南沙海洋柱状沉积物的有机地球化学研究

研究了南沙海域ＮＳ９０－１０３柱样有机碳含量，各类生物标志化合物的组成和分布及其地球化学意义。结果表明，该柱样中有机碳含量高于南沙海域其他沉积环境，这表明南沙海域中大陆坡最适合于有机质的聚集。各类生物标志化合物组成和分布指示了沉积有机质主要起源于海洋浮游生牧细菌，其次为陆源高等植物，气溶胶输入可能是后者来源的途径之一；沉积环境具有强原还性；有机质处于未成熟阶段，并存在较好的成岩变化。     

冲绳海槽北部柱状沉积物中有机质地球化学特征——对热液活动的指示

通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS),分析了冲绳海槽北部柱状沉积物中有机质的分布和组成特征。样品中正烷烃显示出明显的双峰分布,其中高分子正烷烃显示出明显的奇数碳优势;低分子的正烷烃显示出偶数碳优势,其丰度最大值位于C16和C18处。该柱状沉积物中120～140cm层样品(样品S10-7)中沥青、正烷烃以及脂肪酸的含量都要远高于其他层位样品,且该层位样品中正十八烷酸质量比(16.915μg/g)要高于其他层位样品1～2个数量级。S10-7样品中3个成熟度参数也高于其他样品,预示该层位样品受到明显的热蚀变。S10-7样品中有机质的分布和组成情况预示该柱状沉积物样品周围可能存在未被发现的热液区。本研究旨在揭示该柱状沉积物中有机质的来源,同时评估该区热液活动的可能性。本研究的开展可为该区沉积物中有机质来源及热液活动研究提供研究基础和依据。     

珠江口沉积物柱状样的脂肪酸垂向变化特征

珠江口3个站位沉积柱的脂肪酸研究结果显示:沉积物中含量最高的脂肪酸是C16:0,其他脂肪酸包括不饱和脂肪酸、单甲基支链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸。脂肪酸组成表明研究区有机质主要来源于藻类、细菌和陆源有机质。由于横琴岛附近的HQ1031站位靠近外海,初级生产力较高,因而含较多藻类脂肪酸。离淇澳岛较远的QA-B站位处于河口上缘,陆源物质丰富,初级生产力较低,因此该站位含较多陆源脂肪酸。横琴岛附近HQ1031站位的TOC值和总脂肪酸含量均大于QA-B站位,这两个站位的TOC值与总脂肪酸含量在垂向上的相关性差。横琴岛附近HQ1031站位和离淇澳岛较近的QA-A站位分别在20-22cm和16-18cm处藻类脂肪酸突然大量增加,可能与藻类输入突然增多有关。沉积物中所检测到的能指示厌氧微生物或革兰氏阳性菌的脂肪酸含量高于革兰氏阴性菌,表明珠江口沉积物微生物群落中以厌氧微生物为主。     

桑沟湾养殖栉孔扇贝食物来源研究——脂肪酸标志法

运用脂肪酸标志法分析了桑沟湾养殖栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)春、夏季食物来源组成。结果表明,桑沟湾养殖栉孔扇贝饵料组成中含有硅藻类、细菌、大型绿藻类、鞭毛藻类等饵料来源,且各种饵料来源比例具有较显著的季节变化。采样期间硅藻脂肪酸标志16:1/16:0(相对质量分数比,下同)从0.91降至0.45,表明扇贝硅藻类饵料来源比例呈逐渐下降趋势;细菌脂肪酸标志18:1n-7/18:1n-9比值从0.31升至0.90,奇数碳、支链脂肪酸相对质量分数从2.15%升至3.28%,表明扇贝细菌类饵料来源比例呈逐渐上升趋势;绿藻脂肪酸标志Σ(18:2n-6 18:3n-3)质量分数从2.78%升至5.77%,表明大型绿藻来源有机质饵料比例逐渐上升。栉孔扇贝脂肪酸组成中较高比例的DHA表明扇贝摄取了富含DHA的有机质,如鞭毛藻类、微型浮游动物等。栉孔扇贝食物来源的季节变化很可能是由水体中潜在食物来源的季节变化所导致。     

