微波波段氧分子吸收系数的简化公式

研究氧分子在微波5mm附近的吸收系数,对于卫星和地面微波遥感大气温度,有重要的意义。为了迅速而准确地遥感大气温度层结,需要有一个简单而精确的吸收系数表达式。我们分别求出:在一定温度、压力范围内,5mm波段氧分子吸收系数近似表达式及标准等压面上5mm波段氧分子吸收系数与温度关系的近似表达式。以这些公式取代Meeks-Lilley公式,来提高遥感的时效。     

A Closure Study of Aerosol Hygroscopic Growth Factor during the 2006 Pearl River Delta Campaign

Measurements of aerosol physical, chemical and optical parameters were carried out in Guangzhou, China from 1 July to 31 July 2006 during the Pearl River Delta Campaign. The dry aerosol scattering coefficient was measured using an integrating nephelometer and the aerosol scattering coefficient for wet conditions was determined by subtracting the sum of the aerosol absorption coefficient, gas scattering coefficient and gas absorption coefficient from the atmospheric extinction coefficient. Following this, the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor, f(RH), was calculated as the ratio of wet and dry aerosol scattering coefficients. Measurements of size-resolved chemical composition, relative humidity (RH), and published functional relationships between particle chemical composition and water uptake were likewise used to find the aerosol scattering coefficients in wet and dry conditions using Mie theory for internally- or externally-mixed particle species [(NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, NaCl, POM, EC and residue]. Closure was obtained by comparing the measured f(RH) values from the nephelometer and other in situ optical instruments with those computed from chemical composition and thermodynamics. Results show that the model can represent the observed f(RH) and is appropriate for use as a component in other higher-order models.     

冬季地面温度和500hPa高度场的适应关系及其客观诊断

实况资料表明,冬季地面的距平高温(或低温)往往对应于高空的距平高压(或低压)。为此,本文建立了一个地面温度距平和500 hPa高度距平之间只带一个比例系数的适应模式。如果这个比例系数看作坐标的函数,它比用常数作比例系数的适应模式更能反映客观实际。     

贵阳市SO2雨水清除系数的研究

提出了一种利用SO2 空中和雨水采样资料和气象资料、云物理探测资料等计算云下SO2 降水清除系数的方法 ,计算了贵阳市冬、夏季不同雨强下的SO2 降水清除系数kw,并将所得结果实际用于城市SO2 浓度的数值计算。结果表明 ,这一方法所得结果与实际情况相当一致     

SIMPLIFICATION OF THE OXYGEN-ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT FORMULA IN MICROWAVE BAND

Study of the oxygen-absorption coefficient in 5mm wave band is important for remote sensing of theatmospheric temperature profile from satellites or ground.In order to obtain the atmospheric temperatureprofile rapidly and accurately,it is necessary to have a simple,but accurate formula of the oxygen-absorp-tion coefficient.In this paper,formulae of the oxygen-absorption coefficient in a certain range of tempera-ture-pressure and at a standard isobaric surface have been derived.These formulae may substitute for Meeks-Lilley formula in remote sensing of the atmosphere.     

大连地区阵风系数特征分析

利用2015年5月至2020年4月辽宁省大连地区9个国家气象站、2017年165个区域气象站逐10 min测风资料, 从风向、风级、月际变化、日变化、空间分布和天气影响系统等对大连地区最大、平均、最小阵风系数进行统计分析。结果表明: 1—12月平均阵风系数的变化范围为1.66~1.77, 秋末冬初平均阵风系数偏大, 春夏季节偏小; 与冷空气相对应风向的平均阵风系数大于与暖空气相对应的风向; 随着风级的增大, 最大、最小阵风系数向平均阵风系数收敛; 不同风级下阵风系数的频率分布均呈单峰型分布, 风级越大, 分布范围越窄。除西南风外, 其他风向的阵风系数均表现出白天大、夜间小的特点。大连地区阵风系数具有明显的地域特点, 东南和西北部沿海区域的阵风系数比内陆和西南沿海偏小, 风向基本不影响阵风系数的空间分布。大连的大风过程多受海上气旋和高压前部双系统共同影响, 气旋、台风以及雷暴大风的平均阵风系数大于同风级的平均值。     

Determination of the Drag Coefficient over the Tibetan Plateau

In this paper,a preliminary study is given on the drag (i.e.bulk transfer for momentum) coefficient,on the basis of data from four sets of AWS in Tibet during the first observational year from July 1993 to July 1994 according to China Japan Asian Monsoon Cooperative Research Program.The results show that the drag coefficient over the Tibetan Plateau is 3.3 to 4.4×103.In addition,monthly and diurnal variations of drag coefficient and the relationship among the drag coefficients and the bulk Richardson number,surface roughness length and wind speed at 10 m height are discussed in detail.     

