嫦娥二号探测器在轨运行视景仿真系统的研究与实现

针对嫦娥二号探测器在轨运行阶段的仿真需求,充分发挥视景仿真的优势,利用嫦娥一号探测器获得的地形和影像数据、日地月嫦娥二号探测器星历数据,基于OSG(OpenScene Graph)设计了针对嫦娥二号任务的在轨运行视景仿真系统。论述了该系统的开发平台,系统总体框架,并对系统的实现进行了详细描述。论述了月球模型数据构建,嫦娥二号探测器构建,星历数据库构建与访问,仿真实体空间位置的实时更新,CCD立体相机探测过程的仿真,视点的控制等实现方法。仿真结果表明系统完全能满足嫦娥二号任务在轨运行仿真的要求,并已应用于嫦娥二号任务执行过程中。     

嫦娥三号任务VLBI数据通信软件研制及其应用

VLBI测轨分系统已经成功完成嫦娥三号任务实时阶段VLBI测定轨使命。数据通信软件是分系统关键软件(B级)之一,负责分系统和北京航天飞行控制中心(北京中心)的实时数据交换工作。对数据通信的任务进行简单介绍,并给出功能需求、系统设计及其实现细节;总结了数据通信软件在嫦娥三号任务中的执行情况;最后讨论了数据通信软件的表现并展望在未来探测任务的应用。数据通信软件在嫦娥三号任务中的优异表现显示软件达到研制目标,满足任务要求。     

VLBI技术成功应用于我国首次月球探测工程

“嫦娥一号”卫星绕月探测工程是我国首次月球探测工程,是我国跨入深空探测的第一步,在我国航天事业的发展史上具有里程碑意义。2004年1月我国正式启动月球探测工程,工程主要分“绕”、“落”、“回”三期,现处第一阶段。绕月探测工程由嫦娥一号卫星、长征三号甲运载火箭、西昌卫星发射场、测控系统和地面应用系统等五大系统组成。VLBI（甚长基线干涉测量）分系统是绕月探测工程测控系统的一个分系统,是测控系统的重要组成部分,与测控系统的USB系统共同完成嫦娥一号卫星在除发射段外的各个轨道段的测轨任务。     

中国探月：嫦娥2号任务的六大亮点

与嫦娥1号任务相比,嫦娥2号（以下简称嫦娥-2）任务技术更新、难度更大、系统更复杂,相应的风险也随之增加。在技术上,嫦娥-2共实现以下六大突破,它也是嫦娥-2的工程目标。     

嫦娥五号,精彩继续!

嫦娥五号月球探测器于2020年11月24日凌晨4时30分在海南文昌航天发射场发射升空,完成月球表面自动采样任务后,返回器携带月球样品于12月17日凌晨1时59分在内蒙古四子王旗着陆场着陆。2020年12月19日上午,国家航天局在京举行探月工程嫦娥五号任务月球样品交接仪式:并与部分参研.参试单位一道,共同见证样品移交至任务地面应用系.统。这标志着嫦娥五号任务由工程实施阶段正式转入.科学研究新阶段,为我国首次地外天体样品储存、分析和研究工作拉开序幕。经初步测量,嫦娥五号任务采集月球样品约1731克。     

VLBI台站监管系统的研制与应用

VLBI台站监管系统是绕月探测工程VLBI测轨分系统应用软件的一个重要组成部分。其主要功能是在VLBI观测期间实时监管各测站参试设备运行状况,采集参试设备数据信息并进行处理分析与存档,当系统出现问题时能立即指出问题所在;另外,还实时提供必要的有关数据给VLBI数据处理中心做相关处理。VLBI台站监管系统在嫦娥探月一期工程实施期间运行稳定、可靠,对VLBI测轨任务的圆满完成起到了积极的作用。目前,它仍在探月工程的常规观测中发挥作用。     

建立WebGIS的月球三维可视化关键技术

嫦娥工程获得了大量月球探测数据。针对让公众用户通过网络获取月球信息,更好了解月球知识的需求,地面应用系统提出了建立基于WebGIS的月球三维可视化系统的解决方案。首先介绍了国内外三维月球的发展现状,详细分析了开发WebGIS系统的客户端和服务器端技术,重点阐述了月球空间数据模型和三维场景可视化渲染等三维GIS可视化关键技术,为建立我国的三维月球可视化系统提供了理论支持。     

