中亚造山带东段古生代山弯构造

中亚造山带东段位于西伯利亚和华北克拉通之间，经历了多构造体系叠加和多旋回洋陆转换的复杂演化过程，目前大量研究均以构造带为核心来限定区域构造格局，但一直争议较大。本文以构造单元的构造属性及其形成过程为主线，结合区域构造带演化，重新厘定了中国东北地区基本构造格局，建立了中国东北山弯构造演化模型。研究表明，古生代时期中国东北地区的主要构造单元由两个具前寒武纪基底的古老地块——额尔古纳地块和佳木斯地块及其张广才岭陆缘弧与两个古生代增生地体——兴安增生地体和松辽增生地体组成，其间由古亚洲洋分支新林- 喜桂图洋、贺根山- 嫩江洋、龙凤山洋和索伦洋分割。早古生代，西部额尔古纳地块东南部为西太平洋型活动陆缘，发育有嘎仙- 吉峰- 环宇洋内弧和头道桥等洋岛，~500 Ma随着新林- 喜桂图洋的关闭，这些洋内弧和洋岛拼贴增生至额尔古纳地块东南缘。随后贺根山- 嫩江洋的俯冲和后撤形成了一系列沟- 弧- 盆体系，持续的俯冲导致弧陆碰撞和陆缘增生，形成兴安增生地体的主体。同时，东部佳木斯地块西侧发育有龙凤山洋的安第斯型俯冲活动陆缘，形成了张广才岭陆缘弧。伴随着各大洋的俯冲和陆缘增生，额尔古纳地块和佳木斯地块以及它们的陆缘增生带构成了一个早古生代近东西向展布的地块链。南部以锡林浩特- 龙江微地块为核心发生陆缘俯冲，形成松辽增生地体雏形。索伦洋发生双向俯冲，并通过弧陆碰撞产生陆缘增生。晚古生代，伴随着古亚洲洋的北向俯冲和后撤，早期形成的地块链逐渐发生向南弯曲。二叠纪末期—中三叠世古亚洲洋俯冲消减闭合以及西北部蒙古- 鄂霍茨克洋和东部泛大洋的俯冲挤压，导致地块链进一步弯曲，同时，早期的古老地块、增生地体、弧岩浆岩、沉积建造等发生汇聚，最终形成一个以额尔古纳地块和兴安增生地体为西翼，佳木斯地块和张广才岭陆缘弧为东翼，松辽增生地体为核心的大规模山弯构造——中国东北山弯构造。     

中国东北地区蛇绿岩

我国东北地区位于中亚造山带的东段,经历了复杂的增生造山过程,其所属微陆块的基底属性及拼贴位置、洋-陆转换一直是地学界研究的热点。根据近年来的研究进展,我们将东北地区微陆块划分为额尔古纳地块、兴安增生地体、松嫩-锡林浩特地块和佳木斯地块。同时综述了东北地区蛇绿岩/蛇绿混杂岩带的时空分布、年代学及地球化学的新资料,讨论了其构造背景及俯冲-增生过程。东北地区增生造山不仅涉及古亚洲洋和古太平洋,还可能与泛大洋有关,包括早奥陶世-晚三叠世古亚洲洋主洋盆及古亚洲洋分支——新元古代-晚寒武世新林-喜桂图洋、早寒武世-晚石炭世嫩江洋、新元古代-晚志留世黑龙江洋和晚二叠世-中侏罗世牡丹江洋的演化。早石炭世末-晚石炭世初,东北地区古亚洲洋分支洋盆全部闭合,所有微陆块完成聚合形成统一的东北陆块群。晚二叠世-早三叠世时期,古亚洲洋主洋盆沿索伦-西拉木伦-长春-延吉缝合带自西向东从早到晚以剪刀式最终闭合,完成东北陆块群与华北板块的拼接。晚三叠世-早侏罗世时期古太平洋板块俯冲启动,东北地区进入古太平洋俯冲增生构造体系。     

Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt in NE China

The eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) in NE China is a key area for investigating continental growth. However, the complexity of its Paleozoic geological history has meant that the tectonic development of this belt is not fully understood. NE China is composed of the Erguna and Jiamusi blocks in the northern and eastern parts and the Xing’an and Songliao-Xilinhot accretionary terranes in the central and southern parts. The Erguna and Jiamusi blocks have Precambrian basements with Siberia and Gondwana affinities, respectively. In contrast, the Xing ’an and Songliao-Xilinhot accretionary terranes were formed via subduction and collision processes. These blocks and terranes were separated by the Xinlin-Xiguitu, Heilongjiang, Nenjiang, and Solonker oceans from north to south, and these oceans closed during the Cambrian (ca. 500 Ma), Late Silurian (ca. 420 Ma), early Late Carboniferous (ca. 320 Ma), and Late Permian to Middle Triassic (260 –240 Ma), respectively, forming the Xinlin-Xiguitu, Mudanjiang-Yilan, Hegenshan-Heihe, Solonker-Linxi, and Changchun-Yanji suture zones. Two oceanic tectonic cycles took place in the eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO), namely, the Early Paleozoic cycle involving the Xinlin-Xiguitu and Heilongjiang oceans and the late Paleozoic cycle involving the Nenjiang-Solonker oceans. The Paleozoic tectonic pattern of the eastern CAOB generally shows structural features that trend east-west. The timing of accretion and collision events of the eastern CAOB during the Paleozoic youngs progressively from north to south. The branch ocean basins of the eastern PAO closed from west to east in a scissor-like manner. A bi-directional subduction regime dominated during the narrowing and closure process of the eastern PAO, which led to “soft collision” of tectonic units on each side, forming huge accretionary orogenic belts in central Asia.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Subduction-related metasomatic mantle source in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Evidence from amphibolites in the Xilingol Complex,Inner Mongolia,China

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) formed mainly in the Paleozoic due to the closure of the Paleo-Asian oceanic basins and accompanying prolonged accretion of pelagic sediments, oceanic crust, magmatic arcs, and Precambrian terranes. The timing of subduction–accretion processes and closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean has long been controversial and is addressed in a geochemical and isotopic investigation of mafic rocks, which can yield important insight into the geodynamics of subduction zone environments. The Xilingol Complex, located on the northern subduction–accretion zone of the CAOB, mainly comprises strongly deformed quartzo-feldspathic gneisses with intercalated lenticular or quasi-lamellar amphibolite bodies. An integrated study of the petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of a suite of amphibolites from the complex constrains the nature of the mantle source and the tectono-metamorphic events in the belt. The protoliths of these amphibolites are gabbros and gabbroic diorites that intruded at ca. 340–321 Ma with positive εHf_(t) values ranging from + 2.89 to + 12.98. Their T_DM1 model ages range from 455 to 855 Ma and peak at 617 Ma, suggesting that these mafic rocks are derived from a depleted continental lithospheric mantle. The primitive magma was generated by variable degrees of partial melting of spinel-bearing peridotites. Fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene and hornblende has played a dominant role during magma differentiation with little or no crustal contamination. The mafic rocks are derived from a Late Neoproterozoic depleted mantle source that was subsequently enriched by melts affected by slab-derived fluids and sediments, or melts with a sedimentary source rock. The Carboniferous mafic rocks in the northern accretionary zone of the CAOB record a regional extensional event after the Early Paleozoic subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Both addition of mantle-derived magmas and recycling of oceanic crust played key roles in significant Late Carboniferous (ca. 340–309 Ma) vertical crustal growth in the CAOB. Amphibolite–facies metamorphism (P = 0.34–0.52 GPa, T = 675–708 °C) affected these mafic rocks in the Xilingol Complex at ca. 306–296 Ma, which may be related to the crustal thickening by northward subduction of a forearc oceanic crust beneath the southern margin of the South Mongolian microcontinent. The final formation of the Solonker zone may have lasted until ca. 228 Ma.     

