钙质粗粒料颗粒强度和压缩特性的试验研究

目前对钙质土压缩特性的研究主要集中在钙质细砂,而实际工程中广泛存在钙质粗粒料,因此对钙质粗粒料压缩特性开展研究具有重要意义。通过颗粒强度测定仪和全自动大型固结仪对钙质土进行了单颗粒破碎试验和一维压缩试验,研究了颗粒粒径和相对密度对钙质粗粒料的颗粒强度和压缩特性的影响。单颗粒试验结果表明,钙质砂单颗粒的特征应力随着颗粒相对密度的增大而增大;单颗粒的破碎强度具有明显的尺寸效应,可利用单颗粒的特征应力进行标准化,且服从Weibull分布。压缩试验结果表明,单一粒径试样破碎后的分形维数随颗粒粒径的增大而增大;试样的Hardin破碎率与塑性功的关系为幂函数关系;在本次试验条件下,单一粒径试样的屈服应力与单颗粒的特征应力存在近似线性关系。     

粗粒料颗粒破碎数值模拟研究

粗粒料在外力作用下存在明显的颗粒破碎特性,研究颗粒破碎过程是当前研究的热点问题之一。基于粗粒料单颗粒破碎机制,考虑单颗粒破碎强度与直径的变化规律,采用非线性接触H-Z模型和密度控制法建立了粗粒料颗粒破碎数值模型。开展粗粒料双轴剪切试验数值模拟研究,并与室内试验结果进行对比分析。研究表明：建立的粗粒料颗粒破碎数值模型能够较好地模拟粗粒料偏应力与轴向应变和体积应变与轴向应变的关系;数值模拟获得的粗粒料颗粒破碎率与室内试验结果基本一致;去除试样制备过程和固结过程引起的颗粒破碎,不同围压条件下的颗粒破碎率归一化后基本重合,且可以近似地采用双曲线函数进行拟合。颗粒破碎率随着围压的增大,逐渐增大,试验级配趋于Einav提出的颗粒破碎的最终级配（分维数等于2.6）     

Effects of particle size on crushing and deformation behaviors of rockfill materials

Strength and deformation behaviors of rockfill materials,key factors for determining the stability of dams,pertain strongly to the grain crushing characteristics.In this study,single-particle crushing tests were carried out on rockfill materials with nominal particle diameters of 2.5 mm,5 mm and 10 mm to investigate the particle size effect on the single-particle strength and the relationship between the characteristic stress and probability of non-failure.Test data were found to be described by the Weibull distribution with the Weibull modulus of 3.24.Assemblies with uniform nominal grains were then subjected to one-dimensional compression tests at eight levels of vertical stress with a maximum of 100 MPa.The yield stress in one-dimensional compression tests increased with decreasing the particle size,which could be estimated from the single-particle crushing tests.The void ratio-vertical stress curve could be predicted by an exponential function.The particle size distribution curve increased obviously with applied stresses less than 16 MPa and gradually reached the ultimate fractal grading.The relative breakage index became constant with stress up to 64 MPa and was obtained from the ultimate grading at the fractal dimension(a?2:7).A hyperbolical function was also found useful for describing the relationship between the relative breakage index and input work during one-dimensional compression tests.     

颗粒破碎对钙质砂的应力-应变及强度影响研究

压力作用下颗粒发生破碎是引起砂土力学特性变化的重要因素之一, 对于钙质砂这种易破碎的材料更是如此。为进一步弄清颗粒破碎对钙质砂的应力-应变强度影响, 本文对钙质砂进行三轴固结排水剪切试验得到应力-应变曲线, 并筛分得到三轴试验前后钙质砂颗分曲线。通过引入Hardin定义的颗粒相对破碎率Br, 分析了相对密度、围压与颗粒破碎的关系及颗粒破碎对钙质砂应力-应变和抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:随围压的增大颗粒破碎增量逐渐减小, 直到破碎达到一个上限值, 此时围压和相对密度对颗粒破碎影响很小; 颗粒间的滑动标志着应力达到极限状态, 而颗粒破碎会阻碍应力达到极限状态, 在本实验中, 低围压时颗粒破碎少, 颗粒相对运动形式为滑移, 使应力-应变曲线为软化型, 高围压下颗粒破碎严重, 颗粒破碎在剪切过程中始终发生, 使应力-应变曲线呈应变硬化型; 颗粒破碎使体变从剪胀逐渐发展到剪缩, 且破碎越严重剪缩越严重; 在低围压下钙质砂强度主要由剪胀和咬合提供, 高围压下颗粒破碎严重, 剪胀消失, 咬合减小, 使峰值摩擦角减小, 抗剪强度降低。     

