山东地区壳幔耦合关系探讨

通过将山东地区GPS 观测结果与穿透整个岩石圈的SKS 剪切波分裂及近场资料剪切波分裂的快波方向相比较,来探讨山东地区壳幔运动的耦合作用。结果发现,地壳内近场快剪切波偏振与SKS 快剪切波偏振总是相差十几度以上,这种差异可能说明,山东地区壳幔之间构造活动可能有一定程度的解耦,表明山东地区的壳幔运动耦合作用可能既不是壳幔强耦合型,也不是简单的壳幔解耦型,该地区的壳幔运动耦合作用可能是2 种模式共存的不均匀分布或者是物理性质介于两者之间的渐变模式,这与早先对华北地区的类似研究获得的结论相同。     

A possible crust-mantle configuration near Trivandrum deduced from Indian geomagnetic data

Anomalies in H and Z, primarily attributable to subsurface features, were obtained from the annual mean values at five Indian magnetic stations for the period 1965–1973, after correcting for the secular and normal variations. When the average anomaly at each station over the nine years chosen, after projecting on to a reference longitude (78°E), was plotted against its geographic latitude, the resulting ΔZ and ΔH latitudinal profiles were found to reach their maximum values near Trivandrum (TRV). This rise in anomaly near TRV has been interpreted in terms of a probable plutonic dyke-like structure, superposed on the general upwarp of the mantle known to be associated with a land-to-ocean transition. A Bouguer gravity profile along the same reference longitude, supporting this inference, is also presented. A sample calculation has been done with assumed parameters for the model and the theoretical and observed anomalies are compared.     

挪威地震台阵(NORSAR)的功能与布局

为顺利推进我国全球地震台网建设,对挪威地震台阵(Norwegian Seismic Array,简称NORSAR)开展调研工作,获得其功能、布局等信息,以便对我国地震台网建设提供技术支持和功能参考。     

滇西地区壳幔解耦与腾冲火山区岩浆活动的深部构造研究

根据青藏东部边缘的深部地球物理资料,分析了滇西地区壳幔耦合和腾冲火山区岩浆活动的深部构造特征,确认了地幔各向异性与上地幔速度结构(包括P波速度和S波速度)的内在联系,指出产生这一结果的原因与以腾冲火山区为中心的地幔热物质上涌有关:上地幔顶部平均温度升高导致介质强度降低,在印支块体的侧向挤压或印缅块体的向东俯冲作用下发生韧性变形,造成滇西地区地幔各向异性的快波方向与青藏东部地壳块体的旋转方向不一致.此外,鉴于中下地壳低速层的横向非均匀性,估计韧性流动并非贯通青藏高原的东部边缘,而是被不同的构造块体和边界断裂限定在局部地区.总体而言,滇西地区下地壳的地震波速度和电阻率偏低,具备发生韧性变形的构造条件.作为地壳和上地幔之间的解耦层,它使得青藏东部地壳块体旋转产生的构造应力未能传输至上地幔.腾冲火山区的地壳结构与不同时期的岩浆活动有关,火山区东侧的高速结构代表了上新世时期火山通道内冷凝固结的岩浆侵入体或难以挥发的高密度残留物质,火山区西侧的低速结构反映了更新世以来持续至今的岩浆活动,壳内岩浆源主要分布在10～20km的深度范围内,横向尺度约为15～20km,有可能通过地壳深部的断裂与上地幔岩浆源区相连,估计腾冲火山区下方的岩浆活动将持续进行.     

Crustal stress field in Yunnan: implication for crust-mantle coupling

We applied the g CAP algorithm to determine239 focal mechanism solutions 3:0 M We 6:0T with records of dense Chin Array stations deployed in Yunnan,and then inverted 686 focal mechanisms(including 447 previous results) for the regional crustal stress field with a damped linear inversion. The results indicate dominantly strike-slip environment in Yunnan as both the maximum(r1) and minimum(r3) principal stress axes are sub-horizontal. We further calculated the horizontal stress orientations(i.e., maximum and minimum horizontal compressive stress axes: S H and S h, respectively) accordingly and found an abrupt change near *26°N. To the north, S H aligns NW-SE to nearly E-W while S h aligns nearly N-S. In contrast, to the south, both S H and S h rotate laterally and show dominantly fan-shaped patterns. The minimum horizontal stress(i.e., maximum strain axis) S h rotates from NW-SE to the west of Tengchong volcano gradually to nearly E-W in west Yunnan, and further toNE-SW in the South China block in the east. The crustal strain field is consistent with the upper mantle strain field indicated by shear-wave splitting observations in Yunnan but not in other regions. Therefore, the crust and upper mantle in Yunnan are coupled and suffering vertically coherent pure-shear deformation in the lithosphere.     