深空探测器VLBI跟踪定位归算

以我国嫦娥工程、萤火计划等深空探测计划为背景,通过理论分析、方法研究、软件研发、仿真检验和实测资料解析等,完成了基于VLBI、USB跟踪对欧空局Smart-1环月卫星和火星快车(MEX)卫星,以及我国嫦娥一号(CE-1)、嫦娥二号(CE-2)等卫星的定位归算;在理论模型研究、误差方程建立、法方程条件分析、约束方程选取、仿真数据检验、观测野值规避、参数解算稳定性的保障、实用软件编制和实测资料处理等方面均获得了进展,主要工作包括如下方面:     

双目立体显示技术在月表形貌三维可视化中的应用

基于嫦娥二号探测器获得的地形及影像数据,将双目立体显示技术应用于月表形貌三维可视化中,构建了月球三维立体可视化系统。介绍了双目立体显示原理,并对月球三维立体可视化系统的具体实现进行了详细的介绍。首先论述了系统的设计方案及硬件环境;接着论述了月球海量地形数据的组织方式和实时渲染方法;最后采用离轴模型的双目立体显示方法,实现了舒适的立体效果。月球科普及科研应用表明,系统具有良好的实用价值。     

嫦娥二号伽玛射线谱仪

嫦娥二号卫星是我国继嫦娥一号卫星成功发射后的第2颗探月卫星,其上搭载的伽玛射线谱仪(Gamma-Ray Spectrometer,GRS)的主要科学目标是探测月表O、Si、Fe、Ti、U、Th、K、Mg、Al、Ca等主量元素.相比嫦娥一号伽玛射线谱仪,嫦娥二号的能量分辨率和探测效率都大大提高.描述了嫦娥二号伽玛射线谱仪的设计和性能测试结果以及在轨飞行的初步探测成果.     

A primary analysis of microwave brightness temperature of lunar surface from Chang-E 1 multi-channel radiometer observation and inversion of regolith layer thickness

In China’s first lunar exploration project, Chang-E 1 (CE-1), a multi-channel microwave radiometer was aboard the satellite, with the purpose of measuring microwave brightness temperature (Tb) from lunar surface and surveying the global distribution of lunar regolith layer thickness. In this paper, the primary 621 tracks of swath data measured by CE-1 microwave radiometer from November 2007 to February 2008 are collected and analyzed. Using the nearest neighbor interpolation to collect the Tb data under the same Sun illumination, global distributions of microwave brightness temperature from lunar surface at lunar daytime and nighttime are constructed. Based on the three-layer media modeling (the top dust-soil, regolith and underlying rock media) for microwave thermal emission of lunar surface, the CE-1 measured Tb and its dependence upon latitude, frequency and FeO + TiO₂ content, etc. are discussed. The CE-1 Tb data at Apollo landing sites are especially chosen for validation and calibration on the basis of available ground measurements. Using the empirical dependence of physical temperature upon the latitude verified by the CE-1 multi-channel Tb data at Apollo landing sites, the global distribution of regolith layer thickness is further inverted from the CE-1 brightness temperature data at 3 GHz channel. Those inversions at Apollo landing sites and the characteristics of regolith layer thickness for lunar maria are well compared with the Apollo in situ measurements and the regolith thickness derived from the Earth-based radar data. Finally, the statistical distribution of regolith thickness is analyzed and discussed.     

A new lunar absolute control point: established by images from the landing camera on Chang'e-3

The establishment of a lunar control network is one of the core tasks in selenodesy, in which defining an absolute control point on the Moon is the most important step. However, up to now, the number of absolute control points has been very sparse. These absolute control points have mainly been lunar laser ranging retroreflectors, whose geographical location can be observed by observations on Earth and also identified in high resolution lunar satellite images. The Chang'e-3(CE-3) probe successfully landed on the Moon, and its geographical location has been monitored by an observing station on Earth. Since its positional accuracy is expected to reach the meter level, the CE-3 landing site can become a new high precision absolute control point. We use a sequence of images taken from the landing camera, as well as satellite images taken by CE-1 and CE-2, to identify the location of the CE-3 lander. With its geographical location known, the CE-3 landing site can be established as a new absolute control point, which will effectively expand the current area of the lunar absolute control network by 22%, and can greatly facilitate future research in the field of lunar surveying and mapping, as well as selenodesy.     