E 601B型蒸发器与小型蒸发器测值对比分析

通过塔城国家基准站1985-2001年非冰期（4-10月）E-601B型与小型蒸发器逐月蒸发量对比观测数据及塔城水文站2009-2011年3年冰期（11月至次年3月）冰面蒸发对比观测数据,应用比值法和多元线性回归方法,计算了两种蒸发量之间的折算系数.结果表明：小型蒸发器蒸发量与E-601B型蒸发器蒸发量存在很好的线性相关关系,相关系数非冰期为0.877,冰期为0.924;折算系数非冰期为0.596,冰期为0.349,为有效利用长序列、单站点小型蒸发器观测资料提供了依据.     

基于“基尼系数”的降水时间分布均匀度变化研究

基尼系数是经济学中对贫富差距量化评价的重要工具。文章通过基尼系数的引入实现了对降水时间分布均匀度进行量化评价，从而对降水变化做出更为全面、客观的评估，为城市降水与水资源预测、城市雨水收集、以及水资源安全建设提供重要参考。对昆明市1972-2001年30a降水时间分布均匀度评价表明：30a平均降水时间分布均匀度基尼系数为0.47457，其中1972-1981年平均为0.46672，1982-1991年平均为0.49068，1992-2001年平均为0.46631。降水时间分布均匀度基尼系数呈下降趋势，年际变幅增大，其中最小为1998年（0.3342），正是旱涝灾害严重的年份，说明我国季风区的城市旱涝灾害的主要原因是降水时间分布不均。     

Effects of Drag Coefficients on Surface Heat Flux during Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014)

The lack of in situ observations and the uncertainties of the drag coefficient at high wind speeds result in limited understanding of heat flux through the air-sea interface and thus inaccurate estimation of typhoon intensity in numerical models. In this study, buoy observations and numerical simulations from an air-sea coupled model are used to assess the surface heat flux changes and impacts of the drag coefficient parameterization schemes on its simulations during the passage of Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014). Three drag coefficient schemes, which make the drag coefficient increase, level off, and decrease, respectively, are considered. The air-sea coupled model captured both trajectory and intensity changes better than the atmosphere-only model, though with relatively weaker sea surface cooling (SSC) compared to that captured by buoy observations, which led to relatively higher heat flux and thus a stronger typhoon. Different from previous studies, for a moderate typhoon, the coupled simulation with the increasing drag coefficient scheme outputted an intensity most consistent with the observation because of the strongest SSC, reasonable ratio of latent and sensible heat exchange coefficients, and an obvious reduction in the overestimated surface heat flux among all experiments. Results from sensitivity experiments showed that surface heat flux was significantly determined by the drag coefficient-induced SSC rather than the resulting wind speed changes. Only when SSC differs indistinctively (<0.4°C) between the coupled simulations, heat flux showed a weak positive correlation with the drag coefficient-impacted 10-m wind speed. The drag coefficient also played an important role in decreasing heat flux even a long time after the passage of Kalmaegi because of the continuous upwelling from deeper ocean layers driven by the impacted momentum flux through the air-sea interface.     

小型与E-601型蒸发皿蒸发量对比分析及其折算系数——以江苏省为例

本文基于江苏省16个台站小型和E-601型蒸发皿同步对比观测资料,以南京站为例,采用比值法和多元线性回归法对长时间序列小型蒸发皿蒸发量进行估算及效果检验,结果表明:通过比值法计算得到的月折算系数介于0.490～0.609之间,年折算系数介于0.476～0.621之间,二者平均折算系数相同,均为0.537,两种蒸发皿月蒸发量相关系数高达0.952 4,年蒸发量相关系数仅0.496 2,表明在利用比值法进行计算时,月折算系数较为合理,具有较好适用性;基于各气象因子和E-601型蒸发量建立的各月小型蒸发皿蒸发量多元线性回归方程,决定系数介于0.809～0.940,效果较理想;比值法和多元线性回归法模拟检验中,比值法年平均误差为7.9%,多元线性回归法年平均误差仅2.5%,比值法预测结果决定系数为0.861 9,回归模型决定系数高达0.953 4,可见回归模型效果更为理想。总结研究结果后,本文详细给出江苏省各台站小型及E-601型蒸发皿折算系数,为有效完整利用江苏省各台站长时间序列小型蒸发皿资料提供合理依据。     