三峡地区壳幔深部界面重力反演

为了更精细了解长江三峡地区壳幔深部界面起伏特征, 对最新获得的三峡坝区1:20万完全布格重力异常图与以往三峡地区1:50万完全布格重力异常图进行拼接, 结合人工地震测深、 层析成像结果等数据, 利用Parker-Oldenburg位场迭代方法对壳幔主要界面进行了反演研究. 主要新认识有： 巴东—秭归莫霍面深度为42 km左右, 江汉平原及周边中地壳界面深度为21—25 km; 深部界面总形态与地表地质构造呈立交桥式结构; 三峡大坝处于研究区中地壳最薄处, 仅为9 km, 这可能与黄陵隆起中部存在浅层低密度体有关; 三峡地区地震大多发生在本区上地壳内, 与壳幔深部界面的起伏变化密切相关, 如秭归M_S5.1地震发生在莫霍面中地壳界面隆陷梯变最大部位, 说明深部作用对区域构造地震活动具有重要影响.     

A time- and magnitude-predictable model for generation of shallow earthquakes in the Aegean area

Repeat times of strong shallow mainshocks have been determined by the use of instrumental and historical data for 68 seismogenic sources in the Aegean and surrounding area (34°N–43°N, 18°E–30°E). For 49 of these sources at least two interevent times (three mainshocks) are available for each source. By using the repeat times for these 49 sources the following relation has been determined: $$\log T_t = 0.36M_{\min } + 0.35M_p + a$$ whereT _t is the repeat time, measured in years,M _p the surface wave magnitude of the preceding mainshock,M _min the magnitude of the smallest earthquake considered and “a” parameter which varies from source to source. A multilinear correlation coefficient equal to 0.89 was determined for this relation. By using the same repeat times for the 49 seismogenic sources, the following relation has been determined between the magnitude,M _f , of the following mainshock andM _min andM _p . $$M_f = 0.95M_{\min } - 0.49M_p + m$$ wherem is a constant which varies from source to source. A multilinear correlation coefficient equal to 0.80 was found for this relation. The model expressed by these two relations is represented by a scheme of a time variation of stress under constant tectonic loading. In this scheme, the maximum stress values during the different seismic cycles fluctuate around a value, τ₁, in a relatively narrow stress interval, expressing the high correlation coefficient of the relation between LogT andM _p . On the contrary, the minimum stress values fluctuate around a value, τ₂, in a much broader stress interval. However, each of these minimum stress values becomes lower or higher than τ₂ if the previous one is higher or lower than τ₂, respectively, expressing the negative correlation betweenM _f andM _p .     

腾冲火山多地球物理参数模型

腾冲火山区是中国最年轻的板内火山之一,岩浆活动频繁以及高温地热异常使其受到广泛关注.以往的地球物理探测结果显示腾冲火山区下方存在地壳岩浆囊,但其深部几何形态和分布一直存在争议.本文基于腾冲火山地区的大地电磁测深结果,并结合相关地质与地球物理资料,提出腾冲火山岩石圈尺度的多地球物理参数模型.我们的模型显示在腾冲火山区中下地壳内存在三个岩浆囊;腾冲火山区岩石圈上地幔可能存在岩浆囊,但需要长周期大地电磁测深数据进一步的验证.

     

Correlation between gravity anomalies and the crust-mantle boundary in central Europe

Summary Methods of simple and multiple linear correlation have been used in investigating the mutual statistical dependence of Bouguer anomalies, terrain elevations and the depths of the crust-mantle boundary determined by the method of Deep Seismic Sounding. Numerical results show a considerable degree of correlation among the quantities mentioned in Central Europe.Dedicated to Academician Alois Zátopek on His 65th Birthday     

Two types of the crust-mantle interaction in continental subduction zones

Plate subduction is an important mechanism for exchanging the mass and energy between the mantle and the crust,and the igneous rocks in subduction zones are the important carriers for studying the recycling of crustal materials and the crust-mantle interaction.This study presents a review of geochronology and geochemistry for postcollisional mafic igneous rocks from the Hong’an-Dabie-Sulu orogens and the southeastern edge of the North China Block.The available results indicate two types of the crust-mantle interaction in the continental subduction zone,which are represented by two types of mafic igneous rocks with distinct geochemical compositions.The first type of rocks exhibit arc-like trace element distribution patterns(i.e.enrichment of LILE,LREE and Pb,but depletion of HFSE)and enriched radiogenic Sr-Nd isotope compositions,whereas the second type of rocks show OIB-like trace element distribution patterns(i.e.enrichment of LILE and LREE,but no depletion of HFSE)and depleted radiogenic Sr-Nd isotope compositions.Both of them have variable zircon O isotope compositions,which are different from those of the normal mantle zircon,and contain residual crustal zircons.These geochemical features indicate that the two types of mafic igneous rocks were originated from the different natures of mantle sources.The mantle source for the second type of rocks would be generated by reaction of the overlying juvenile lithospheric mantle with felsic melts originated from previously subducted oceanic crust,whereas the mantle source for the first type of rocks would be generated by reaction of the overlying ancient lithospheric mantle of the North China Block with felsic melts from subsequently subducted continental crust of the South China Block.Therefore,there exist two types of the crust-mantle interaction in the continental subduction zone,and the postcollisional mafic igneous rocks provide petrological and geochemical records of the slab-mantle interactions in continental collision orogens.     

