正压过滤模式大气中的对称运动和非对称运动

把流函数分成对赤道对称和对赤道反对称的两部分,可以把正压涡度方程分离为描写大气对称运动和反对称运动的两个方程。根据它们,讨论了在全球范围内几种基本物理量,如涡度和绝对角动量等在对称和反对称情况的守恒性。还给出了这两类运动的能量收支方程和能量转换表达式。可以看出,在大气中不仅有纬圈平均动能和扰动动能之间的转换,也有对称运动产生的和反对称运动产生的动能之间的转换。 还在涡度方程中考虑地形和水平扩散的情形下,提出了大气非对称性质产生的机制。结果表明:非对称的地形分布和水平扩散系数的分布可能是导致非对称运动的原因。 最后,还对全球预报和半球预报,从物理观点作了理论比较。     

关于正压大气对称运动和非对称运动的数值试验

利用正压原始方程谱模式进行了3个不同情况的数值试验。发现试验结果和在正压过 滤模式的情况很相似,即: 1.在无地形起伏时,如初始时刻运动是对称(来赤道来说,以下同)的,则以后运动将永 远是对称的; 2.在地形为对称时,如初始时刻运动是对称的,则以后运动仍将是对称的; 3.反对称的地形分布可以引起反对称运动,从而,使初始时刻对称的运动变为非对称运 动。 为了解释这些结果,用作者曾在正压过滤模式中用过的方法进行分析,证明它们在理论 上是成立的。还发现:如初始时刻运动是反对称的,则以后将变成非对称的,即纯粹的反对 称运动不可能维持。 Three numerical experiments have been made by using a spectral barotropic primitive equation model. It is found that the results obtained are quite similar to those with the barotropic filtered model. The main results read as follows.1. In the case of flat surface or symmetric orography, if the motion is symmetric (with respect to the equator; the same is true hereinafter) at the initial instant, then it would be symmetric forever.2. Antisymmetric orography distribution could generate antisymm     

正压大气中青藏高原地形影响的数值试验

本文用不计摩擦和绝热的正压原始方程和Lagrange平流格式试验了青藏高原地形的动力作用,网格距取为1×1经纬度,用双三次样条函数值的高原真实地形作为地形场,分别试验了几种不同的初始场的自然爬绕、绕流和爬坡过程。结果表明:高原地形能使越过高原的气流在其主体及其东侧产生低值系统,而强迫抬升的爬坡运动尤其有直接的作用;在爬坡过程中,低涡的生成受初始场的影响较小,不同的初始场在地形强迫的爬坡过程的动力影响下,最后趋于形成大体上相似的高度场,东亚大槽和印度孟加拉湾低压的生成和维持与高原地形的动力作用有一定关系,低纬东风的存在有利于印度低压的生成和维持。     

正压模式中大地形作用下的低频波

利用包含大地形和常数纬向基本气流的正压模式方程组,研究了大地形对低频波激发的作用,结果表明：起作用的地形因子主要是地形的最大高度和地形坡度,地形最大高度的作用主要是使Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波趋向低频,而地形坡度的作用主要是对Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的稳定性决定作用。同时,适当地形坡度也可导致低频波的形成。     

中尺度地形对大气铅直运动和强降水的影响

本文概略地综述了关于地形（特别是中尺度地形）强迫在大气扰动的一些经典工作,它们都是由简化的理想情况引出的一些基本物理概念和原理,但这些知识有助于我们科学地去思考和解释那些更具体复杂的现象,文中还着重对地形扰动中的铅直运动作一些定性推论和讨论,因不它对强降水的触发,加强和持续有地接影响,此外还联系到长江流域的一些有关的观测现象和问题.     

乱流大气中地形对风压場的作用

本文从大气是乱流的介貭这一点出发,討論了地形对风場和气压場的作用,推导出了考虑地形作用的正压預报模式。在地轉近似的假定下得到:当气压梯度与地形梯度相重合而方向相同(反)时,发生加(減)压。还討論了地形对准常定气压波形成的各种作用,指出南北两半球緯圈平均气压、季际变化的不同,可以由地形作用来解释.     

