爆炸复合材料铝-铝-钢在不同海域的腐蚀

按照爆炸复合材料的应用条件,将铝-铝-钢投放在青岛、舟山和厦门3个海域的潮差和飞溅区,暴露1a后研究了材料的腐蚀和力学性能。复合材料的腐蚀为电偶腐蚀,在铝-钢之间形成腐蚀沟槽。但是,对复合材料的力学性能影响不大。     

厦门及其邻近地区的地震活动

本文通过对厦门及其邻近地区历史地震和现今小震活动的研究,讨论了厦门可能遭受地震的危险性和厦门周围4个地震潜在震源区。文中用地震复发周期的方法求得今后100a内泉州-汕头地震带可能发生的重大地震震级为6.4,7级震的复发周期约360a。     

中国水环境腐蚀试验站网工作回顾与展望

材料在天然水环境(海洋、江河、湖泊)中的腐蚀造成了巨大的经济损失。一般来说，发达国家因材料腐蚀造成的损失占其GDP的2％-4％，而材料在水环境中的腐蚀损失大于总腐蚀损失的1／3。因此，材料在水环境的腐蚀数据积累及试验研究一直受到各国的重视。由于材料的自然水环境腐蚀十分复杂，影响因素很多，难以在实验室进行模拟，必须通过野外试验站点现场暴露试验和观测，才能获得符合实际的腐蚀数据和规律。自上世纪初开始，工业发达国家就通过建立水环境腐蚀试验暴露装置和站点，     

典型海洋大气环境中AZ80镁合金电偶腐蚀行为研究

镁合金作为最轻的金属结构材料,具有比强度高、比刚度高、减震性能好、电磁屏蔽等优点。随着海洋强国战略的实施,先进镁合金结构材料逐步在海洋装备上开始应用。已列装的新型高强AZ80镁合金,通过与QBe1.7铍青铜紧固件连接,共同构成整体在典型海洋大气环境中服役。在高盐、高湿的海洋环境环境中,镁合金与电位更正的QBe1.7铍青铜偶接后,极易发生电偶腐蚀。电位相对更负的高强AZ80镁合金,作为电偶腐蚀的阳极被加速溶解。本研究对高强AZ80镁合金电偶腐蚀样品经过12个月青岛海洋大气暴露试验,发现空白对照组、电偶1组(紧固件铍青铜直径Ψ=10mm)和电偶2组(紧固件铍青铜直径Ψ=20mm)的平均腐蚀速率分别为108.1071、133.8929、173.6250g/(m~2·a)。电偶对表面的主要腐蚀产物为:Mg(OH)_2、MgSO_4和MgCl_2。空白样品、电偶1组和电偶2组平均腐蚀深度分别为:0.175、0.330、0.315mm/a。样品中部腐蚀深度最大,边部腐蚀深度则相对较小。不同样品在青岛试验站的腐蚀产物对基体保护能力的量度(n值)分别为1.1337、1.1378、1.0895,表明随着暴露时间的延长,试样在海洋大气环境中的腐蚀速率会加快,试样表面的腐蚀产物对基体根本起不到保护作用。通过灰色关联分析法,计算了青岛海洋大气腐蚀站点的环境因素与AZ80镁合金腐蚀深度和腐蚀失重之间的关联度,结果表明:青岛海洋大气环境因素对高强AZ80镁合金空白样品腐蚀失重影响前三位分别为:SO_4~(2-)非水溶性硫酸盐转化率;对电偶1组样品影响前三位的环境因素分别为:SO_2硫酸盐转化率NO_2;对电偶2组样品影响前三位的环境因素分别为:水溶性降尘SO_2NH_3。对比电偶对2组和1组,唯一的差别是电偶对的面积比,但决定镁合金腐蚀速度的大气成分完全不同,相关机制会在未来工作中详细研究。     

海泥中SRB对A3钢电偶效应的影响

在室内模拟条件下研究了在海泥中硫酸盐还原菌 (SRB)对A3钢电偶效应的影响。实验在两个大型塑料槽中进行。A3钢样尺寸为 2 0cm× 1 0cm× 0 .3cm ,海泥中SRB的含量用MPN三管计数法进行测定 ;电导率、pH、氧化还原电位、泥温和盐度等参数用SY - 5型电导 -pH/mV -温度计进行测量 ;用失重法测量腐蚀速度 ;用零电阻表测量电偶电流。试验共进行 2 61d。SRB含量随时间的变化基本保持恒定。在电偶条件下A3钢在灭菌泥和有菌泥中的腐蚀速度分别为0 0 0 77mm/a和 0 0 4 9mm/a,在非电偶条件下A3钢在灭菌泥和有菌泥中的腐蚀速度分别为 0 0 0 89mm/a和 0 0 4 4mm/a。A3钢在有菌泥和无菌泥中的样板之间的电偶电流随时间的变化幅度在2 5μA左右 ,且有方向逆转现象。试验结果表明 ,在有菌泥中A3钢的腐蚀速度是无菌泥中的 5 5倍 ,说明SRB在海泥腐蚀中有重要作用。埋在相邻的有菌海泥和无菌海泥的试样之间都发生了电偶腐蚀。处在有菌海泥中的钢样为电偶对的阳极 ,处在无菌海泥中的钢样为电偶对的阴极。在实验期间内电偶效应对试样的加速作用为 1 1 .4%。     