Upper mantle anisotropy and crust-mantle deformation pattern beneath the Chinese mainland

Over the past 10 years,the number of broadband seismic stations in China has increased significantly.The broadband seismic records contain information about shear-wave splitting which plays an important role in revealing the upper mantle anisotropy in the Chinese mainland.Based on teleseismic SKS and SKKS phases recorded in the seismic stations,we used the analytical method of minimum transverse energy to determine the fast wave polarization direction and delay time of shear-wave splitting.We also collected results of shear-wave splitting in China and the surrounding regions from previously published papers.From the combined dataset we formed a shear-wave splitting dataset containing 1020 parameter pairs.These splitting parameters reveal the complexity of the upper mantle anisotropy image.Our statistical analysis indicates stronger upper mantle anisotropy in the Chinese mainland,with an average shear-wave time delay of 0.95 s;the anisotropy in the western region is slightly larger(1.01 s)than in the eastern region(0.92 s).On a larger scale,the SKS splitting and surface deformation data in the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan region jointly support the lithospheric deformation mode,i.e.the crust-lithospheric mantle coherent deformation.In eastern China,the average fast-wave direction is approximately parallel to the direction of the absolute plate motion;thus,the upper mantle anisotropy can be attributed to the asthenospheric flow.The area from the Ordos block to the Sichuan Basin in central China is the transition zone of deformation modes between the east and the west regions,where the anisotropy images are more complicated,exhibiting"fossil"anisotropy and/or two-layer anisotropy.The collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate is the main factor of upper mantle anisotropy in the western region of the Chinese mainland,while the upper mantle anisotropy in the eastern region is related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.     

海域流动点外部扰动引力无奇异计算模型

针对海域重力场变化特征和远程飞行器机动发射保障应用需求,本文分析研究了地球外部空间扰动引力三类传统计算模型的技术特点及其适用性,指出了采用表层法作为海域流动点扰动引力计算模型的合理性及需要解决的关键问题,分析论证了空中扰动引力计算对地面观测数据的分辨率和精度要求,提出通过引入局部积分域恒等式变换、局域泰勒级数展开和非网格点内插方法,消除表层法计算模型积分奇异性固有缺陷的研究思路,进而推出了适合于海域流动点应用的扰动引力无奇异计算模型,较好地满足了全海域和全高度段对局部扰动重力场快速赋值的实际需求.以超高阶全球位模型EGM2008作为标准场,通过数值计算验证了无奇异计算模型的可行性和有效性,在重力场变化比较剧烈的海沟区,该模型的计算精度优于2×10^-5m·s^-2.

     

Study on crust-mantle tectonics and its velocity structure along the Beijing-Huailai-Fengzhen profile

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A GIS‐based variable source area hydrology model

Effective control of nonpoint source pollution from contaminants transported by runoff requires information about the source areas of surface runoff. Variable source hydrology is widely recognized by hydrologists, yet few methods exist for identifying the saturated areas that generate most runoff in humid regions. The Soil Moisture Routing model is a daily water balance model that simulates the hydrology for watersheds with shallow sloping soils. The model combines elevation, soil, and land use data within the geographic information system GRASS, and predicts the spatial distribution of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, saturation‐excess overland flow (i.e., surface runoff), and interflow throughout a watershed. The model was applied to a 170 hectare watershed in the Catskills region of New York State and observed stream flow hydrographs and soil moisture measurements were compared to model predictions. Stream flow prediction during non‐winter periods generally agreed with measured flow resulting in an average r² of 0·73, a standard error of 0·01 m³/s, and an average Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency R² of 0·62. Soil moisture predictions showed trends similar to observations with errors on the order of the standard error of measurements. The model results were most accurate for non‐winter conditions. The model is currently used for making management decisions for reducing non‐point source pollution from manure spread fields in the Catskill watersheds which supply New York City's drinking water. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A hillslope-based hydrological model using catchment area and width functions

Abstract

A flow-interval hillslope discretization scheme is proposed for catchment hydrological modelling. By this scheme, a two-dimensional catchment is simplified into a one-dimensional cascade of flow intervals linked by the main stream. Each flow interval comprises a set of parallel hillslopes. The hillslope is the fundamental computational unit in the hydrological model providing lateral inflow to the main stream. The size of hillslope is determined by the catchment area and width functions. Catchment runoff is the total of hillslope responses through the river routing. Tests in four Japanese catchments showed that the model performed well on simulating the overall water balance, general flow pattern, and daily and hourly hydrographs of a whole catchment, as well as simultaneous simulation in different subcatchments. Characteristics of catchment hydrological responses and model applicability are discussed.     