Intraplate geodynamics and magmatism in the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) was produced as a consequence of the successive closure of the Paleoasian Ocean and the accretion of structures formed within it (island arcs, oceanic islands, and backarc basins) to the Siberian continent. The belt started developing in the latest Late Neoproterozoic, and this process terminated in the latest Permian in response to the collision of the Siberian and North China continents that resulted in closure of the Paleoasian ocean (Metcalfe, 2006; Li et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2009; Xiao et al., 2010; Didenko et al., 2010). Throughout the whole evolutionary history of this Orogenic Belt, a leading role in its evolution was played by convergent processes. Along with these processes, an important contribution to the evolution of the composition and structure of the crust in the belt was made by deep geodynamic processes related to the activity of mantle plumes.Indicator complexes of the activity of mantle plumes are identified, and their major distribution patterns in CAOB structures are determined. A number of epochs and areas of intraplate magmatism are distinguished, including the Neoproterozoic one (Rodinia breakup and the origin of alkaline rock belt in the marginal part of the Siberian craton); Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian (origin of oceanic islands in the Paleoasian Ocean); Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician (origin of LIP within the region of Early Caledonian structures in CAOB); Middle Paleozoic (origin of LIP in the Altai–Sayan rift system); Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic (origin of the Tarim flood-basalt province, Central Asian rift system, and a number of related zonal magmatic areas); Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic (origin of continental volcanic areas in Central Asia).Geochemical and isotopic characteristics are determined for magmatic complexes that are indicator complexes for areas of intraplate magmatism of various age, and their major evolutionary trends are discussed. Available data indicate that mantle plumes practically did not cease to affect crustal growth and transformations in CAOB in relation to the migration of the Siberian continent throughout the whole time span when the belt was formed above a cluster of hotspots, which is compared with the African superplume.     

Reassessment of continental growth during the accretionary history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

We argue that the production of mantle-derived or juvenile continental crust during the accretionary history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) has been grossly overestimated. This is because previous assessments only considered the Palaeozoic evolution of the belt, whereas its accretionary history already began in the latest Mesoproterozoic. Furthermore, much of the juvenile growth in Central Asia occurred in late Permian and Mesozoic times, after completion of CAOB evolution, and perhaps related to major plume activity. We demonstrate from zircon ages and Nd–Hf isotopic systematics from selected terranes within the CAOB that many Neoproterozoic to Palaeozoic granitoids in the accreted terranes of the belt are derived from melting of heterogeneous Precambrian crust or through mixing of old continental crust with juvenile or short-lived material, most likely in continental arc settings. At the same time, juvenile growth in the CAOB occurred during the latest Neoproterozoic to Palaeozoic in oceanic island arc settings and during accretion of oceanic, island arc, and Precambrian terranes. However, taking together, our data do not support unusually high crust-production rates during evolution of the CAOB. Significant variations in zircon εHf values at a given magmatic age suggest that granitoid magmas were assembled from small batches of melt that seem to mirror the isotopic characteristics of compositionally and chronologically heterogeneous crustal sources. We reiterate that the chemical characteristics of crustally-derived granitoids are inherited from their source(s) and cannot be used to reconstruct tectonic settings, and thus many tectonic models solely based on chemical data may need re-evaluation. Crustal evolution in the CAOB involved both juvenile material and abundant reworking of older crust with varying proportions throughout its accretionary history, and we see many similarities with the evolution of the SW Pacific and the Tasmanides of eastern Australia.     

Ophiolites of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt:Geochemical and petrological characterization and tectonic settings

