半干旱地区吉林通榆"干旱化和有序人类活动"长期观测实验

简单介绍了吉林通榆"干旱化和有序人类活动"长期观测实验,该实验站同时也是国际协同加强观测计划(CEOP)的地面观测站.分析了2002年10月～2003年3月(CEOP-EOP3)非生长季观测到的近地面层微气象及能量通量资料.结果表明,在非生长季,半干旱地区农田和退化草地下垫面近地面层能量收支基本一致;感热通量占主要地位,占净辐射通量的70%左右;潜热通量及地热流都很小,通常小于30 W m-2.土壤温度日变化主要集中在地表以下20 cm土壤层,20 cm以下土壤温度日变化很小,但存在明显的季节变化.在非生长季,土壤表层10 cm厚度内,草地下垫面土壤体积含水量比农田大;20 cm以下深度土壤体积含水量的日变化很小,同样存在季节变化.     

黑河下游绿洲近地层湍流输送特征研究

分析2003年9月5-27日在黑河下游额济纳绿洲取得的近地面层湍流观测资料,讨论无量纲湍流方差与稳定度参数Z/L的关系.无量纲风速分量σu/u*、σv/u*和σw/u*在不稳定层结与稳定度Z/L满足1/3次方时,符合Monin-Obkuhov相似理论.在近中性时,σu/u*、σw/u*值比平坦下垫面的略小些,σv/u*值比平坦下垫面的略大.无量纲温度脉动方差和湿度脉动方差在对流状态下与Z/L满足-1/3次方,在稳定和不稳定层结下,随|Z/L|减小而增大.地面热量以感热输送为主,感热通量峰值约为250 W/m2,潜热通量的峰值为170 W/m2;夜间潜热通量较小,感热通量则出现负值.动量通量日间平均在0.2-0.3 N/m2,峰值为0.31 N/m2.黑河下游绿洲柽柳林动力学粗糙度比HEIFE戈壁及其他绿洲下垫面的大,中性时z0m=0.47551 m.中性状态下动量整体输送系数CD=22.2×10-3,不稳定层结时平均值CD=10.3×10-3,稳定层结时平均值CD=7.2 × 10-3.热量整体输送系数CH,中性状态下CH=3.2 × 10-3,不稳定层结时平均值为CH=3.3×10-3,稳定层结时平均值为CH=2.7×10-3.     

城市冠层上下大气湍流特征分析

利用兰州市榆中县城市冠层架设的3台涡动相关仪(EC)观测大气湍流资料,分析了城市冠层上下不同下垫面湍流通量和不同风向范围内湍流动能变化特征,之后对城市冠层上下3台EC观测湍流动能最小、最大分布方向上分别对应的最小最大湍流动能的风速谱进行了研究,进一步检验了局地相似理论在城市冠层上下的适用性。结果表明:(1)城市冠层之上水泥、砖石等构成下垫面和城市冠层之内草坪下垫面观测感热通量、摩擦速度较为接近,观测潜热通量、CO2通量在白天差异明显。(2)城市冠层之上的湍流动能总体上大于冠层之内,冠层之上气流来向的上风向较为开阔时湍流动能较大,而冠层之内气流来向的上风向为街道口时湍流动能较大。(3)城市冠层之上的湍涡尺度大于冠层之内,城市冠层小尺度湍涡风速谱在惯性副区基本符合-2/3次方关系,且准各向同性,大尺度湍涡风速谱在惯性副区不符合-2/3次方关系,且各向异性。(4)不稳定层结下,城市冠层上下无量纲速度方差与稳定度基本满足1/3次方局地相似关系,稳定层结下不满足;城市冠层上下无量纲温度、湿度、CO2浓度方差在所有层结下均不满足-1/3次方局地相似关系。(5)近中性层结下,城市冠层上下u、v、w方向无量纲速度方差分别为3.52,3.03,1.49和2.62,2.22,1.50。     