Phase equilibrium modeling of zircon stability in mantle peridotite: Implication for crust-mantle interaction

Zircon is a common accessory mineral in various rocks,especially in the crustal ones.It is the best mineral for U-Pb dating.Meanwhile,trace elements and isotopes of the mineral can also provide much information concerning the formation and evolution of rocks.There are a growing number of reports of zircon existing in mantle peridotite.However,it is generally considered that zircon is unlikely crystallized in ultrabasic rocks due to SiO₂-unsaturation.In this paper,the SiO₂ activity and zircon/baddeleyite transition curve at different conditions were calculated through thermodynamic phase equilibrium modeling,to reveal the main factors affecting the SiO₂ activity and the stability of zircon/baddeleyite in ultrabasic and basic rocks,especially in mantle peridotite.These results provide a thermodynamic basis for interpreting the genesis and significance of zircon in mantle rocks.That is,the SiO₂ activity is mainly controlled by stable mineral assemblages and temperature-pressure conditions.The orthopyroxene+olivine assemblage in peridotite as an effective buffer restricts the SiO₂ activity in a relatively high range with a small variation.The upper temperature limit of zircon can reach more than 1500℃ with this mineral assemblage.During the low-temperature serpentinization of peridotite,the replacement of olivine and pyroxene by serpentine can result in a significant decrease of SiO₂ activity,and baddeleyite can be stabilized at<530℃ and<2.7 GPa.When peridotite is strongly metasomatized by the SiO₂-bearing fluid,the addition of SiO₂ can increase its activity and make zircon stable at low temperatures.The SiO₂ activity in ultrabasic-basic rocks is not only positively correlated with the SiO₂ content but also negatively correlated with the Ca and Na contents of rocks.This is because Ca and Na preferentially combine with Si and Al to form Si-rich minerals,such as clinopyroxene and feldspar.This process will consume excessive SiO₂,decreasing the SiO₂ activity.This may be the reason why zircon can be found in ultrabasic rocks,while baddeleyite can exist in some basic and alkaline rocks.The thermodynamic modeling can also reasonably explain the mutual transformation between zircon and baddeleyite in ultrabasic-basic rocks.Our results indicate that zircon can exist stably in mantle peridotite in a wide range of temperature-pressure conditions and its formation is related to melt/fluid metasomatism.That is,the presence of zircon in mantle peridotite is an important information carrier of crust-mantle interaction for deep material cycling.     

A model for the coast-effect

A model for the coast-effect of geomagnetism is presented, in which the horizontal magnetic field induces currents in a circuit including a thin finite ocean. The currents flow horizontally across the ocean, vertically down into the earth, back through the deep interior of the earth, and vertically up to the ocean to complete the current loop. The upper layers of the earth are given non-zero conductivity, allowing the possibility of such current loops.A two-dimensional model involving such currents has been worked out analytically, and it is found that a significant induced magnetic field at the seafloor can be obtained with a reasonable conductivity in the earth's upper layers. A three-dimensional model has also been worked out numerically. It is found that the induced vertical component of magnetic field is of comparable magnitude to the horizontal component induced normal to the coast, whereas the horizontal component parallel to the coast is small. These relations are required to explain the observation of Parkinson arrows.     

Study of crust-mantle transitional zone along the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang plateau

Introduction At the juncture of Qinghai-Xizang, Ordos and Alxa blocks lies the Qinghai-Xizang plateau, an area with complicated topographic and morphologic features, strong tectonic activities and frequent earthquakes (many large-magnitude earthquakes have taken place), has become a focal area for geoscience study. Many geophysical and geological surveys have been carried out in and around the area, such as deep seismic sounding (DSS), gravimetry, magnetotelluric sounding, magnetic anomaly …     

Study on the crust-mantle structure in the central and southern parts of Shanxi

Another comparative interpretation was conducted with respect to the data from 5 DSS profiles in the central and southern parts of Shanxi, leading to the conclusion that in Linxian, Linfen and Xingtai earthquake regions, through which the five profiles pass, there exist anomalous crust-mantle structure and abyssal crustal faults extending to Moho, all being regarded as the deep indications for earthquake occurrence.