Petrogenesis of Chang'E-5 young mare low-Ti basalts

The regolith samples returned by the Chang'E-5 mission (CE-5) contain the youngest radiometrically dated mare basaltic clasts, which provide an opportunity to elucidate the magmatic activities on the Moon during the late Eratosthenian. In this study, detailed petrographic observations and comprehensive geochemical analyses were performed on the CE-5 basaltic clasts. The major element concentrations in individual plagioclase grain of the CE-5 basalts may vary slightly from core to rim, whereas pyroxene has clear chemical zonation. The crystallization sequence of the CE-5 mare basalts was determined using petrographic and geochemical relations in the basaltic clasts. In addition, both fractional crystallization (FC) and assimilation and fractional crystallization models were applied to simulate the chemical evolution of melt equilibrated with plagioclase in CE-5 basalts. Our results reveal that the melt had a TiO₂ content of ~3 wt% and an Mg# of ~45 at the onset of plagioclase crystallization, suggesting a low-Ti parental melt of the CE-5 basalts. The relatively high FeO content (>14.5 wt%) in melt equilibrated with plagioclase could have resulted in extensive crystallization of ilmenite, unlike in Apollo low-Ti basalts. Furthermore, our calculations showed that the geochemical evolution of CE-5 basaltic melt could not have occurred in a closed system. On the contrary, the CE-5 basalts could have assimilated mineral, rock, and glass fragments that have higher concentrations of KREEP elements (potassium, rare earth elements, and phosphorus) in the regolith during magma flow on the Moon's surface. The presence of the KREEP signature in the CE-5 basalts is consistent with literature remote sensing data obtained from the CE-5 landing site. These KREEP-bearing fragments could originate from KREEP basaltic melts that may have been emplaced at the landing site earlier than the CE-5 basalts.     

Reconstructing the landing trajectory of the CE-3 lunar probe by using images from the landing camera

An accurate determination of the landing trajectory of Chang'e-3(CE-3)is significant for verifying orbital control strategy, optimizing orbital planning, accurately determining the landing site of CE-3 and analyzing the geological background of the landing site. Due to complexities involved in the landing process, there are some differences between the planned trajectory and the actual trajectory of CE-3. The landing camera on CE-3 recorded a sequence of the landing process with a frequency of 10 frames per second. These images recorded by the landing camera and high-resolution images of the lunar surface are utilized to calculate the position of the probe, so as to reconstruct its precise trajectory. This paper proposes using the method of trajectory reconstruction by Single Image Space Resection to make a detailed study of the hovering stage at a height of 100 m above the lunar surface. Analysis of the data shows that the closer CE-3 came to the lunar surface, the higher the spatial resolution of images that were acquired became, and the more accurately the horizontal and vertical position of CE-3 could be determined. The horizontal and vertical accuracies were7.09 m and 4.27 m respectively during the hovering stage at a height of 100.02 m. The reconstructed trajectory can reflect the change in CE-3's position during the powered descent process. A slight movement in CE-3 during the hovering stage is also clearly demonstrated. These results will provide a basis for analysis of orbit control strategy,and it will be conducive to adjustment and optimization of orbit control strategy in follow-up missions.     

Preface: The Chang'e-3 lander and rover mission to the Moon

The Chang'e-3(CE-3) lander and rover mission to the Moon was an intermediate step in China's lunar exploration program, which will be followed by a sample return mission. The lander was equipped with a number of remote-sensing instruments including a pair of cameras(Landing Camera and Terrain Camera) for recording the landing process and surveying terrain, an extreme ultraviolet camera for monitoring activities in the Earth's plasmasphere, and a first-ever Moon-based ultraviolet telescope for astronomical observations. The Yutu rover successfully carried out close-up observations with the Panoramic Camera, mineralogical investigations with the VIS-NIR Imaging Spectrometer, study of elemental abundances with the Active Particle-induced X-ray Spectrometer, and pioneering measurements of the lunar subsurface with Lunar Penetrating Radar. This special issue provides a collection of key information on the instrumental designs, calibration methods and data processing procedures used by these experiments with a perspective of facilitating further analyses of scientific data from CE-3 in preparation for future missions.     