A New Method for Aerosol Retrieval Based on Lidar Observations in Beijing

Lidar has been used extensively in the area of atmospheric aerosol measurement. Two unknowns at the reference altitude, the lidar ratio and the backscatter coefficient, need to be resolved from the lidar equation. In the actual application, these two values are difficult to obtain, particularly the backscatter coefficient. To better characterize the optical properties of aerosols, optical thickness, and attenuated backscatter obtained by other instruments are usually used as the input for joint inversion. However, this method is limited by location and time. In this study, the authors propose a new method for aerosol retrieval by using Mie scatter- ing lidar data to solve this problem. The authors take the horizontal aerosol extinction coefficient as the con- straint to begin the iteration until a self-consistent aerosol vertical profile was obtained. By comparing their results with Aerosol Robotic Network （AERONET） data, the authours determine that the aerosol extinction coefficient obtained by combining horizontal and vertical lidar observations is more pre- cise than that obtained by using the traditional Fernald method. This new method has been adopted for re- trieving the extinction coefficient of aerosols during the observation days.     

北京上甸子秋冬季大气气溶胶的散射特征

分析了北京上甸子秋冬季气溶胶散射系数的变化特征、散射系数与PM2.5质量浓度的关系, 结合气象资料分析了风场对气溶胶散射系数变化的影响。通过研究得出, 上甸子秋冬季气溶胶散射系数平均值和标准差分别为179.7 Mm-1和253.2 Mm-1；阴天条件下的散射系数明显高于晴天；散射系数与PM2.5质量浓度之间有较好的相关性, 其相关系数为0.93；此外, 由于上甸子特殊的地理位置, 风场对气溶胶散射系数的影响显著, 不同风向条件下气溶胶散射系数差别很大。     

FY-2E卫星和探空湿度资料的对比分析

利用2011年和2012年四川盆地和川西高原以及西藏的17个站点,地面探空和FY-2E星的相对湿度资料,对不同气压层的相对湿度进行对比分析,结果表明:卫星探测的湿度普遍小于探空的湿度,且二者相对湿度的差值有随气压层高度的变化呈现抛物线变化趋势;两种资料的相关系数在0.03~0.60之间变化;两种资料的平均相关系数在低层小于高层,300、400hPa和500hPa层的平均相关系数明显高于700、850hPa和925hPa层;两种资料相对湿度的平均相关系数和台站的海拔高度呈三次方的关系;高气压层的日平均相关系数大于低气压层的日平均相关系数。      

农田植被层上方湍流通量输送特征分析

根据宵田植被层上方的温湿风梯度观测资料,采用基于莫宁－奥布霍夫相似理论的廓线梯度法计算了农田植被层上方的湍流通量,进而确定出拖曳系数、斯坦顿数和道尔顿数。文中检验了用于农田植被层上方湍流通量计算的普适函数的适用性,讨论了湍流通量以及拖曳系数等随稳定度参数、粗糙度高、平均风速等因子的变化规律。结果表明,农田植被层上方的湍流通量随层结构稳定度变化而变化;拖曳系数、斯坦顿数和道尔顿数也不是常数,而是层结     

基于涡度相关的春玉米逐日作物系数及蒸散模拟

作物系数是计算作物蒸散量的关键参数。利用2006—2008年和2011年辽宁锦州玉米农田生态系统的涡度相关、气象、作物发育期及叶面积指数观测数据,分析不受水分胁迫条件下玉米逐日作物系数特征及其与叶面积指数的关系。研究表明:作物系数与玉米农田实际蒸散均呈单峰型变化,约在7月末至8月初达到最大值 (玉米开花吐丝期)。在此基础上,建立了不受水分胁迫条件下玉米逐日作物系数与叶面积指数关系 (达到0.01显著性水平), 同时,采用积温表示的标准化生育期方法模拟相对叶面积指数,并建立了逐日作物系数与相对叶面积指数关系 (达到0.01显著性水平),解决了无叶面积观测地区玉米逐日实际蒸散量的计算。研究结果可为玉米农田用水管理以及灌溉措施的制定提供参考。     