强迫和耗散作用下大气运动的非线性正压不稳定

本文从Charney研究多平衡态的包含摩擦耗散、热力强迫和大地形的非线性准地转正压涡度方程出发,应用Serrin-Joseph的能量方法,利用变分原理,分别用总能景和总位涡拟能导得纬向基流的非线性正压稳定性判据。      

正压大气中大尺度运动的涡度熵

本文在引入涡度熵概念的基础上,在绝热和无摩擦作用的情况下,对正压大气中大尺度运动的涡度熵的产生进行了讨论。指出β效应,辐散效应和地形作用是产生涡度熵的因子,而且我们还用涡度熵的概念对大气中偶极子阻塞的形成过程进行了解释,加深了我们对偶极子阻塞形成过程的理解。     

有地形情况下正压大气初值问题解的唯一性和稳定性

近年来,随着数值天气预报的蓬勃发展,愈来愈多的模式考虑地形影响,对模式的要求也越来越高。因此对模式性质的进一步研究是很有必要的。 过去对于初值问题的适定性已有过不少研究,但很少考虑大地形对初值问题的影响。基于上述原因,本文采用与文献完全相同的方法,证明了有地形情况下正压大气初值问题解的唯一性和稳定性。与文献不同的是积分区域取为纬度带而不是球面,这样与通常使用的有限区域模式更为接近。有地形情况下斜压大气初值问题解的唯一性和稳定性可以用同样的方法得到证明。     

EFFECTS OF OROGRAPHY AND HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION ON THE GENERATION OF THE ASYMMETRIC MOTION IN THE BAROTROPIC FILTERED MODEL ATMOSPHERE

By utilizing the barotropic vorticity equation including effects of orography and horizontal diffusion,the linearized equations describing symmetric and antisymmetric motions and their analytic solutions are pre-sented.It can be found from the solutions that no matter what kind of motion may be,each solution consistsof three waves,namely,Rossby wave related to initial values,marching wave propagating at Rossby wavevelocity and stationary wave.The latter two are closely related to orography and horizontal diffusion.However,if the motion is symmetric at the initial instant,then the antisymmetric components of orographyand of horizontal diffusion are likely to lead to the generation of antisymmetric motion.In the steady state,the symmetric flow is connected with symmetric orography and horizontal diffusion and the antisymmetricflow with antisymmetric orography and horizontal diffusion.Further,in order to verify the above analysis,three numerical experiments have been made.The results show that antisymmetric orography can produceantisymmetric motion.Finally,the atmospheric interactions between Northern and Southern Hemispheresare discussed.     

SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC MOTIONS IN THE BAROTROPIC FILTERED MODEL ATMOSPHERE

By expressing the stream function in terms of the symmetric and the antisymmetric components with respect to the equator,the barotropic vorticity equation can be separated into two equations,one describing the behaviours of the atmospheric symmetric motion,and the other those of the atmospheric antisymmetric motion.From them,for the entire global surface at the equivalent barotropic level,the conservations of several basic quantities,such as vorticity,angular momentum etc.in the symmetric and antisymmetric cases,have been discussed.In addition,the energy budget equations and the energy conservation expressions for the two kinds of motion are given.It can be seen from them that there are not only the conversion between the zonal mean kinetic energy and the disturbed kinetic energy in the atmosphere,but also the conversion between the kinetic energy generated by the symmetric and antisymmetric motions.In the case of including orography and horizontal diffusion into the vorticity equation,a mechanism of the generation of asymmetric behaviours of the atmosphere is proposed.The results show that the asymmetric distribution of orography and that of horizontal diffusion coefficients are likely the causes leading to the asymmetric motion.Finally,a theoretical comparison between the global model and the hemispheric one from the physical point of view is made.     