基于Linux的FAST馈源支撑系统控制软件的开发

针对FAST的馈源运动控制要求,对馈源支撑系统的控制软件进行了设计与开发。该系统的特色在于基于网络通讯的模块化设计以及采用了完全开源的操作系统与开发工具,操作系统为完全免费且社区化的Ubuntu Linux,开发工具为免费并可跨平台的Qt4。介绍了在上述平台与工具下,整个控制软件的设计与开发过程,关键技术与实现。     

The Study on the Group Delay Jumping of CE-4 VLBI System

The phase delay software is a key component of VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) orbit determination system in CE-4 mission, which is critical to deep space exploration. When processing X-band DOR (Differential One-way Ranging) signals of probes in the past, the group delay jumping occasionally occurred in the observed scan. This paper consists of two parts. First, according to the VLBI station signal reception and VLBI center data processing steps, we analyzed the frequency, phase, power, and self-correlation spectrum of the signal, and located the influencing factor at the abnormal analog signal of Kunming (KM) station. Second, the group delay jumping was revised by the post-correction method, which was based on the analysis of the abnormal unwrap phase. We used the corrected phase to get the new group delay, and used orbit determination software to verify the effectiveness of the post-correction method, which upgraded the phase delay processing software.     

嫦娥四号VLBI群时延跳变研究

相时延处理软件是嫦娥四号(CE-4)任务甚长基线干涉测量(Very Long Baseline Interferometry,VLBI)测轨分系统软件配置项之一,利用其处理着陆巡视器X波段DOR(Differential One-way Ranging)信号时,观测弧段(scan)内偶尔存在残余群时延跳变问题.论文主要分为两部分:一是根据VLBI信号接收和数据处理流程,从相关相位、频率、幅度和功率方面进行分析,最终将影响因素定位在昆明测站模拟信号异常;二是以scan内时延跳变影响因素分析为基础,通过修正异常基线相关相位,研究残余群时延跳变事后改正方法,并利用定轨软件验证其有效性,升级了相时延处理软件.     

Data processing and initial results of Chang'e-3 lunar penetrating radar

To improve our understanding of the formation and evolution of the Moon,one of the payloads onboard the Chang'e-3(CE-3) rover is Lunar Penetrating Radar(LPR). This investigation is the first attempt to explore the lunar subsurface structure by using ground penetrating radar with high resolution. We have probed the subsurface to a depth of several hundred meters using LPR. In-orbit testing, data processing and the preliminary results are presented. These observations have revealed the configuration of regolith where the thickness of regolith varies from about 4 m to 6 m.In addition, one layer of lunar rock, which is about 330 m deep and might have been accumulated during the depositional hiatus of mare basalts, was detected.     

Scientific data products and the data pre-processing subsystem of the Chang'e-3 mission

The Chang'e-3(CE-3) mission is China's first exploration mission on the surface of the Moon that uses a lander and a rover. Eight instruments that form the scientific payloads have the following objectives:(1) investigate the morphological features and geological structures at the landing site;(2) integrated in-situ analysis of minerals and chemical compositions;(3) integrated exploration of the structure of the lunar interior;(4) exploration of the lunar-terrestrial space environment, lunar surface environment and acquire Moon-based ultraviolet astronomical observations. The Ground Research and Application System(GRAS) is in charge of data acquisition and pre-processing, management of the payload in orbit, and managing the data products and their applications. The Data Pre-processing Subsystem(DPS) is a part of GRAS.The task of DPS is the pre-processing of raw data from the eight instruments that are part of CE-3, including channel processing, unpacking, package sorting, calibration and correction, identification of geographical location, calculation of probe azimuth angle, probe zenith angle, solar azimuth angle, and solar zenith angle and so on, and conducting quality checks. These processes produce Level 0, Level 1 and Level 2data. The computing platform of this subsystem is comprised of a high-performance computing cluster, including a real-time subsystem used for processing Level 0 data and a post-time subsystem for generating Level 1 and Level 2 data. This paper describes the CE-3 data pre-processing method, the data pre-processing subsystem, data classification, data validity and data products that are used for scientific studies.