山西夏季气溶胶散射特征的飞机观测研究

利用3个架次的积分浊度仪和PCASP-100X（Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe）机载观测资料,分析了2013年山西夏季空中有云、无云和少云3种不同条件下气溶胶散射系数的分布特征,讨论了气溶胶散射系数垂直变化与气溶胶数浓度、气象条件的关系,并结合HYSPLIT（Hybrid of Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model）后向轨迹模型研究气溶胶的运动轨迹和可能的污染来源。结果表明:山西夏季空中气溶胶总散射系数变化范围为0～499 Mm-1,晴空气溶胶数浓度和总散射系数明显大于有云和少云时。气溶胶总散射系数一般随高度的增加而递减。造成气溶胶总散射系数、数浓度偏高的原因有下垫面污染源多、风速小、相对湿度高以及逆温层的存在。550 nm波段气溶胶后向散射比大于0.1,粒径0.1～0.5 μm的气溶胶粒子对散射影响最大,说明山西空中细粒子污染比较严重。气溶胶总散射系数与数浓度有一定的相关性。引起气溶胶总散射系数、数浓度较高的气团传输路径主要为西南路径,局地排放的气溶胶大于远距离传输的气溶胶对散射系数的贡献。     

Characteristics of the Drag Coefficient in the Roughness Sublayer over a Complex Urban Surface

The statistics of momentum exchange in the urban roughness sublayer are investigated. The analysis focuses on the characteristics of the dimensionless friction velocity, \({u_{*}}/U\) , which is defined as the square root of the drag coefficient. The turbulence observations were made at a height of 47 m above the ground on the 325-m meteorological tower, which is located in a very inhomogeneous urban area in Beijing. Under neutral conditions, the dependence of the drag coefficient on wind speed varies with wind direction. When the airflow is from the area of densely built-up buildings, the drag coefficient does not vary with wind speed, while when the airflow is from the area covered by vegetation, the drag coefficient appears to decrease with increasing wind speed. Also, the drag coefficient does not vary monotonically with the atmospheric stability. Both increasing stability and increasing instability lead to the decrease of the drag coefficient, implying that the roughness length and zero-plane displacement may vary in urban areas.     

Integration method and ratio method for retrieving extinction coefficient from lidar signals

New solution techniques to improve the accuracy of quantitatively determining the atmospheric extinction coefficient and the backscattering-to-extinction ratio from lidar signals are developed. The integration method is proposed to analytically retrieve the extinction coefficient at ground level, which has the advantage of eliminating the effect of backscattering fluctuations on the inversion results.The ratio method, on the other hand, deals with the inversion of the vertical distribution of the extinction coefficient. The main idea of this method is to begin with a calculation of the transmittance by eliminating the backscattering through ratioing lidar signals at two elevations, and subsequently derive the extinction coefficient from the transmittance, thus avert from ambiguous results caused by inappropriate assumptions on the backscattering-to-extinction ratio. Observational investigations have demonstrated that the integration method is superior to the slope method in terms of accuracy and stability, and the ratio method is reasonable and feasible as well.     

1993—2013年中国地面太阳辐射的变化特征

根据1993—2013年中国15个省份16个站点的辐射观测数据,采用线性倾向估计分析了近20年来中国不同地区的地面太阳辐射的变化特征,并分析了散射系数（散射辐射和直接辐射之比）的变化情况。结果表明：1993—2013年间地面太阳总辐射在西部和东北地区呈上升趋势,在中部和东部地区呈下降趋势。直接辐射在中部地区呈上升趋势,在其他地区表现为下降趋势。散射辐射和散射系数除了新疆的乌鲁木齐和甘肃的兰州减小外,在所有地区几乎都呈上升趋势。散射辐射最大在东南沿海地区,最小在西北（新疆的乌鲁木齐）,但是散射系数在中东部地区相对较大。