超高台阶排土场散体块度分布规律及抗剪强度参数的研究

“明显的粒径分级”是超高台阶排土场的重要特征,而散体岩土块度分布及其抗剪强度参数是影响超高台阶排土场稳定性和灾害防治的两个关键因素。针对江西某铜矿排土场,开展了现场粒径调查和散体室内试验研究,探讨了排土场散体岩土块度随排土场高度变化的分布规律,分析了散体岩土块度分布参数与其物料抗剪强度参数的定量关系式。研究结果表明,平均粒径 、粗料含量P>5 mm和最大粒径是随排土场高度的增加而明显减小,这表明排土场的堆积散体具有“明显的粒径分级”现象;“Gandin-Schuhmann模型”拟合的分布参数与排土场高度呈递减函数;分布参数B越大,粒度组成中粗颗粒含量越多,剪切强度参数内摩擦角φ值越大,且分布参数B与内摩擦角φ呈指数函数关系。研究成果可为超高台阶排土场稳定性分析及灾害防治提供理论依据。     

高应力下剪切速率对砂土抗剪强度影响研究

应用DRS-1型高压直剪仪,进行了16组法向应力水平、5种剪切速率条件下福建标准砂的抗剪强度试验,试验结果表明,高应力下砂土的抗剪强度受法向应力和剪切速率的共同影响。法向应力和剪切速率通过影响颗粒破碎和颗粒重排列程度等试样的细观参数,决定了砂土宏观上抗剪强度的发挥。当法向应力较小时,砂土抗剪强度与剪切速率基本无关;但是当法向应力较大时,较快剪切速率条件下的砂土抗剪强度变小,且其摩尔强度包线出现了“下弯-上扬”循环波动,因此不可以忽略剪切速率对砂土抗剪强度的影响。     

粗粒含量对散体岩土颗粒破碎及强度特性试验研究

明显的粒径分级和深部土的颗粒破碎是超高排土场的两个主要特征。基于改装后的大型两用直剪仪对不同粗粒含量的颗粒破碎和抗剪强度进行试验研究。颗粒破碎试验结果表明：垂直压力小于400 kPa的情况下破碎率极小,在垂直压力大于400 kPa时,随垂直压力的增大破碎率增加明显;粗粒含量小于46.0%时,相对破碎率较小,粗粒含量大于46%时,颗粒破碎率随粗粒含量的增加而明显增大;相对破碎率与垂直压力可用双曲线关系表示;长期浸泡于水中的土样颗粒破碎相当明显。剪切强度试验结果表明：在粗粒含量等于24%时,低垂直压力下的剪应力-应变曲线呈微软化或微硬化型,较高垂直压力下呈轻微软化型;在粗粒含量等于78%时,低垂直压力下其剪应力-应变曲线呈软化型,较高垂直压力下表现为轻微硬化型。较高垂直压力下的抗剪强度包线呈明显的非线性。当颗粒破碎率较小时,分别在垂直压力小于400 kPa和大于400 kPa时拟合的内摩擦角值变化不大;当颗粒破碎率明显增大时,垂直压力大于400 kPa时的内摩擦角值明显低于垂直压力小于400 kPa时拟合的内摩擦角值。     

基于颗粒破碎的粗粒土剪切强度的模拟分析

颗粒破碎在岩土工程领域是很常见的现象,土工试验中无法显示颗粒破碎过程及其影响,本文采用离散单元软件PFC2D模拟了考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土的直剪试验,给出了考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土直剪试验的模拟方法,分析粗粒土的剪应力-剪切位移关系、剪胀和剪切强度等宏观力学行为,探讨基本颗粒间黏聚力、单颗粒孔隙率和粗粒土试样的孔隙率对剪切强度的影响。结果表明:颗粒破碎对剪切强度的破碎准则有影响,颗粒不破碎试样的剪切强度符合Mohr-Coulomb准则;颗粒破碎试样的强度包络线是幂函数关系。     

三轴试验抗剪强度指标线性回归方法的讨论

利用线性回归统计抗剪强度指标是岩土工程中的常用手段。对于常规三轴试验,可以通过线性拟合p-q曲线或者拟合大小主应力的方法来求解抗剪强度参数,并给出了这两种方法的完整计算公式,同时应用矩法和线性回归方法统计了小浪底64组320个固结排水三轴试验和多个水利工程大坝填筑料的试验资料,发现对于常规三轴试验,拟合p-q曲线求解抗剪强度参数存在高估摩擦系数、低估粘聚力的问题;利用概率理论对两种方法进行了对比分析也发现了同样的趋势。因此,根据常规三轴试验统计抗剪强度参数时采用直接拟合大小主应力更为合理。     

Cavity expansion analyses of crushable granular materials with state‐dependent dilatancy