We present a compilation of published data(field,petrography,ages and geochemistry)from 73 ophiolitic complexes of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.The ophiolitic complexes,ranging in age from Neoproterozoic to Triassic.have been geochemically classified as subduction-related and subductionunrelated categories applying recent,well-established discrimination diagrams.The subductionunrelated category is further subdivided into Mid-Ocean Ridge type(MOR),a common rift-drift stage and Plume type,and the subduction-related category is subdivided into Backarc(BA),Forearc(FA).Backarc to Forearc(BA-FA)and Volcanic Arc(VA)types.The four subduction-related types define highly different geochemical features,with the BA and FA types defining end members showing subduction influence of 10%-100%and 90%-100%subduction influence,respectively,and the two other types(BAFA and VA)define values between the two end members.The subduction-related category comprises79%of the examined ophiolites,of which the BA type ophiolites is by far the dominant group,followed by the BA-FA type,and with FA and VA types as subordinate groups.The Neoproterozoic and Ordovician complexes exhibit the highest,whereas those of Silurian age exhibit the lowest subduction-influence.Of the remaining 21%subduction-unrelated ophiolites,the MOR type dominates.Both the subductionrelated and subduction-unrelated types,in particular the latter,are commonly associated with alkaline basalts taken to represent ocean island magmatism.Harzburgite,dunite,gabbro and basalt are the common lithologies in all ophiolite types,whereas the BA-FA,FA and VA types generally contain intermediate to felsic rocks,and in the FA type boninites occur.The subduction-related ophiolites types generally show low metamorphic grade,whereas greenschist.amphibolite and blueschist grades occur in the subduction-unrelated and BA types.The highly different subduction contribution(from 0 to 100%in the MOR and FA,respectively),attest to variable dips of the subducting slab,as well as variable flux of subduction-related elements into the mantle above subducting slabs,from where the ophiolite magmas got their geochemical fingerprints.As most MOR ophiolites get subducted to the deep mantle,the subduction-related ophiolites have become a dominant ophiolitic type on Earth’s surface through all times supporting the idea about the early start of Plate Tectonics.     

Lithospheric dripping in a soft collision zone: Insights from late Paleozoic magmatism suites of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The closure of Paleo-Asian Ocean is considered to have occurred along the Solonker Suture in the southernmost segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), the largest Phanerozoic accretionary orogen on the globe. The suture branches to the east to form the northern Hegenshan–Heihe Suture and the southern Solonker–Changchun Suture. The Hegenshan–Heihe Suture is an ideal natural laboratory for studying the post-collisional geodynamic processes operating in a soft collision zone driven by divergent double-sided subduction. Here we report results from an integrated study of the petrology, geochronology, geochemistry, and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions of the Early Carboniferous–Early Permian magmatic suite in the Hailar Basin of the Xing’an–Erguna Block. The Early Carboniferous igneous rocks are represented by 356–349 Ma andesitic tuffs, exhibiting typical subduction-related features, such as enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements and depletion in high-field-strength elements. These features, together with the relatively depleted Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions, constant Nb/Y values, but highly variable Rb/Y and Ba values indicate that these rocks were generated by partial melting of a depleted mantle wedge metasomatized by slab-derived fluids. The Late Carboniferous–Early Permian magmatic suite (317–295 Ma) is characterized by high Sr contents (313–1080 ppm) and low Y contents (5–13 ppm), and these can be subdivided into calc-alkaline adakitic rocks and high-K calc-alkaline adakitic rocks. The calc-alkaline adakitic rocks have higher values of Sr/Y, (Sm/Yb)_{source normalized}, and Mg#, and lower values of Y, Yb_{source normalized}, and K₂O/Na₂O than the high-K calc-alkaline adakitic rocks, which suggests that the former was generated by partial melting of foundered lower continental crust and the latter by partial melting of normal lower continental crust. Based on our new data, in conjunction with those in previous studies, we conclude that the tectonic evolution of the Hegenshan–Heihe Suture involved Early Carboniferous double-sided subduction of the Nenjiang Ocean, latest Early Carboniferous soft collision between the Xing’an–Erguna and Songliao blocks, and Late Carboniferous–Early Permian post-collisional extension. We also propose a new geodynamic scenario in which removal of the lithospheric root might have occurred in a soft collision zone during the post-collision period via repeated and localized lithospheric dripping, which results from combined effects of hydration weakening of the lithosphere caused by pre-collision subduction and asthenospheric stirring triggered by slab break-off.     

Continental crustal growth and the supercontinental cycle: evidence from the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

Studies of supercontinental cycle are mainly concentrated on the assembly, breakup and dispersal of supercontinents, and studies of continental crustal growth largely on the growth and loss (recycling) of the crust. These two problems have long been studied separately from each other. The Paleozoic–Mesozoic granites in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt have commonly positive Nd values, implying large-scale continental crustal growth in the Phanerozoic. They coincided temporally and spatially with the Phanerozoic Pangea supercontinental cycle, and overlapped in space with the P-wave high-V anomalies and calculated positions of subducted slabs for the last 180 Ma, all this suggests that the Phanerozoic Laurasia supercontinental assembly was accompanied by large-scale continental crustal growth in central Asia. Based on these observations, this paper proposes that there may be close and original correlations between a supercontinental cycle, continental crustal growth and catastrophic slab avalanches in the mantle. In this model we suggest that rapid continental crustal growth occurred during supercontinent assembly, whereas during supercontinental breakup and dispersal new additions of the crust were balanced by losses, resulting in a steady state system. Supercontinental cycle and continental crustal growth are both governed by changing patterns of mantle convection.     