秋季珠峰复杂地形下地表能量通量卫星遥感研究

依据目前较为成熟的地表能量通量遥感参数化方案,利用2006年9～10月珠峰地区秋季近地面大气梯度实测资料,结合中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS卫星资料,遥感估算了包括珠峰地区在内的青藏高原南部地区地表能量通量的空间分布情况.结果表明:地表净辐射峰值约为420.0 W·m-2,介于200.0～620.0 W·m-2之间;地热通量峰值约为110.0 W·m-2,介于50.0～180.0 W·m-2之间;感热通量峰值约为270.0 W·m-2,介于120.0～280.0 W·m-2之间;潜热通量峰值约为90.0 W·m-2,介于0.0～250.0 W·m-2之间.由此可见,在高原季风期后的秋季,该地区白天地面加热场主要通过感热传输加热大气,地气之间水汽传输耗热是地表净辐射平衡中的小量.     

黑河下游鼎新戈壁近地层能量输送及微气象特征

利用在甘肃酒泉金塔地区进行的"绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测与数值研究"野外试验2005年5月16~21日的加强期观测资料,计算并分析了鼎新戈壁下垫面地表辐射平衡、地表能量平衡、地表空气动力学粗糙度、地表反射率以及动量、热量总体输送系数等物理量的变化特征,得到了鼎新戈壁下垫面近地层能量输送及微气象特征:(1)在5月份晴天天气下,太阳辐射各分量表现出了标准的地表辐射平衡的日循环形态,总辐射峰值可达1000 W.m-2以上;净辐射峰值达到526 W.m-2。(2)能量平衡各项都具有明显的日变化规律;白天感热通量最大值可达到400 W.m-2,潜热通量比感热通量小两个量级,地热流量峰值可达100 W.m-2以上;在下午和夜间存在负的水汽输送现象。(3)在中性条件下:z0=1.44×10-3m,CDN=2.1×10-3,CHN=1.8×10-3。(4)5月份地表反射率为0.217,反射率日分布大致呈"U"型。     

近地面层中湍流热通量和长波辐射通量相互作用的数值研究

本文详细讨论了在稳定层结条件下,近地面层内有各种典型的气象要素分布及下垫面状况时,长波辐射通量与湍流热通量之间的相互关系问题.结果表明:长波辐射通量对近地面层的热力结构有相当大的影响,它常常减弱了常值湍流热通量层的厚度.在弱风和层结稳定度较大的情况下,“常值湍流热通量层”将很薄,有时甚至难以存在.     

华南农田下垫面地气交换和能量收支的观测研究

利用2004年11月至12月在广东省惠州地区进行的湍流连续观测资料,分析非均匀农田近地面层的基本气象要素特征以及水汽和CO2的浓度与通量输送规律,作为今后深入探讨地表非均匀性效应的基础.通过各辐射分量和感热、潜热与土壤热通量的特征分析,研究能量收支的基本状况,并讨论了造成显著能量"不平衡"的原因.观测的基本结果是:(1)近地面1.8 m高度处以北风为主,风速大多低于2 m/s,正午入射太阳辐射约700 W/m2;CO2浓度的日变化范围为600～900 mg/m3,水汽为5～25 g/m3.(2)各气象要素呈现明显的日变化,当地温度日较差约10℃,相对湿度始终高于50%.CO2和水汽的浓度在夜间较白天高,二者的日平均值为713.7 mg/m3和15.9 g/m3;利用涡旋相关法,测得二者的通量在白天高于夜间,日平均值为25.3 mg·m-2·s-1和-4.7×10-2mg·m-2·s.当地的日平均波文(Bowen)比仅为0.04,这主要是由于当地的高湿度造成的.(3)当地存在显著的能量"不平衡"现象,正午时的差额热通量可高达150 W/m2,这可能与平均垂直运动输送的作用、观测误差以及通量和辐射观测的"源地"不匹配等原因有关.研究结果与荒漠、城市和稻田下垫面的观测事实进行了定量比较.     