厦门近113a来降水量变化特征分析

利用福建漳州和东山站资料采用回归订正方法插补厦门站缺测资料，分析研究了厦门1893～2005年间年、季降水量变化趋势、旱涝时段、变化周期、降水量气候变率长期变化、降水量异常发生频率及降水量突变点．结果表明：近113a厦门年、夏季降水量呈增加趋势．1893～1902年和1948～1971年为少雨时段，1931～1947年和1983～2005年为多雨时段．年降水量存在着7～8a、60～65a和17a左右的振荡周期．年降水量和夏季降水量在1903～1931年这一时段年际变化较剧烈．秋季是各季降水中气候变率最大的季节．1951～1960年、1901～1910年和1990～2000年是降水量异常事件的频发期．年降水量在1971～1972年和1982～1983年、春季降水量在1942～1943年和1972～1973年、夏季降水量在1987～1988年、秋季降水量在1972～1973年时段都发生了突变．     

厦门市近15年无机氮湿沉降的变化情况

为了研究厦门市大气湿沉降中的无机氮情况,分析了2000～2014年厦门市内和郊区的雨水中NO_3^--N和NH_4^+-N的浓度及其沉降通量的变化情况,并对湿沉降中无机氮对厦门近海海水生态系统的影响进行讨论。结果表明,厦门市内和郊区雨水中NO_3^--N和NH_4^+-N的浓度均为春季较高,夏季较低;高浓度无机氮在一年中出现的时间段在两个区域有差别,这可能与这两个区域的季风转换和大气混合层高度变化有关。在2000～2014年,雨水中NO_3^--N的浓度在市内总体呈下降趋势,在郊区总体呈上升趋势;NH_4^+-N浓度的年变化规律不明显。湿沉降给厦门近岸海域带来的NO_3^--N和NH_4^+-N的量分别为1056 t/a和1278 t/a,低于该区域河流输入的无机氮的量的10%,说明湿沉降不是厦门近岸海域海水中无机氮的主要来源。通过比较厦门雨水和近岸海水中的营养盐情况,发现雨水的沉降可能会促进厦门近海部分区域海水中浮游植物的生长。     

厦门海域水体富营养程度评价

根据2000年11月和2001年2、5、8月对厦门海域进行的大面调查所得数据，以化学需氧量（COD）、溶解无机氮（DIN），活性磷酸盐（PO4^3-P)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)作为海水富营养化评价指标，以模糊数学作为评价手段。在应用层次分析法，综合指标权重矩阵及其确定方法的基础上，对厦门海域近期水体富营养化水平作出评价，结果表明，厦门外港，东侧水道，九龙江口和浔江为中营养海区，YuanDang湖和马銮湾为富营养海区；厦门西港海域与马銮湾相邻的属于富营养海区，与厦门外港和九龙江口相邻的为中营养海区。     

厦门海域水体富营养化状况综合评价

以2003—2012年厦门海域监测数据为基础,参考美国第二代富营养化评价方法,针对厦门海域实际监测特点并结合我国水体富营养化研究现状与评价标准,进行部分改良,使其更适用于该海域水体的富营养化状况评价。应用此评价体系,本文研究了厦门海域水体富营养化压力程度;以叶绿素a为初级症状指标、以底层溶解氧及赤潮发生状况为次级症状指标分析了水体富营养化的状态水平;并通过结合厦门海域整治、人口增长趋势、经济发展趋势以及周边营养盐入海现状等因素预测了未来厦门海域水体富营养化压力变化趋势。结果表明,厦门海域水体综合评价等级为中等富营养化程度,其中压力等级为中高、状态和响应的评价等级均为中级。该评价结果较好地反映了厦门海域水体富营养化程度、压力和症状,便于海洋管理部门对厦门海域环境容量进行监控与管理。     

长期高氨氮暴露对海水青鳉毒理效应的蛋白质组学研究

氨氮是大多数硬骨鱼的氮代谢产物,但是环境中氨氮浓度过高也会对鱼类产生毒性作用。该研究结果显示,海水青鳉暴露于0.6和1.1mmol·L-1 NH4Cl 4周后的死亡率分别为21.25%和40%。这说明高浓度氨氮暴露对海水青鳉具有明显的毒性作用,而且暴露浓度越高,毒性越大。利用蛋白质组学的研究技术研究海水青鳉在长期氨氮暴露后的蛋白质响应变化,发现在0.6mmol·L-1 NH4Cl暴露条件下有16种蛋白的表达发生明显的变化,而在1.1mmol·L-1 NH4Cl暴露条件下有7种蛋白的表达发生明显的变化。这些蛋白主要参与氧化应激的产生,影响海水青鳉细胞结构组成、肌肉收缩、视觉通路、代谢调节和免疫调节,引起神经毒性。该研究利用蛋白质组学的研究方法研究了长期氨氮暴露对海水青鳉的毒理效应,为利用蛋白质组学探讨环境污染物的毒性效应提供了更深刻的认识。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.