西太平洋副热带高压季节内异常活动与亚洲夏季风系统的时延相关特征

基于西太平洋副热带高压的异常活动与亚洲夏季风系统其他成员之间存在着密切联系的天气事实,运用交叉小波的非线性时滞相关分析方法,对东亚夏季风系统成员与西太平洋副热带高压形态和变异的相互影响的基本事实和物理特征进行研究,得到了西太平洋副热带高压与主要的亚洲夏季风系统成员之间基本的关联结构和演变示意图。研究结果揭示了不同的季风子系统对西太平洋副热带高压的影响不同:影响西太平洋副热带高压强度和脊线位置异常变化的是亚洲夏季风系统中的印度夏季风子系统的5个主要成员;而影响西太平洋副热带高压西脊点异常变化的则是亚洲夏季风系统中的另一个子系统——东亚夏季风子系统的5个主要成员。研究揭示了副热带高压与亚洲夏季风系统主要成员之间的时延特征与统计关联特性,为相应的机理研究提供了事实依据。     

Formation of the Summertime Ozone Valley over the Tibetan Plateau: The Asian Summer Monsoon and Air Column Variations

The summertime ozone valley over the Tibetan Plateau is formed by two influences,the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) and air column variations.Total ozone over the Tibetan Plateau in summer was ～33 Dobson units(DU) lower than zonal mean values over the ocean at the same latitudes during the study period 2005-2009.Satellite observations of ozone profiles show that ozone concentrations over the ASM region have lower values in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere(UTLS) than over the non-ASM region.This is caused by frequent convective transport of low-ozone air from the lower troposphere to the UTLS region combined with trapping by the South Asian High.This offset contributes to a ～20-DU deficit in the ozone column over the ASM region.In addition,along the same latitude,total ozone changes identically with variations of the terrain height,showing a high correlation with terrain heights over the ASM region,which includes both the Tibetan and Iranian plateaus.This is confirmed by the fact that the Tibetan and Iranian plateaus have very similar vertical distributions of ozone in the UTLS,but they have different terrain heights and different total-column ozone levels.These two factors(lower UTLS ozone and higher terrain height) imply 40 DU in the lower-ozone column,but the Tibetan Plateau ozone column is only ～33 DU lower than that over the non-ASM region.This fact suggests that the lower troposphere has higher ozone concentrations over the ASM region than elsewhere at the same latitude,contributing ～7 DU of total ozone,which is consistent with ozonesonde and satellite observations.     

Sensitivity study on the role of Western Ghats in simulating the Asian summer monsoon characteristics

The Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (AR-WRF) model is used to study the influence of Western Ghats situated along the west cost of peninsular India in the mean characteristics of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) through numerical simulations. A control simulation (CTRL) is carried out using 11-year (2000–2010) mean initial and lateral boundary conditions from the ERA-Interim reanalysis to simulate the mean atmospheric features of the ASM. The Modern-Era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA) data along with the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM, 3B42 daily rainfall) data are used to validate the CTRL simulation. The simulated dynamical features and precipitation characteristics during the ASM period agree well with the MERRA reanalysis and TRMM observations. In order to examine the role of Western Ghats on the mean characteristics of the ASM, a sensitivity simulation (NoWG) is carried out with orography reduced to surface over a domain bound between 5°–28°N and 72°–90°E, keeping all other conditions unchanged. This sensitivity analysis showed an enhancement in the low level monsoon flow over the Indian Ocean and peninsular India in the absence of Western Ghats. The prominent up-draft over the west coast of peninsular India observed in the CTRL simulation also decrease in the absence of Western Ghats. The simulated rainfall show a considerable decrease over the west coast and an enhancement over the east coast of peninsular India in the absence of Western Ghats. These simulations clearly depict the importance of Western Ghats in the circulation dynamics and rainfall features during the ASM period.     