城市近地层湍流通量及CO2通量变化特征

利用北京325m气象塔47m高度上2006年全年连续观测获得的湍流资料,分析了北京城市近地层动量通量、感热通量、潜热通量和CO2通量的典型日变化、月平均日变化和季节变化特征。分析结果显示:动量通量具有明显的单波峰日变化特征,在15时(北京时间)左右达到最大,季节变化中春季最大,冬季次之,夏、秋季最小;感热通量和潜热通量全年变化范围分别为-92～389W.m-2和-75～376W.m-2,其日变化也表现为单波峰特征。感热通量的日变化受城市下垫面和人为热源影响,入夜后虽然降为负值,但只略小于0。阴雨天感热通量和潜热通量均很小,降雨前后有明显区别。感热和潜热最大值分别在春季3月和夏季6月,最小值都在冬季1月;城市下垫面CO2通量总表现为正值,即净排放,最大值为3.88mg.m-2.s-1,不稳定情况下最小值小于-2mg.m-2.s-1。受到人类活动的影响,CO2通量的日变化特征在工作日与周末有明显区别;由于冬季采暖,CO2通量明显大于夏季;在夜间,CO2通量受进城车辆的影响也出现高值。     

黄土高原塬区地表辐射和热量平衡观测与分析

利用2005年夏季黄土高原塬区陆面过程野外试验(LOPEX05)的观测资料,初步分析了甘肃平凉黄土高原塬区地表辐射收支和热量平衡特征。结果显示,黄土高原塬区地面长波辐射大于大气长波辐射,典型晴天、阴天和雨天情况下两者平均差值分别为65,25和8 W.m-2;对于地气能量交换各个分量而言,黄土高原塬上和塬下在相同下垫面下的差别不大,但裸地和有植被的下垫面差别很明显;在白天,潜热在净辐射中所占的比重较大,其次是感热,最后是土壤热通量。对能量平衡中的储存项如热通量板上层土壤的热存储和植被冠层存储进行了估算,结果表明,土壤的热储存项在-30~70W.m-2之间,而植被的热能储存项在-10~25 W.m-2之间。在考虑估算的存储项之后,能量平衡散布图斜率由0.68提高到0.79,相关系数R由0.90提高到0.93,两者分别提高了11.0%和3.0%,并对能量不平衡有明显的改进,说明能量储存项在地表能量闭合中必须考虑。     

沙坡头人工植被区和流动沙丘上热量平衡观测研究

采用流动沙丘上人工植被和裸露流动沙丘下垫面近地层微气象实测资料，应用波文比法，计算了近地层感热和潜热通量＾２），并与作者在防风林干旱裸田和湿润小麦植被农田的结果进行比较分析。结果表明：在雨季的沙坡头地区流动沙丘人工植被上净辐射通量较强，可达６００Ｗ。ｍ＾－２以上，而净辐射的７０％左右的能量用于地表的蒸散，而感热散失和土壤贮存能量各占１５％左右；裸露流动沙丘上由于地表反射率大而净辐射通量小于植被区，     

中国西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季的热力输送

以敦煌戈壁站2004年6月和2008年8月的常规观测和超声观测为例,分析了西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季热力输送的一般过程及特征。首先评价了湍流通量的观测质量以及仪器观测的地表能量通量闭合问题,结果表明敦煌戈壁站的观测在白天总体较好。夏季地表能量通量的平均日变化显示,潜热通量整天都很小,可以忽略,白天到达地表的短波辐射以及地表向上的长波辐射非常强,地表净辐射主要转化为感热输送（敦煌戈壁站在中午时平均分别达380W·m-2以上和250W·m-2以上）;夜间土壤释放热量以平衡地表的辐射冷却,感热通量略低于0。白天时地表大气经常触发自由对流活动,影响动量通量的观测质量,并有效输送地表热力至上层大气中,有助于形成超厚大气边界层。分析了戈壁下垫面的动量粗糙度特征和热力粗糙度特征（敦煌戈壁站动量粗糙度约为0．6mm）,热力粗糙度基本小于动量粗糙度一个量级,这符合目前对干旱区戈壁下垫面热力输送特征的初步认识。     