High-pressure mafic granulites of the South Muya Block (Central Asian Orogenic Belt)

Mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical studies of mafic granulites of the South Muya Block (Central Asian Orogenic Belt) have been carried out. The granulite protoliths were olivine- and plagioclase- rich cumulates of ultramafic–mafic magmas with geochemical affinities of suprasubduction rocks. The isotope–geochemical characteristics of the granulites indicate the enriched nature of their source, associated with recycling into the mantle of either ancient crust or oceanic sediments, or intracrustal contamination of melts at the basement of the ensialic arc. Formation of garnet-bearing parageneses has occurred during high-pressure granulite metamorphism associated with accretion in the eastern part of the Baikal–Muya composite terrane.     

中亚造山带东段西拉木伦构造带的性质与演化：来自变形和低温热年代学的约束

中亚造山带东段何时与何地关闭,从俯冲到关闭的过程以及随后的陆内演化又经历了什么主要事件,目前还存在不同认识。中亚造山带东段林西地区的蛇绿混杂岩及其周围地区的区域地质调查表明,以杏树洼蛇绿混杂岩和双井片岩为代表的西拉木伦河构造带是一个晚古生代的增生楔,在该混杂岩带中发育了典型的岩块被包裹在基质中的构造。该楔体被中、晚二叠世克德河砾岩所覆盖。增生楔中最早的近东西向构造代表了向南俯冲阶段的变形,随后继续经历向北的逆冲推覆,卷入了中、晚二叠世地层,形成了碰撞期的变形;在晚二叠世末期—三叠纪早期,蛇绿混杂岩以及上覆的克德河砾岩又经历了区域性的强烈的右行韧性剪切,并发生应变分解。晚二叠世区域性的右行韧性剪切在中亚造山带南缘普遍发育,代表了中亚造山带已经全部进入陆内环境。双井片岩也经历了与蛇绿混杂岩类似的变形事件,在增生楔下部经历变质作用,并在碰撞期抬升至地表,晚期为区域性的右行剪切。同时,结合锆石与磷灰石低温热年代学测试表明,双井片岩和蛇绿混杂岩共同经历了中、晚侏罗世源自北侧蒙古-阿霍茨克大洋关闭导致的近南北向挤压、早白垩世期间遍及东亚的区域性伸展以及晚白垩世短暂的构造反转事件。     

中亚造山带南缘蛇绿岩研究现状与展望

蛇绿岩与产于增生楔中的蛇绿岩碎片记录了大洋岩石圈形成、俯冲、消亡等造山作用的全过程信息;是解剖造山带与探讨造山作用的重要研究对象.本文重点阐述蛇绿岩的继承性构造（形成于大洋岩石圈形成阶段:洋?陆过渡带型（ocean-continental transition,简称OCT）、洋中脊型（快速扩张脊的Penrose型与慢速扩张的洋底核杂岩型）、supra-subduction-zone（SSZ）型三个基本端元）与造山就位构造（构造就位于造山带阶段:仰冲就位与俯冲刮铲）的特征、区别及其地质意义.强调蛇绿岩形成的“生而不同”与构造就位的“死也有别”;讨论了蛇绿岩两阶段的特征、时代的大地构造配置,呼吁关注蛇绿岩构造就位阶段俯冲流体的叠加作用,其可能导致最终就位在造山带中的蛇绿岩大部分都具有SSZ型特征.最后,结合中亚造山带南部主要蛇绿岩的特征,对未来中亚造山带蛇绿岩研究提出一些思考与展望;指出未来研究应注重对有限洋盆或小洋盆的厘定,关注OCT成因蛇绿岩的识别与研究,重视山弯构造与走滑断裂对蛇绿岩带现今产出的控制与改造作用.      