INFLUENCE OF THE ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON ON THE MIGRATION PHENOLOGY AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS (ST?L) IN CHINA

With the aim to examine variations in the migration phenology and population of N. lugens along with the advance/retreat of the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) and lay the foundation for further study on predicting the timing and location of N. lugens outbreak, correlation analysis and spatial analysis were applied for estimating the impact of the ASM and its related meteorological factors on the migration phenology and population of N. lugens in China in this paper. The ASM had a positive effect on the occurrence and outbreak of N. lugens. First, the first appearance date of N.lugens was consistent with seasonal advances of the northernmost location of the ASM, and the ASM provided the dynamic condition for the northward migration of N. lugens. Second, outbreak of N. lugens occurred in the area under the control of the ASM, and the ASM provided the survival condition for the population of N. lugens. Third, the population was positively related to the northernmost location of the ASM, θ_E(850 hPa) and wind speed(850 hPa).Particularly, the stronger southwest wind caused the date of the first, peak and last catches of N. lugens to turn up earlier than in the extremely years.     

Variations in vapor pressure and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index since AD 1861 over the western Himalaya in India: inference from tree ring-width records

A regional tree ring-width index chronology prepared from various tree core samples of the western Himalaya has been analyzed in relation to climate fluctuations. The correlation analysis of tree ring chronology shows significant positive correlations with regional rainfall and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and negative correlations with temperature and vapor pressure (VP) during the spring season. The correlation coefficients (CCs) of tree ring-width index chronology with rainfall, temperature, SPEI, and VP during 1901–1990 are 0.50, −0.49, 0.65, and −0.51, respectively. All CCs are significant at 0.1% level. The highly significant CCs between tree ring-width index chronology and SPEI indicate that tree growth over the western Himalaya is more sensitive to soil moisture availability than rainfall, whereas the rising VP is found to have a significant moisture stress condition to tree growth by accelerating the evapotranspiration, which is not conducive for the development of tree growth in the region. So, based on the strong association between tree ring-width index chronology and SPEI; the reconstructions of SPEI and VP are developed back to AD 1861, that show the long period of dryness during 1936–1963.     

Response of the Asian summer Monsoons to a high-latitude thermal forcing: mechanisms and nonlinearities

This study investigates mechanisms and nonlinearities in the response of the Asian Summer Monsoons (ASM) to high-latitude thermal forcings of different amplitudes. Using a suite of runs carried out with an intermediate-complexity atmospheric general circulation model, we find that the imposed forcings produce a strong precipitation response over the eastern ASM but a rather weak response over the southern ASM. The forcing also causes a precipitation dipole with wet conditions over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) and dry conditions over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and southeast Asia. A moderate increase of precipitation along the southern margin of the TP is also produced. Simulations designed to isolate the causal mechanisms show that thermodynamic interactions involving the tropical surface oceans are far less important than the water-vapour feedback for the transmission of information from the high-latitudes to the ASM. Additionally, we assess the nonlinearity of the ASM precipitation response to the forcing amplitude using a novel application of the empirical orthogonal function method. The response can be decomposed in two overlapping patterns. The first pattern represents a precipitation dipole with wet conditions over the eastern TP and dry conditions over BoB, which linearly increases with forcing amplitude becoming quasi-stationary for large forcing amplitudes (i.e. amplitudes leading to Arctic temperature anomalies larger than 10 °C). The second pattern is associated with increased precipitation over the southeastern TP and is nonlinearly dependent on forcing, being most important for intermediate forcing amplitudes (i.e. amplitudes leading to Arctic temperature anomalies between 5 and 10 °C).     

冬季北极涛动异常对北太平洋风暴轴的可能影响

基于美国国家海洋和大气局气候预测中心公报的北极涛动（Arctic Oscillation,AO）指数逐月数据以及美国国家环境预报中心和大气研究中心的1986—2017年逐日再分析资料等,运用回归和合成分析等方法,分析了北极涛动与北太平洋地区风暴轴的时间演变特征、两者之间的联系及AO异常影响风暴轴的可能机制。结果表明：1）风暴轴经度指数与纬度指数有显著正相关性,两者具有同步变化的特征,而这两者与风暴轴强度指数都呈负相关,但不显著。AO指数与北太平洋风暴轴强度呈显著正相关,且AO指数与风暴轴经度、纬度指数也呈正相关,但并不显著。2）在北极涛动强正（负）位相年份,风暴轴区域天气尺度滤波方差强（弱）、500 hPa高度场上东亚大槽减弱（加深）、急流偏北偏强（偏南偏弱）、扰动动能增强（减弱）、斜压性增强（减弱）。可能影响机制是,异常变化的AO影响东亚大槽,改变急流强度,使斜压性发生变化,进而对风暴轴产生影响。     