A cold air outbreak near Spitsbergen in springtime — Boundary-layer modification and cloud development

A moderate cold air outbreak from the Arctic ice over the warm West-Spitsbergen current on 15 and 16 May 1988 during the field experiment ARKTIS '88 is analysed using data from four aircraft and one research vessel.The downstream development of cloud coverage appears to depend sensitively on the moisture content above the inversion. The cloud amount determines the energy balance at the sea surface. Under daytime conditions and little cloud cover, energy is added to the ocean in spite of sensible and latent heat losses.The downstream temperature increase in the boundary layer is controlled by sensible heat flux and by longwave radiation cooling. The entrainment sensible heat flux is the dominating term in the region near the ice edge. The downstream moisture increase is controlled by surface evaporation. Condensation processes play no significant role.On 16 May 1988 cloud streets near the ice edge changed to closed cloud meanders in the downstream direction. The aspect ratio increased from 3 to around 10 over a distance of 200 km. In the cloud street region, the dynamical generation of turbulent kinetic energy due to wind shear at the tilted inversion was larger than the thermal generation.Cloud droplet concentration, mean droplet radius and liquid water content increased linearly with height. The maximum liquid water content was only 0.1 g/kg near the top of a 400 m thick closed cloud and clearly below the adiabatic value. The net longwave radiation flux decreased by 50 W/m² at cloud top and increased by 13 W/m² at cloud base.     

白洋淀水陆不均匀地区能量平衡特征分析

应用2005年9月在河北白洋淀地区进行的大气边界层综合观测实验资料, 对水陆不均匀地表条件下的白洋淀地区陆地的能量平衡特征进行了分析。结果表明: (1) 该地区存在能量不闭合现象。涡动相关法得到的感热、 潜热之和仅为有效能的75%, 其中涡动相关法得到的潜热通量为Bowen比法得到的潜热通量的70%, 而涡动相关法得到的感热通量为Bowen比法得到的感热通量的77% 。 (2) 地表潜热通量和感热通量随着净辐射的变化而变化。但潜热通量明显比感热通量大, 净辐射主要消耗于地表的水汽蒸发。 (3) 该地区白天的Bowen比平均在-0.4~0.4之间, 总体平均为0.131。受天气条件影响较大, 有明显的日变化, 午后15:00以后近地面层会出现逆温, Bowen比变为负值。 (4) 能量闭合程度有一定的日变化, 随着太阳高度角的增大而增大。     

Diurnal Variations of the Flux Imbalance Over Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Landscapes

It is well known that the sum of the turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes as measured by the eddy-covariance method is systematically lower than the available energy (i.e., the net radiation minus the ground heat flux). We examine the separate and joint effects of diurnal and spatial variations of surface temperature on this flux imbalance in a dry convective boundary layer using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Results show that, over homogeneous surfaces, the flux due to turbulent-organized structures is responsible for the imbalance, whereas over heterogeneous surfaces, the flux due to mesoscale or secondary circulations is the main contributor to the imbalance. Over homogeneous surfaces, the flux imbalance in free convective conditions exhibits a clear diurnal cycle, showing that the flux-imbalance magnitude slowly decreases during the morning period and rapidly increases during the afternoon period. However, in shear convective conditions, the flux-imbalance magnitude is much smaller, but slightly increases with time. The flux imbalance over heterogeneous surfaces exhibits a diurnal cycle under both free and shear convective conditions, which is similar to that over homogeneous surfaces in free convective conditions, and is also consistent with the general trend in the global observations. The rapid increase in the flux-imbalance magnitude during the afternoon period is mainly caused by the afternoon decay of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Interestingly, over heterogeneous surfaces, the flux imbalance is linearly related to the TKE and the difference between the potential temperature and surface temperature, ΔT; the larger the TKE and ΔT values, the smaller the flux-imbalance magnitude.     