Opening and closure history of the Mudanjiang Ocean in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Geochronological and geochemical constraints from early Mesozoic intrusive rocks

The tectonic evolution of the ancient Mudanjiang Ocean within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), is strongly debated. The ocean played an important role in the amalgamation of the Songnen and Jiamusi massifs; however, the timings of its opening and closure have remained ambiguous until now. In this study, we analyzed early Mesozoic intrusive rocks from the eastern Songnen and western Jiamusi massifs in the eastern CAOB. The new zircon UPb ages, Hf isotope data, and whole-rock major and trace element data are used to reconstruct the tectonic evolution of the Mudanjiang Ocean. Zircon UPb dating indicates that early Mesozoic magmatism in the eastern Songnen Massif occurred in three stages: Early to Middle Triassic (ca. 250 Ma), Late Triassic (ca. 211 Ma), and Early Jurassic (ca. 190 Ma). The Triassic intrusive rocks typically consist of bimodal rock suites, which include gabbros, hornblende gabbros, and granitoids. The compositional information indicates an extensional environment that was probably related to the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. We integrated the results with observations from Triassic A-type granitoids and coeval sedimentary formations in the eastern Songnen Massif, as well as depositional ages of metasedimentary rocks from Heilongjiang Complex. We conclude that the opening of the Mudanjiang Ocean took place in the Early to Middle Triassic. The Early Jurassic intrusive rocks are bimodal and include olivine gabbros, hornblendites, hornblende gabbros, gabbro diorites, and granitoids. The bimodal rock suite indicates a back-arc style extensional environment. This setting formed in relation to westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate beneath the Eurasia during the Early Jurassic. Following subduction, the closure of the Mudanjiang Ocean and subsequent amalgamation of the Songnen and Jiamusi massifs happened during the late Early Jurassic to Middle Jurassic. This sequence of events is further supported by ages of metamorphism and deformation acquired from the Heilongjiang Complex. Based on these observations, we conclude that the Mudanjiang Ocean existed between the Middle Triassic and Early Jurassic, making it rather short-lived.     

中亚造山带东段岩石圈电性结构特征及其构造涵义

中亚造山带东段内蒙古中部地区一直是地球内部动力学和全球变化研究的热点地区。鉴于该地区的构造在理解中亚造山带的形成过程中起着重要作用,因此对该地区构造的研究具有重要意义。本文收集了中亚造山带东段一条长364 km的大地电磁测深(MT)剖面数据,该剖面西北起于内蒙古东乌旗内的国境线附近,向东南延伸,穿过北部造山带、索伦缝合带、南部造山带,在内蒙古翁牛特旗以西约30 km附近终止。根据数据的分析结果,对该剖面进行了二维反演。结果表明,剖面区段内岩石圈电性结构沿南北方向上整体表现为横向分块的特征。其中,北部造山带整体上以低阻为主要特征;索伦缝合带是整个剖面电性特征从低阻到高阻的过渡区;南部造山带整体上以高阻为主要特征。北部造山带的低阻特征表明该区域是不稳定的,可能是由古亚洲洋闭合后残留洋壳或者软流圈上升流引起的。索伦缝合带的电性结构特征表明该区域可能在缝合之后还发生了新的构造事件。南部造山带的高阻特征表明该区域基底是稳定的、“冷”的,且流体含量很低,电性结构的几何特征反映了该区域增厚的岩石圈。剖面所经过区域的电性结构特征表明,在西伯利亚板块与华北板块碰撞缝合之后研究区内可能还发生了诸如软流圈流...     