江淮地区夏季雨量与北半球500 hPa环流遥相关的不稳定性

用50年 (1951~2000年) 观测资料, 分成1951~1976年和1977~2000年两个时段, 研究了江淮地区夏季 (6~8月) 雨量与北半球500 hPa季平均环流时滞遥相关的年代际变化, 同时提出了遥相关不稳定指数, 讨论了遥相关不稳定性的空间分布和季节变化。结果表明, 这两个时段遥相关的空间分布存在显著差异, 且前一时期时滞遥相关强度明显强于后一时期, 特别是江淮地区夏季雨量与前期冬季西太平洋型 (WP) 的相关仅在1976年以前显著, 1977年以后迅速减弱消失, 而对于后一时期, 与春季欧亚遥相关型 (EU) 的相关明显加强。另外, 后一时期江淮地区夏季雨量与夏季EAP波列的相关明显强于前一时期。它反映了太平洋年代际振荡 (PDO) 对东亚季风降水和环流年际相关的影响, 这种遥相关的不稳定性与年代际和年际时间尺度振荡之间的相互作用有密切联系。     

On the relationship between Indian Ocean Dipole events and the precipitation of Pakistan

This study investigated the relationship between the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the precipitation of Pakistan using data for the period of 1958–2010. The long-term evolution of the IOD index did not show interannual patterns similar to those of the annual precipitation of Pakistan. No linkage between the co-occurring trends of the IOD and the precipitation was traced during the period of investigation. The correlation between the IOD and the precipitation of Pakistan indicated a noteworthy impact over the monsoonal regions, especially the coastal area and the western region of Pakistan, which showed a significant positive correlation between the IOD index and annual and summer precipitation. A significant positive relationship was also revealed between the precipitation of the Balochistan Plateau and the IOD index for the summer monsoon season. No connection was observed between the IOD and the precipitation of the northern regions and the upper Indus Plain of Pakistan. Positive phases of the IOD have been noted to occur along with surplus precipitation during active monsoon conditions. The southeasterly wind moves from the Arabian Sea and transports additional moisture from the Arabian Sea to the coastal and southwestern parts of Pakistan during positive phases of the IOD.

     

云南高原昆明市旱涝急转特征及其城市化响应研究

基于昆明市1965-2016年逐日降水资料,计算昆明市汛期(5-10月)的长周期旱涝急转指数、短周期旱涝急转指数和旱涝急转强度,采用小波分析、M-K突变检验、灰色关联度等方法,分析了昆明市的旱涝急转特征及其与城市化的相关性.结果表明:在1965-2016年,昆明市长周期旱涝急转指数LD-FAI(Long-term dr...     

亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制探讨 II.最优强迫模及其响应

利用最近发展的完备正规强迫模的动力学方法,对亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的外部物理机制进行了探讨。结果表明,北半球夏季亚洲季风区是外强迫最敏感区域之一,最优强迫模与亚洲季风区季内时间尺度对流活动的结构特征相似,而且北半球大气对最优强迫模的响应与滞后于强季风候的环流异常型结构一致,由此可以认为,亚洲夏季风活动造成的热状况变化也是导致北半球大气遥相关的重要物理原因。     

天山中部昌吉地区树木年轮与气候要素的关系

本文计算和分析了天山中部昌吉地区6个云杉年表和该地区5个站生长季（5—9月）温度、降水的简单相关和多元相关。介绍了分析两组变量之间关系的典型相关方法、计算步骤、计算结果及其检验。指出干旱、半干旱的昌吉地区，树木轮宽指数（地点平均年表）与生长季温度为负相关，与降水正相关，而且该指数与降水的关系比与温度的关系更显著。后延一年的年轮指数与温度、降水的关系比年轮指数与温度、降水的同时相关显著得多。这为由树木年轮重建气候提供了依据。     

Tracing the boundary layer sources of carbon monoxide in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone using WRF-Chem