北京城市下垫面边界层湍流统计特征

分析了1998年10月在北京325 m气象塔47 m、120m及280m 3层取得的湍流资料,讨论了湍流宏观统计特征量等随稳定度变化的规律.结果表明,47 m及120 m观测到的感热通量的日变化基本一致,城市边界层中近地层高度可达100m左右,这主要是由于下垫面粗糙度很大所致.同时发现当冷空气来临时,边界层中的感热通量会有明显增大.     

Turbulence Characteristics of the Stable Boundary Layer Over a Mid-Latitude Glacier. Part I: A Combination of Katabatic and Large-Scale Forcing

Profile and eddy-correlation (heights of 4 and 10 m) measurements performed on the Pasterze glacier (Austria) are used to study the characteristics of the stable boundary layer under conditions of katabatic and large-scale forcing. We consider cases where large-scale forcing results in a downslope (or following) ambient wind. The analysis of averaged spectra and cospectra reveals low frequency perturbations that have a large influence on the variances of temperature and horizontal wind components and also alter the cospectra of momentum and sensible heat flux. Only the spectrum of the vertical wind speed is comparable to universal spectra. The low frequency perturbations occur as brief intermittent events and result in downward entrainment of ambient air thereby producing enhanced downward sensible heat fluxes and downward as well as upward momentum fluxes with various magnitudes and timescales. After the variances were high pass filtered, the normalised standard deviations of wind speed and temperature compare favourably to findings in the literature within the range 0>z/L>0.5. For larger z/L they deviate as a result of an increased influence from low frequency perturbations and thus non-stationarity. In line with this, the turbulent kinetic energy budget (at 4 m height) indicates that production (shear) is in balance with destruction (buoyancy and dissipation) within the range 0>z/L>0.3. Non-dimensional gradients of wind speed within the range 0>z/L>0.3 have a slope of about 3.5. The scatter for the dimensionless temperature gradient is quite large, and the slope is comparable to that for wind speed gradients. For z/L>0.3 the imbalance in the turbulent kinetic energy budget grows and non-dimensional gradients for wind speed and temperature deviate considerably from accepted values as a result of increased non-stationarity. Average roughness lengths for momentum and sensible heat flux derived from wind speed and temperature profiles are respectively 1 × 10^-3 m and 6 × 10^-5 m, consistent with the literature. The ratio (z_0h/z_0m) compares to those predicted by surface renewal models. A variation of this ratio with the roughness Reynolds number is not indicated by our data.     

An Assessment of Storage Terms in the Surface Energy Balance of a Subalpine Meadow in Northwest China

The heat storage terms in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system may play an important role in the surface energy budget.In this paper,we evaluate the heat storage terms of a subalpine meadow based on a ficld experiment conducted in the complex terrain of the eastern Qilian Mountains of Northwest China and their impact on the closure of the surface energy balance under such non-ideal conditions.During the night, the average sum of the storage terms was -5.5 W m^-2,which corresponded to 10.4%of net radiation.The sum of the terms became positive at 0730 LST and negative again at about 1500 LST,with a maximum value of 19 W m^-2 observed at approximately 0830 LST.During the day,the average of the sum of the storage terms was 6.5 W m^-2,which corresponded to 4.0%of net radiation.According to the slopes obtained when linear regression of the net radiation and partitioned fluxes was forced through the origin,there is an imbalance of 14.0%in the subalpine meadow when the storage terms are not considered in the surface energy balance.This imbalance was improved by 3.4%by calculating the sum of the storage terms.The soil heat storage flux gave the highest contribution（1.59%）,while the vegetation enthalpy change and the rest of the storage terms were responsible for improvements of 1.04%and 0.77%,respectively.     

Estimations of Land Surface Characteristic Parameters and TurbulentHeat Fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau Based on FY-4A/AGRI Data

正Nan GE1, Lei ZHONG*1,2,3, Yaoming MA4,5,6, Yunfei FU1, Mijun ZOU1,Meilin CHENG1, Xian WANG1, and Ziyu HUANG1