中亚造山带天河石花岗岩及相关铷矿床的主要特征与研究进展

铷是重要的关键金属矿产资源,是未来各国资源争夺的焦点。虽然我国铷矿资源总量丰富,但主要为低品位难以加工利用的花岗岩型铷矿床,而以铁锂云母、锂云母和铯沸石等作为矿石矿物的高品位易加工花岗伟晶岩型铷矿床非常有限。因此,富铷花岗岩及相关铷矿床的形成过程、元素分异机制以及铷在不同矿物相中的赋存状态和控制因素是铷矿床成矿机制研究和找矿工作的关键。本文在对花岗(伟晶)岩铷矿主要研究进展进行综述的基础上,简介中亚造山带东、西段典型天河石花岗岩及相关铷等稀有金属矿床的主要特征和时空分布,并对未来研究重点进行了展望。本文认为,中亚造山带是全球最重要的天河石花岗岩和相关稀有金属矿床成矿域,其西段大量发育三叠纪天河石花岗岩,而东段大量发育晚侏罗至早白垩世天河石花岗岩。两者形成时代和构造背景分别与古亚洲洋向古特提斯洋构造域,以及古亚洲洋向古太平洋构造域的巨大转折相对应,铷等稀有金属成矿潜力巨大,值得开展深入的年代学、岩石学和矿床成因研究。     

Neoproterozoic complexes of the shelf cover of the Dzabkhan terrane basement in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The formation stages of high-grade metamorphic complexes and the related granitoids of the Dzabkhan terrane basement are considered. The age data (U–Pb method, TIMS) of zircons from the trondhjemite block of the eastern part of the Dzabkhan terrane, which is directly overlain by the dolomite sequence of the Tsagaan Oloom Formation, are given. Trondhjemites yield the U–Pb zircon age of 862 ± 3 Ma. In their structural position, they are assigned to typical postmetamorphic formations that determine the formation and cratonization of rocks of the host block. The geochronological study of trondhjemites gives grounds to distinguish fragments of the continental crust in the Dzabkhan terrane basement, the formation of which occurred at different periods of time: ～860 and ～790 Ma. Geological–geochronological and Sm?Nd isotope–geochemical studies indicate that the Dzabkhan terrane basement is not a single block of the Early Precambrian continental crust, but a composite terrane, comprising Neoproterozoic ensialic and island-arc structural and compositional complexes. Correlation of Sr isotopic characteristics with the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr variation curve in the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian seawater shows that carbonate deposits accumulated at the eastern margin of the Dzabkhan terrane near the end of the Neoproterozoic, 700–550 Ma, and in the central part of the terrane in the Early Cambrian, 540–530 Ma.     

The western Central Asian Orogenic Belt: A window to accretionary orogenesis and continental growth

The architecture of accretionary orogens is a key to understand continental growth. Here we present an overview of the orogenic components and their amalgamation in the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The CAOB records the convergence and interactions among various types of orogenic components including the Japan-type, Mariana-type, and Alaska–Aleutian-type arc systems, as well as the active marginal sequences of the Siberia Craton, which incorporated wide accretionary complexes and accreted arcs and terranes. During construction of the CAOB, the Kazakhstan arc chain was characterized by multiple subduction, whereas the northern fringe of the Tarim Craton remained mostly as a passive margin. The multiple convergence and accretions among these various orogenic components generated huge orogenic collages in the late Paleozoic and even in the early Triassic, involving parallel amalgamation, circum-microcontinent amalgamation and oroclinal bending. The preservation of trapped basins played a significant role in orogenesis with some parts of the oceanic plate being subducted and others behaving as rigid units. The orogenesis in the CAOB was long-lived, lasting for more than 800 m.y., involving multiple-subduction and long, continuous accretion, and featuring the complexity of accretionary orogenesis and continent growth.     

Cobalt Deposits in the Central China Orogenic Belt

Cobalt mostly occurs as an associated metal in Cu-Ni sulphide deposits, skarn Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn deposits and volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) or sedex deposits. There are different types of cobalt deposits in the Central China orogenic belt. In the Tamu-Kalangu Mississippi-valley type Pb-Zn deposits, many cobalt-nickel sulphide minerals were found. The cobalt content of the ore is 0.064%-0.46% in sedex-type Kendekeke Fe-Pb-Zn-Au deposits, and cobalt sulphide veins with Co contents of 4%-9% have also been found. About 28000 tons of cobalt reserves were delineated in the Dur'ngoi Cu-Co-Zn deposit of VHMS type in the A'nyemaqen Mountains. It is considered that the exploration potential for cobalt is attractive in this district, especially in sedex-type deposits and Co-rich sulphide veins in sedex-type Fe, Cu and Pb-Zn deposits and their surroundings.