The Asian summer monsoon(ASM) anticyclone is a dominant feature of the circulation in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere(UTLS) during boreal summer, which is found to have persistent maxima in carbon monoxide(CO). This enhancement is due to the upward transport of air with high CO from the planetary boundary layer(PBL), and confinement within the anticyclonic circulation. With rapid urbanization and industrialization, CO surface emissions are relatively high in the ASM region, especially in India and East China. To reveal the transport pathway of CO surface emissions over these two regions, and investigate the contribution of these to the CO distribution within the ASM anticyclone, a source sensitivity experiment was performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) with chemistry model(WRFChem). According to the experiment results, the CO within the ASM anticyclone mostly comes from India, while the contribution from East China is insignificant. The result is mainly caused by the different transportation mechanisms. In India,CO transportation is primarily affected by convection. The surface air with high CO over India is directly transported to the upper troposphere, and then confined within the ASM anticyclone, leading to a maximum value in the UTLS region. The CO transportation over East China is affected by deep convection and large-scale circulation, resulting mainly in transportation to Korea, Japan, and the North Pacific Ocean, with little upward transport to the anticyclone, leading to a high CO value at215 h Pa over these regions.     

青藏高原季风对西北降水影响的相关分析

通过对高原季风指数与西北地区月降水量遥相关关系的分析,论述了１月份高原冬季批指数与西北地区年降水和夏季月降水相关显著,其相关分布型与西北夏季三种降水类型相似;６月高原季风指数对西北降水量的影响也最明显。高原季风异常可能与高原下垫热力异常有关,从而推测冬季风异常通过高原这个巨大的热载体而影响夏季风异常。     

上对流层/下平流层水物质分布与输送特征

基于Aura卫星微波临边探测仪（MLS）探测的水汽、冰水含量和温度等资料,对比分析了夏季亚洲季风区与北美季风区、暖池区以及伊朗高原上对流层/下平流层水汽、冰水含量以及水物质总含量（水汽和冰水含量之和）的分布特征,并探讨了不同区域水汽的输送过程。结果表明：在215-83 hPa高度上水物质总含量在亚洲季风区均出现了高值中心,且亚洲季风区水物质总含量明显大于北美季风区;在215 hPa高度水汽对水物质总含量起主要的贡献,而到了147-83 hPa高度,冰水含量与水汽对水物质总含量的贡献大致相当,亚洲季风区上对流层/下平流层水汽的高值中心揭示了反气旋对水汽的隔离作用。水汽混合比在147 hPa和100 hPa高度不同的概率密度分布反映出不同高度影响水汽输送的不同因素。北半球冬季暖池区100 hPa上空温度极低,水汽混合比峰值概率仅为2 ppmv;而在147 hPa高度上,亚洲季风区频繁的深对流使得大量水汽被输送到对流层上层,这是亚洲季风区水汽概率“长尾”分布的主要原因。在100 hPa和147 hPa高度,冰水含量主要集中在小值,可能是由冰晶粒子消耗水汽而增长到一定尺度后沉降造成的。     

BCC_CSM1.1气候模式年代际试验对北极涛动季节回报能力的初步评估

本文基于国家气候中心气候系统模式BCC_CSM1.1自1960—2004年每年起报的年代际预测试验结果,初步评估了该模式对北极涛动（AO）的预报技巧。同时,把该模式年代际预测结果与历史试验模拟比较,分析了气候模式初始化对年代际试验预测季节尺度AO及其年际变化的贡献。结果表明,年代际试验和历史试验均能反映出AO模态是北半球中高纬大气变率第一模态的特征,其中年代际预测试验回报的AO模态与观测的空间相关系数高于历史试验。两组试验基本能再现AO指数冬季最强、夏季最弱的特征。与历史试验相比,年代际预测试验回报月和冬季AO指数与观测的相关系数更高,特别是年代际试验与观测的月AO指数相关系数达到了0.1的显著性水平。年代际试验回报月、春季AO指数的变化周期更接近观测结果。因此,年代际试验中初始状态使用海温资料进行初始化,在一定程度上可以提高AO的回报能力。     