大地形与正压Rossby孤立波

文中讨论了地形对正压Rossby孤立波的影响,指出,当基本气流没有切变时,地形是产生Rossby孤立波的重要因子;不同高度的地形,其作用有很大的不同;计算得到了两类不同的孤立波流型。     

低纬大尺度大气水平运动的稳定性与季风活动

本文从赤道β平面近似下的水平运动方程组出发,在简化条件下研究了赤道低纬地区大尺度大气水平运动的稳定性及其分岔和突变的特征,并讨论了某些条件下运动的解析解及其流型特征,且利用所得到的结果对季风的活跃、中断及振荡特征作了简单的分析和讨论,得到了一些有意义的结论。      

A MECHANISM FOR EFFECTS OF THE LARGE-SCALE MOTION AND HORIZONTAL INHOMOGENEITY OF THE MOIST STATIC INSTABILITY ON MCS AT MIDLATITUDES

Under the influence of the synoptic-scale environmental flows, the implicit nonthermal windvorticity imbalance with ξ_T>0 may arise when the change in the vertical shear vorticity of the flows,which is caused by the change of vorticity advection with altitude, is larger than that in the thermalwind vorticity of temperature fields, which is caused by the horizontal inhomogeneity of temperatureadvection. This kind of implicit imbalance will cause ascending motion to develop in the adjustmentprocess. If the static stratification is horizontally inhomogeneous with the presence of its mesoscalehigh-value regions or the conditionally unstable region where moisture can be fully provided, thedevelopment of mesoscale disturbance with scale L_m may result from the coupling of the ascendingmotion on synoptic scale L_1 with the parameter field of static stratification on mesoscale L_2. The disturbance possesses such a vertical structure as ascending motion in the center, horizontaldivergence in the upper and convergence in the lower atmosphere. This developmental process of insta-bility may be one of the most important processes responsible for the growing of heavy rains in summerhalf year in China.     

EFFECTS OF OROGRAPHY AND AIR FLOW IN EKMAN BOUNDARY LAYER

It is convenient to use σ-coordinates to discuss the dynamic effect of orography and the flow inEkman boundary layer.In this paper,the theory of mixing length is generalized to the σ-coordinate system.Then the governing equations,describing the motion in the boundary layer over the mountain regions arederived.The features of flow in the boundary layer,especially the effects of Ekman pumping,are discussed indetails.It is pointed out that there are three factors affecting the vertical motion at the top of the boun-dary layer:(1)vorticity distribution in the boundary layer,which is directly related to the divergence andconvergence of air flow caused by friction,(2)the upslope or downslope motion of flow over the mountainslopes,and(3)the mutual effect of orography and friction induced by the ageostrophic component climbing up-ward or downward in the boundary layer over mountain regions.     

EFFECTS OF THE ENVELOPE DEGREE OF OROGRAPHY ON THE SIMULATED CLIMATE PROPERTIES

A primitive equation model with a zonal domain and a p-σ incorporated vertical coordinate systemis used to study the effects of the envelope degree of orography on the simulated properties of bothwinter and summer climates.Results show that the orography with a larger envelope degree can im-prove the simulations to certain extent,especially in winter.It is found that the simulated propertiesof climate are mainly determined by the co-effects of the land-sea and the orographic distributions,and the envelope degree of orography has a secondary effect.However it should be taken properly inorder to improve simulations:otherwise,it would be harmful.Different envelope degrees of orogra-phy can be adopted in different areas.     

中纬度地形影响大尺度运动简化方程及其物理过程的初步分析

将σ-坐标的运动方程组进行尺度分析,考虑水平尺度为103公里的系统,得到一组封闭的简化方程组。在涡度方程中,凸起的地形脊对流场的影响和一固定的气旋式流场相当;在热力学方程中和一固定的高温区相当。因此,引入了地形相当涡度和地形相当温度的概念来近似表示这种影响。当把运动分解为平流变化和调整变化的相互作用来考察,并且平均气流和切变气流均为西风时,调整变化所造成的垂直运动和边界条件的强迫作用相反,有利于保持大尺度运动的准水平性。但在某些特殊条件下,调整变化可和边界的强迫作用相一致,可进一步加强边界条件的影响。     

正压大气中基态定常波对强迫响应的影响

本文利用正压涡度方程模式研究了热带不同经度位置异常强迫激发的中纬响应类型与北半球冬季基本气流定常波结构的关系.发现对热带印度洋和太平洋的大部分地区,中纬的响应类型主要由基态定常波的结构决定,并且基态定常波通过向扰动转换动能维持了中纬的响应.通过这些结果解释了GCM研究中发现的中综异常响应类型对El Niño成熟期海表面温度异常位置变化的不敏感性.此外还讨论了观测和GCM中出现的热带印度洋--太平洋地区低频尺度上的纬向偶极强迫源对GCM响应结果的作用.