海洋浮游植物的脂肪酸:组成、功能及其生态学意义

脂肪酸在海洋生物的各种生理和生态过程中发挥着重要作用.浮游植物是海洋中脂肪酸的主要生产者,并通过各种过程被各级海洋生物利用.本文综述了浮游植物不同类群中脂肪酸的组成特点,各种环境因素对浮游植物胞内脂肪酸含量和组成的影响,以及海洋微藻中脂肪酸对浮游植物细胞及海洋其他生物的作用及意义;并探讨了浮游植物的脂肪酸组成在浮游植物...     

浙江南部近海沉积物柱状样中脂类生物标志物的组成及形态分布

分析了浙江南部近海(东海陆架泥质区)沉积物柱状样中游离态和碱不稳定结合态脂类生物标志物的组成.沉积物中的脂肪酸呈现以C16脂肪酸为主峰的单峰形分布趋势,具明显偶碳优势,除表层沉积物中脂肪酸以游离态为主外,结合态为柱状样中脂肪酸的主要存在形态,脂肪酸的垂直分布主要由降解作用控制;以甾醇和脂肪醇为主体的醇酮组分主要以游离态...     

孢粉相在下扬子古生界烃源岩研究中的应用

以下扬子下寒武统幕府山组泥、页岩和下二叠统栖霞组碳酸盐地层为研究对象,运用孢粉相方法,在明确有机质组成的基础上,分析了有机质的来源、类型及烃源岩形成环境.幕府山组有机质组成单一,无定形含量普遍在90%以上,低等水生生物是其主要来源,有机质类型以Ⅰ型为主,烃源岩分布较为集中,TOC高,类型好,是较深水、闭塞、准厌氧到厌氧...     

广西北部湾马尾藻脂肪酸组成的研究

海藻中含有大量的长链和不饱和度很高的脂肪酸(Lovern,1936)。由于海藻受生长环境的影响,其中脂肪酸特別是高度不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的组成与高等植物和淡水藻等有很大的区别,有许多值得研究和探讨之处,近年来已成为海藻化学研究的热点。应当指出的是,由于海洋动物自身不能合成PUFA,其体内的PUFA是通过食物链从海藻中摄取的,所以可以认为海藻是海洋脂肪酸的原始生产者,也是研究不饱和脂肪酸的合成和转化的主要环节。 马尾藻是海洋中分布范围广且产量高的大型海藻,作者研究马尾藻脂肪酸的组成,不仅着眼于其理论意义,而且更注重它的实际应用价值。本文采用我国广西北部湾的马尾藻,利用气相色谱法(GC)较系统地分析测定了8种习见的马尾藻中脂肪酸的组分,就其在不同种类中的含量分布、饱合及不饱和脂肪酸的存在比例等组成特点进行了研究,并与褐藻类的海带、红藻类的条斑紫菜以及绿藻类的孔石莼进行了比较,从而获得了马尾藻脂肪酸组成的基础数据,为开发利用这一宝贵资源提供了有效的理论依据。     

山东乳山湾表层沉积物中的氮、磷和有机质

海湾沉积物中的有机质和氮、磷营养物质丰富与否,直接反映了底质环境的优劣。底质环境的好坏在一定程度上又直接影响生物的生存、发育及种类组成。本文主要论述乳山湾表层沉积物中的氮、磷和有机质的含量分布、变化特征及影响因素,并着重分析了与底栖生物之间的关系。     