一种表征南海季风强度的指标及其与华南降水的关系

风场强度与方向的季节性变化是季风区最显著的气象要素变化特征之一。Lu and Chan（1999） 利用大气低层风场，定义了一个表征南海季风强度的指数，为简单起见，只用了经向风分量，研究表明该指数与华南夏季降水有很好的相关。为了进一步验证和改进该指数，本文利用逐月NCEP/NCAR（National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research）风场再分析资料以及华南地区的基准、基本气象站降水资料，将设计指数时允许的实际风的投影方向从规定的正北方向（即经向风），拓展为允许偏转的其他方向，以此建立改进的指数。为了更好地反应改进后的指数与华南降水的月异常之间的关系，本文引入了广义线性模型及正态分布和Gamma分布两类假设，来建立两者非线性的回归关系。结果证明，实际风在自正北方向逆时针旋转11.3°的方向上的投影与华南降水具有最好的相关性，采用这一方向上的投影可以对原指数加以改进；中国南海季风所覆盖的风场与华南降水的月异常之间有显著的非线性关系，而对降水采用Gamma分布假设的广义线性模型能够比正态分布假设得到更符合实际的回归结果。     

Relationship between the Late Spring NAO and Summer Extreme Precipitation Frequency in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The relationship between the late spring North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the summer extreme precipitation frequency (EPF) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley (MLYRV) is examined using an NECP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and daily precipitation data from 74 stations in the MLYRV. The results show a significant negative correlation between the May NAO index and the EPF over the MLYRV in the subsequent summer. In positive EPF index years, the East Asian westerly jet shifts farther southward, and two blocking high positive anomalies appear over the Sea of Okhotsk and the Ural Mountains. These anomalies are favorable to the cold air from the mid-high latitudes invading the Yangtze River Valley (YRV). The moisture convergence and the ascending motion dominate the MLYRV. The above patterns are reversed in negative EPF index years. A wave train pattern that originates from the North Atlantic extends eastward to the Mediterranean and then moves to the Tibetan Plateau and from there to the YRV, which is an important link in the May NAO and the summer extreme precipitation in the MLYRV. The wave train may be aroused by the tripole pattern of the SST, which can explain why the May NAO affects the summer EPF in the MLYRV.     

Projected Changes in Asian Summer Monsoon in RCP Scenarios of CMIP5

Responses of the Asian Summer Monsoon(ASM) in future projections have been studied based on two core future projections of phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5) coordinated experiments with the IAP-coupled model FGOALS_s2(the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model).The projected changes of the ASM in climatological mean and interannual variability were respectively reported.Both the South Asian Summer Monsoon(SASM) and the East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM) were intensified in their climatology,featuring increased monsoon precipitation and an enhanced monsoon lower-level westerly jet flow.Accordingly,the amplitude of the annual cycle of rainfall over East Asia(EA) is enhanced,thereby indicating a more abrupt monsoon onset.After the EA monsoon onset,the EASM marched farther northward in the future scenarios than in the historical runs.In the interannual variability,the leading pattern of the EASM,defined by the first multi-variable EOF analysis over EA,explains more of the total variances in the warmest future scenario,specifically,Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP8.5).Also,the correlation coefficients analysis suggests that the relationship between the EASM interannual variations and ENSO was significantly strengthened in the future projections,which may indicate improved predictability of the EASM interannual variations.     

The Springtime North Asia Cyclone Activity Index and the Southern Annular Mode

The relationship between the North Asia cyclone （NAC） activity and the Southern Annular Mode （SAM） is documented in this research. The definition of the NAC index （NACI） is based on the atmospheric relative vorticity in North Asia. The analysis yields a significant positive correlation between previous winter Southern Annular Mode index （SAMI） and spring NACI in the interannual variability, with a correlation coefficient of 0.51 during 1948-2000. Analysis of the NAC-related and SAM-related atmospheric general circulation variability demonstrates such a relationship. The study further reveals that when the winter SAM becomes strong, the springtime atmospheric convection in tropical western Pacific will intensify and the local Hadley circulation will be strengthened. As a result, the abnormal subsiding motion over South China makes the temperature gradient intensified in the low level and strengthens the jet in the high level, both of which are beneficial to the development of NAC activity.