含量较低,∑REE含量为4.72×10-6~48.96×10-6,平均为24.93×10-6。稀土配分曲线显示黄铁矿总体呈较平缓的右倾型轻稀土元素富集配分模式;存在负δEu异常,基本无δCe异常。各阶段黄铁矿稀土配分模式存在微弱差异,Ⅰ阶段黄铁矿总体REE含量较高,部分具有LREE/HREE比值较低的特征,与超基性岩REE配分模式相近;Ⅱ阶段黄铁矿REE含量明显偏低,LREE/HREE比值较高;Ⅲ阶段黄铁矿∑REE含量较低,但较Ⅱ阶段要高;Ⅳ阶段黄铁矿∑REE含量低,有与Ⅱ阶段黄铁矿REE相近特征。黄铁矿中Au与As伴生现象明显。Co/Ni值反映黄铁矿具有沉积与热液黄铁矿成因特征,另外黄铁矿的稀土微量元素特征还反映出成矿流体为含F-的还原性流体。研究认为镇沅金矿至少存在两期金成矿作用,早期载金黄铁矿呈脉状产出,并可能与印支期古特提斯洋闭合中含超基性岩的增生楔形成有关;晚期载金黄铁矿与辉锑矿、黄铜矿等硫化物共生,与新生代区域范围内红河剪切带活动及扬子板块的俯冲导致的广泛变质作用有关。     

杨庄煤矿六煤底板采动效应研究

根据杨庄煤矿的开采地质条件,分别建立了走向和倾向两类基本模型,应用数值模拟方法,模拟计算了工作面不同推进距离和不同切眼长度时,底板的破坏深度、范围及采动底板应力分布。数值模拟与现场应力测试及注水试验结果基本一致。对煤矿底板灰岩水的防治有一定的指导意义。     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of the No. 6 Coal (Pennsylvanian) in the Junger Coalfield, Ordos Basin, China

This paper discusses the mineralogy and geochemistry of the No. 6 Coal (Pennsylvanian) in the Junger Coalfield, Ordos Basin, China. The results show that the vitrinite reflectance (0.58%) is lowest and the proportions of inertinite and liptinite (37.4% and 7.1%, respectively) in the No. 6 Coal of the Junger Coalfield are highest among all of the Late Paleozoic coals in the Ordos Basin. The No. 6 Coal may be divided vertically into four sections based on their mineral compositions and elemental concentrations. A high boehmite content (mean 6.1%) was identified in the No. 6 Coal. The minerals associated with the boehmite in the coal include goyazite, rutile, zircon, and Pb-bearing minerals (galena, clausthalite, and selenio-galena). The boehmite is derived from weathered and oxidized bauxite in the weathered crust of the underlying Benxi Formation (Pennsylvanian). A high Pb-bearing mineral content of samples ZG6-2 and ZG6-3 is likely of hydrothermal origin. The No. 6 coal is enriched in Ga (44.8 μg/g), Se (8.2 μg/g), Sr (423 μg/g), Zr (234 μg/g), REEs (193.3 μg/g), Hg (0.35 μg/g), Pb (35.7 μg/g), and Th (17.8 μg/g). Gallium and Th in the No. 6 Coal mainly occur in boehmite, and the Pb-bearing selenide and sulfide minerals contribute not only to Se and Pb contents in the coal, but also probably to Hg content. A high Zr content is attributed to the presence of zircon, and Sr is related to goyazite. The REEs in the coal are supplied from the sediment-source region, and the REEs leached from the adjacent partings by groundwater.     

Removal of dissolved selenium by siderite,pyrite, and sphalerite: Implications to selenium sequestration in water-saturated,anoxic coal waste rock

The mechanisms of abiotic sequestration of Se(VI) and Se(IV) on a sample of coal waste rock collected from the Elk Valley, Canada and on three pure mineral species (i.e., siderite, pyrite, and sphalerite) present in coal waste rock were assessed using sterile batch testing under water-saturated, anoxic conditions. Only siderite removed measurable Se(VI) from the test solutions with ~90% removal after 100 d attributed to initial adsorption to the siderite surface as Se(VI) and subsequent reduction to Se(IV) and Se(0). In contrast to Se(VI), all samples removed Se(IV) from the aqueous solutions. The rate of Se(IV) removal was pyrite > siderite > waste rock > sphalerite. The waste rock sample removed Se(IV) from solution in two stages: up to ~40% of the aqueous Se(IV) was rapidly removed (by day 1) followed by slower removal of Se(IV) with up to ~97% removal after 99 d. Se(IV) removal is attributed to the adsorption of Se(IV) and subsequent reduction to Se(0) onto the siderite and pyrite phases of the waste rock. The initial (1 d) removal of Se(IV) by waste rock was characterized using a distribution coefficient (K_d) of 15.5 L/kg. Longer-term Se(IV) removal was fitted with zero and first order removal rates. The removal of Se(IV) by sphalerite was minor and deemed to have a minimal effect on Se sequestration in the waste rock. Desorption tests on waste rock showed that the fraction of sequestered Se susceptible to desorption decreased with time as adsorbed Se(IV) was reduced to insoluble Se(0). These findings show that abiotic Se sequestration can occur in saturated, anoxic zones in coal waste rock dumps.     