南海北部和海南岛附近海域表层沉积物中有机质的分布和降解状态的差异

利用气相色谱法对南海北部和海南岛附近海域表层沉积物中正构烷烃(n-alkanes)和脂肪酸进行测定和分析,结合粒径、比表面积(specific surface area,SSA)、有机碳(OC%)、碳稳定同位素(δ~(13)C)等参数研究有机物来源和降解状态,并对其影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明:沉积物主要以粉砂为主,平均粒径分布范围在10.97—517.21μm之间,选取的16个站位的比表面积平均值为8.05m~2/g,最大值是S23站位的24.46m~2/g,最小值是S29站位的1.73m~2/g,OC%含量在0.15—1.18之间,δ~(13)C值为–23.05‰—–21.24‰。沉积物中正构烷烃碳链的分布范围是nC_(14)—nC_(33),低碳数峰群以nC_(16)、nC_(18)为主峰碳且具有偶碳数优势,高碳数峰群以nC_(29)为主峰碳。脂肪酸的碳数分布范围是nC_(14)—nC_(30),低碳数单峰型分布,短链饱和脂肪酸(short chain saturated fatty acids,SCSFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acids,MUFA)的含量占总脂肪酸含量的70%以上,长链饱和脂肪酸(long chain saturated fatty acids,LCSFA)的含量不到10%,据此说明这两个区域有机质均以海源输入为主。在有机物保存和降解方面,海南岛附近海域有机质载荷(OC/SSA)和δ~(13)C之间的正相关,表现了良好的陆源和海源的有机物更替,但是珠江口附近海域系列样品却未见相似过程。不仅在物源更替方面,在有机质降解特征上珠江口附近海域中的有机物与海南岛附近海域和南海陆架深水区也有很大的差别。海南岛附近海域和南海陆架深水区有机质的降解符合一般规律,随着水深的增加降解程度逐渐变大,然而珠江口附近海域随着水深的增加有机质却越来越"新鲜"。结合前人对珠江口附近海域黏土矿物组成的研究,本文认为珠江口附近海域沉积物中有机质之所以会出现上述"异常"可能是因为该研究区域黏土矿物对有机质选择性吸附所导致。     

Contrasting chemical and isotopic compositions of organic matter in Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuarine and East China Sea shelf sediments

To examine the source and preservation of organic matter in the shelf sediments of the East China Sea (ECS), we measured bulk C/N and isotopes, organic biomarkers (n-alkanes and fatty acids) and compound-specific (fatty acids) stable carbon isotope ratios in three sediment cores collected from two sites near the Changjiang Estuary and one in the ECS shelf. Contrasting chemical and isotopic compositions of organic matter were observed between the estuarine and shelf sediments. The concentrations of total n-alkanes and fatty acids in the shelf surface sediments (0–2 cm) were 5–10 times higher than those in estuarine surface sediments but they all decreased rapidly to comparable levels below the surface layer. The compositions of n-alkanes in the estuarine sediments were dominated by C₂₆-C₃₃ long-chain n-alkanes with a strong odd-to-even carbon number predominance. In contrast, the composition of n-alkanes in the shelf sediment was dominated by nC₁₅ to nC₂₂ compounds. Long-chain (>C₂₀) fatty acids (terrestrial biomarkers) accounted for a significantly higher fraction in the estuarine sediments compared to that in the shelf sediment, while short-chain (<C₂₀) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were more abundant in the shelf surface sediments than in the estuarine sediments. Stable carbon isotopic ratios of individual fatty acids showed a general positive shift from estuarine to shelf sediments, consistent with the variations in bulk δ ¹³C_TOCTOC. These contrasts between the estuarine and shelf sediments indicate that terrestrial organic matter was mainly deposited within the Changjiang Estuary and inner shelf of ECS. Post-depositional diagenetic processes in the surface sediments rapidly altered the chemical compositions and control the preservation of organic matter in the region.     

南沙群岛海域表层沉积物中有机物、铁和锰的分布特征

通过1997年11月（冬季）和1999年7月（夏季）两个航次对南沙群岛海域的现场调查，实测了南沙深海盆表层沉积物中的有机物，Fe和Mn的含量，讨论了沉积物中Fe、Mn的平面和深度分布。在沉积物的上层几厘米处Fe和Mn都出现了峰值，这是上层Mn^2 （Fe^2 ）氧化，再沉淀引起的，沉积物中Fe和Mn的深度分布是氧化锰（铁）和氢氧化锰（铁）的还原，扩散和再沉淀的结果，细菌在海洋环境的Fe、Mn循环中起着重要的作用，在大洋底的厌氧环境中细菌将Fe、Mn还原为低价离子或可溶性化合物向间隙水和上覆水移动，在沉积物表层的氧化条件下细菌又使环境中的Fe、Mn沉淀，使其再次富集。     

Variation in microbial biomass and community structure in sediments of peter the great bay (sea of japan/east sea), as estimated from fatty acid biomarkers

Variation in the microbial biomass and community structure found in sediment of heavily polluted bays and the adjacent unpolluted areas were examined using phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Total microbial biomass and microbial community structure were responding to environmental determinants, sediment grain size, depth of sediment, and pollution due to petroleum hydrocarbons. The marker fatty acids of microeukaryotes and prokaryotes - aerobic, anaerobic, and sulfate-reducing bacteria -were detected in sediments of the areas studied. Analysis of the fatty acid profiles revealed wide variations in the community structure in sediments, depending on the extent of pollution, sediment depth, and sediment grain size. The abundance of specific bacterial fatty acids points to the dominance of prokaryotic organisms, whose composition differed among the stations. Fatty acid distributions in sediments suggest the high contribution of aerobic bacteria. Sediments of polluted sites were significantly enriched with anaerobic bacteria in comparison with clean areas. The contribution of this bacterial group increased with the depth of sediments. Anaerobic bacteria were predominantly present in muddy sediments, as evidenced from the fatty acid profiles. Relatively high concentrations of marker fatty acids of sulfate-reducing bacteria were associated with organic pollution in this site. Specific fatty acids of microeukaryotes were more abundant in surface sediments than in deeper sediment layers. Among the microeukaryotes, diatoms were an important component. Significant amounts of bacterial biomass, the predominance of bacterial biomarker fatty acids with abundance of anaerobic and sulfate-reducing bacteria are indicative of a prokaryotic consortium responsive to organic pollution.     

南沙群岛海区表层沉积物吸附铜离子的实验研究

通过对南沙群岛海区表层沉积物与铜离子交换吸附作用的实验研究发现:(1)铜离子在海水条件下与沉积物的交换吸附为一价阳离子交换;(2)不同站位的沉积物对铜离子的交换吸附能力不同;(3)铜离子在沉积物上的吸着行为存在着分级离子/配位子交换反应。     

Fatty acids in recent sediments in the St. Lawrence estuary

Surface sediments along the Rimouski section in the St. Lawrence estuary were sampled at the surface and at 10 cm depth. Fatty acids were extracted and analysed. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents at the two depths vary with the nature of the sediments. The clay sediments rich in organic matter contain more fatty acids than the corresponding sand or gravel. Unsaturated fatty acids were more abundant in the surface sediments. Some iso- and anteiso-odd carbon fatty acids were detected in the sediments; these acids could indicate a microbial activity. Correlation is made with the fatty acid contents of the water column together with the surface microlayer of the estuarine water.     

Isotopic composition of fatty acids of extremely piezophilic bacteria from the Mariana Trench at 11,000 m

Two extremely piezophilic bacteria, DB21MT-2 and DB21MT-5, isolated from sediments of the Mariana Trench at 11,000 m, were grown in the laboratory under low-temperature (10 °C) and high-pressure (70 MPa) conditions. Phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFA) were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and isotopic compositions of individual fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) in order to determine isotopic fractionation effects during biosynthesis. The piezophiles are characterized by fatty acids with carbon chains ranging from 14 to 22 carbons in length and by the presence of abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Fatty acids from each culture exhibit a wide range of isotopic compositions (δ¹³C vs. Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB)). With two exceptions (C15:0 and C17:1 from DB21MT-2), all fatty acids are depleted in ¹³C relative to that of bulk carbon in the bacterial growth substrate. In addition, strain DB21MT-2 shows systematically higher (less negative) δ¹³C values than strain DB21MT-5. The implications for isotope fractionation in fatty acid biosynthesis and the interpretation of isotopic composition of sedimentary fatty acids are discussed. It is suggested that the same type of microorganisms could have rather different δ¹³C under the same growth conditions, and that sedimentary fatty acids with distinct δ¹³C values do not necessarily have to originate from different organisms. Interpretation of δ¹³C values of sedimentary biomarkers may be complicated by such large variations in δ¹³C of fatty acids given that they are biosynthesized by the same type of microorganisms grown under identical conditions.     