内蒙古二连盆地巴彦宝力格煤田下白垩统赛汉塔拉组层序—古地理与聚煤作用*

二连盆地巴彦宝力格煤田蕴藏着丰富的煤炭和煤层气资源。利用钻孔和测井资料对赛汉塔拉组层序格架下的古地理演化特征和聚煤作用进行研究,识别出3种层序界面类型: 区域不整合面、河道下切谷冲刷面和对应整合面,将赛汉塔拉组划分为2个三级层序,厚煤层主要发育于层序Ⅰ湖侵体系域早期和晚期。采用单因素分析多因素综合作图法,恢复了层序格架下的古地理格局,古地理单元为冲积扇、扇三角洲平原和滨浅湖。有利聚煤环境为扇三角洲平原与滨浅湖过渡带、滨浅湖,具有合适的基底沉降速率并且受到较小的陆源碎屑影响。从层序Ⅰ到层序Ⅱ,煤层厚度减小,聚煤作用减弱;多层厚煤层的形成受基底沉降震荡性、周期性的影响,受可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率比值不断变化的控制。层序Ⅰ发育时期,研究区中部为下一步煤炭资源和煤层气勘探的有利区。     

Composition and quality of coals in the Huaibei Coalfield, Anhui, China

The Huaibei Coalfield, Anhui Province, China, is one of the largest coalfields in China. The coals of Permian age are used mainly for power generation. Coal compositions and 47 trace elements of the No. 10 Coal of the Shanxi Formation, the No. 7, 5, and 4 Coals of the Lower Shihezi Formation, and the No. 3 Coal of the Upper Shihezi Formation from the Huaibei Coalfield were studied. The results indicate that the Huaibei coals have low ash, moisture, and sulfur contents, but high volatile matter and calorific value. The ash yield increases stratigraphically upwards, but the volatile matter and total sulfur contents show a slight decrease from the lower to upper seams. Magmatic intrusion into the No. 5 Coal resulted in high ash, volatile matter, and calorific value, but low moisture value in the coal. Among the studied 47 trace elements, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Th, U, V, and Zn are of environmental concerns. Four elements Hg, Mo, Zn, and Sb are clearly enriched in the coals as compared with the upper continental crust.     

华丰煤矿第三系砾岩水与开采四层煤关系

分析了华丰煤矿第三系砾岩的水文地质特征,认为传统的观点,即认为砾岩出水是因为砾岩与四层煤的间距小,四层煤采后的冒裂带高度达到砾岩,具有片面性。该矿的砾岩出水除与砾岩的富水性有关外,还与矿井的冲击地压有密切关系。第三系底部的红层强度非常低,不具隔水性能或隔水性能不好,也是砾岩出水的原因之一。     

宁武煤田平朔矿区9号煤中锂的富集机理

从宁武煤田平朔矿区的9号煤中共采了58个煤样,通过光学显微镜、逐级化学提取、SEM-EDX分析、X射线粉末衍射和ICP-MS技术对这些样品进行分析。结果表明9号煤中Li的平均含量达到152 mg/kg,9号煤的点储量为36.7亿吨,Li O2的量达119.5万吨,也就是说煤层中锂的储量约为55.8万吨;逐级化学提取过程的结果表明,Li的富集主要与无机物有关,只有约5.5%的锂具有有机亲和力,这些无机矿物是高岭石、勃姆石、绿泥石族矿物、石英、方解石、黄铁矿以及无定形粘土状矿物等,在含锂煤层中,锂可能被粘土矿物吸附;根据古地理研究,9号煤中锂的最初来源可能是阴山古陆,盆地北部本溪组中的铝土矿可能是锂的直接来源。     

内蒙古西山湾羊场银多金属矿床银的赋存形式及成矿机理

西山湾羊场银多金属矿床位于华北克拉通北缘中西段。矿区出露有较大面积的古生代二长花岗岩和英云闪长岩,中生代早白垩世白女羊盘组火山岩沿二长花岗岩与英云闪长岩之接触带的北东向张性裂隙喷发,银矿体呈透镜状或似层状产出于下白垩统白女羊盘组及其与侵入岩的接触带,铅锌矿体主要产于侵入岩及其与火山岩的接触带,断裂构造控矿明显。本文在野外地质调查的基础上,结合室内显微镜下观察和电子探针分析手段,对银的赋存形式和分布情况进行了研究,对银、铅锌的地球化学迁移模式、沉淀机制及其成矿过程进行了探讨。研究结果表明,该矿床中银的存在形式主要为可见银,其次为不可见银。可见银主要为显微包体银（1~10μm）和独立银矿物（>50μm）,不可见银主要为类质同象银和超显微包体银（<1μm）。显微包体银多被黄铁矿、石英、钾长石和重晶石等包裹;独立银矿物主要为辉银矿,其次为硒银矿,还有少量自然银、螺状硫银矿和深红银矿（淡红银矿）等,多分布于石英粒间及裂隙中;类质同象银主要赋存于蓝辉铜矿、雅硫铜矿等二元铜硫化物中;超显微包体银主要包裹于与银矿化相关的方铅矿、闪锌矿和黄铁矿中。根据矿（化）脉体之间的穿切关系、矿石结构构造及矿物共生组合,成矿作用过程可划分为热液期和表生期。热液期是主要的成矿期,包括石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-多金属硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段,其中石英-多金属硫化物阶段为主成矿阶段,铅锌矿化形成于该阶段早期,银矿化形成于该阶段晚期。富含Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ag、S和Se等多种元素的成矿热液,在早期高温条件下金属离子以氯络合物的形式搬运,随着成矿热液温度降低以及其它物理化学环境的变化,氯络合物不稳定而解离,未发生沉淀的金属离子转变为以硫氢络合物的形式继续运移。成矿热液向上运移过程中,随着温度的持续降低,铁、锌、铜和铅等金属离子的硫氢络合物溶解度降低而发生分解,形成黄铁矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿和方铅矿等金属硫化物,Ag⁺部分置换Cu⁺以类质同象形式赋存于二元铜硫化物中,部分银以超显微包体形式被先期形成的矿物黄铁矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿等硫化物所包裹。因Fe²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cu⁺、Pb²⁺等离子的依次沉淀,致使^-不稳定而分解,生成辉银矿,并且Ag⁺与流体中的Se^2-结合形成少量硒银矿,被包裹于重晶石和石英之中,而溶液中过饱和的银则沉淀为自然银。表生条件下,原载体矿物中的银以及离散银经淋滤作用随黄铁矿的褐铁矿化而得以再次富集。     

内蒙古早白垩世五间房含煤盆地煤层煤相分析

内蒙古是我国非常重要的后备煤炭资源基地,煤层大多聚集在白垩纪断陷盆地中,其中,五间房含煤盆地煤炭资源丰富。通过对该盆地东南部3个钻孔57件煤样的煤岩学和煤化学分析,探讨了煤层的煤质特征、煤相类型及其演化规律。研究结果表明：本区煤层以低—中高灰、高挥发分产率和低—特低硫为特征;具有较高的镜/惰比和结构保存指数;煤相类型主要为潮湿森林沼泽相,自下而上,成煤泥炭沼泽覆水程度总体有所加深,上部泥炭沼泽具有水体逐渐加深的水进型特征,下部泥炭沼泽具有水体逐渐变浅的水退型特征。     

Roof Shale Flora of Coal Seam 6 from the Asselian（Lower Permian）Taiyuan Formation of the Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia and Its Ecostratigraphic Significance

Roof shale floras help understand the transition of vegetational landscapes from a peat–forming environment to a clastic one, but are seldom investigated in the Cathaysian province(typical present day China and East Asia). Here the roof shale flora of Coal Seam 6 from the lower Permian Taiyuan Formation of the Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, is systematically described and its ecostratigraphic and phytogeographic implications are discussed. The flora is composed of seven plant groups, including Lepidodendrales, Medullosales, Gigantopteridales, Peltaspermales, Noeggerathiales, Cordaitales and Cycadales. Many of these taxa are also documented in Euramerica, and the floral composition indicates a more intimate relationship between Cathaysia and Euramerica during the Cisuralian than previously thought. However, there are few genera and species in common with those of the underlying peat–forming flora. Moreover, the flora is hardly comparable with the commonly known flora of the Taiyuan Formation. Such assemblage differences are very likely due to changes of taphonomic and environmental phases, rather than evolutionary floral succession. For a full and more precise understanding of the floral composition, succession and the floristic discrepancy in different depositional environments, an ecostratigraphic investigation on the Late Palaeozoic of Cathaysia is advocated.