南沙群岛海区沉积物中铀含量与冰期关系初探

运用研制国家铀系年龄一级标准物质的分析测试系统,精确的测定南沙群岛海区诸多柱样的铀含量、沉积物的平均沉积速率,结合相关科学资料综合整理,对比亚南极海等的岩心资料后认为,南沙群岛海域沉积物中自生铀含量（以下简称铀含量）高的层位为冰期,铀含量低的层位为间冰期     

The relationship between fatty acid distributions and bacterial respiratory types in contemporary marine sediments

Bacterial communities of different respiratory types were isolated from a marine sediment in a multiple chemostat system in an attempt to obtain bacterial cultures representative of the sediment. The fatty acid distribution of a mixed culture of sulphate-reducing bacteria isolated from this system showed a good correlation with the lipid distribution of the zone of maximum sulphate-reduction activity within the sediment. Both distributions had significant concentrations of C14 : 0, iso and anteiso C15 : 0, C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω7 and C18 : 1ω7. This was in contrast to the lipid profile of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans obtained by batch enrichment, which was dominated by iso C17 : 1ω7 fatty acids and correlated poorly with the sediment. The bacterial community cultured from the sediment was further differentiated according to respiratory types (aerobic, facultative aerobic and facultative anaerobic) by growth in a chemostat under defined conditions. The fatty acid distributions of these communities were sufficiently different to enable the various respiratory types to be recognized by their particular fatty acid composition. Cyclopropyl fatty acids (?17 and ?19) were present in significant levels only in the aerobic bacteria, while the facultative aerobes had significantly higher C18 : 1ω7 than the other cultures and the facultative anaerobic community was the only culture to have significant amounts of C12 : 0. The fatty acid distribution of Loch Eil sediment over the range C12-19 seemed to be predominantly of bacterial origin and were relatively abundant to a depth of 6 cm. The concentration of cyclopropyl fatty acids was highest in the oxidized surface sediments and decreased with depth as anaerobic conditions began to dominate, indicating that these fatty acids may only be indicative of aerobic sedimentary bacteria. In contrast to the fatty acids characteristic of bacteria, those fatty acids in the range C20-30 attributed to a terrestrial input were found in relatively constant concentrations over the whole 0–12 cm depth profile.     

南沙群岛海区NS97-13柱样沉积物磁化率各向异性研究

通过南海南沙群岛海区NS97-13柱样磁化率各向异性系统测试、统计计算和测年等分析,给出了沉积物的磁化率椭球几何形态,重建了研究海区的古水流方向、沉积物的沉积形式。研究结果表明:(1)压扁型椭球(E>1)的择优方向位于磁性线理-磁性叶理直线的上方,夹角β的范围为0°<β≤33.14°,拉长型椭球(E<1)的择优方向位于磁性线理-磁性叶理直线的下方,夹角α的范围为33.14°<α<56.86°,指示磁性颗粒沉降时受动力作用的大小及其受力方向不同;(2)由磁化率各向异性参数(磁性线理-各向异性度,磁性叶理-各向异性度)确定的沉积物有改造沉积、再沉积和稳定沉积三种形式,前两种形式掺杂在稳定沉积层中的不同部位,构成部分混合沉积;(3)最大磁化率和中间磁化率的轴向分布表征研究海区距今近62 ka以来古水流方向主要为南北和北东-南西向,总磁化率记录了Heinrich层中的冷事件H1—H6。