Crushability is one of the important behaviors of granular materials particularly under high stress states, and affects both the deformability and strength of the materials that are in essence associated with state‐dependent dilatancy. In this presentation, first, a new critical state model is proposed to take into account the three different modes of compressive deformation of crushable granular materials, i.e. particle rearrangement, particle crushing and pseudo‐elastic deformation. Second, the governing equations for cavity expansion in crushable granulates are introduced, in which the state‐dependent dilatancy as well as the bounding surface plasticity model are used. Then, the procedure to obtain semi‐analytical solutions to cavity expansion in the material is described in detail, in which a commercial differential equation solver is employed. Finally, cavity expansion analyses are carried out on Toyoura sand, a well‐documented granular material, to demonstrate the effects of crushability and state‐dependent dilatancy. The study shows that particle crushing does occur at both high stress and critical states and affects the stress fields and the deformation behavior of the material surrounding the cavity in association with state‐dependent dilatancy. This leads to conclusion that particle crushing and state‐dependent dilatancy have to be taken into account when cavity expansion theory is used to interpret cone penetration tests and pressuremeter tests. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高压力下层间错动带残余强度特性和颗粒破碎试验研究

针对某水电站层间错动带的原状样与重塑样,模拟现场地应力条件,在试验法向应力高达10 MPa条件下开展了反复直剪试验。试验结果表明：原状样峰值强度高于重塑样,但强度下降较快,二者残余强度趋于一致;此外,试样发生了大规模的颗粒破碎,采用颗粒相对破碎势Br量化重塑样剪切面附近区域与非剪切面附近区域颗粒破碎程度,对比发现,前者颗粒破碎程度高于后者,且破碎机制不同;剪切面颗粒破碎是高压力下残余强度包线非线性的根本原因：剪切强度的下降（残余强度与峰值强度的比值）与Br和S2（试验前后小于粒径< 2 µm 颗粒含量的比值）呈线性关系,颗粒破碎导致的能量释放和不断产生的黏粒（< 2 µm）降低了剪切强度。     

双轴压缩条件下颗粒材料中力链的演化

针对无黏性颗粒材料,开展了柔性边界双轴压缩数值试验,分析了不同围压下力链的数量、方向概率等随轴向应变的变化。研究结果表明：不断加载使得游离的高应力颗粒有所减少,荷载更多的被力链承担;统计意义上,力链最大长度为9个颗粒。轴向±30o范围内力链概率随应变的发展与偏应力一致,而与其邻接的[40o,60o]和[120o,140o]两个方向上的力链概率随应变的发展与偏应力相反;双轴试样剪切破坏时有单剪切带和双剪切带两种模式,当[40o,60o]和[120o,140o]两个角度区间的力链概率有较大差异时,剪切带出现在力链较少的角度区间;当这两个角度区间力链概率接近时,试样中将出现两个剪切带。     

An elastoplastic constitutive model for rockfills incorporating energy dissipation of nonlinear friction and particle breakage

A new elastoplastic model is developed for rockfills within the general critical state framework incorporating the state parameter. Two state functions are proposed to characterize the evolution of volume dilation and strain softening of rockfills, and a modified breakage index based on the concept of Hardin's relative breakage is defined to describe the progressive crushing of rockfills. The nonassociated plastic flow rule is derived from a state dependent dilatancy equation, and it incorporates energy dissipation due to intrinsic nonlinear friction and particle breakage upon shearing. Thus, their couple effect on the plastic deviatoric and volumetric deformation of rockfills is taken into account in the current model. The numerical analyses are carried out for a series of drained triaxial tests on the modeled rockfills at various consolidation pressures and stress paths. The volume dilation/contraction and strain softening/hardening of rockfills are accurately predicted by the proposed model, and the particle breakage and nonlinear critical state shear strength of rockfills are also well captured. The research findings indicate that the current model is applicable to represent the complex stress–strain–volume change behavior of rockfills in general. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

崩积体剪切性能试验研究

崩积体是一种由土体和块石堆积形成的天然地质体,其内部结构特征在很大程度上控制着崩积体的物理力学特性。通过对崩积体进行现场实地踏勘,收集典型工点的崩积体试样,考虑原样级配,开展了对崩积体重塑样的室内大尺度直剪试验,获得了不同含石量、块石形状、土体性质以及应力状态下崩积体的剪应力-应变曲线与抗剪强度曲线,分析并探讨了其变形与强度特性变化规律及内在机制,首次提出了崩积体抗剪强度随含石量增长模式曲线。研究结果表明：崩积体剪应力-应变曲线较常规的单一介质有显著区别。在低法向应力下,崩积体表现为剪胀,而在高法向应力下,则表现为先剪缩后剪胀。崩积混合体的抗剪强度随含石量的增加经历了缓慢增长－快速增长－缓慢增长的过程,其内摩擦角增量与含石量（含黏性土崩积体为0～80%,含砂土崩积体为40%～80%）近似成线性增长的关系。相同含石量情况下,含不规则形状块石的崩积体内摩擦角显著高于含规则形状块石的混合体。     

黄土颗粒结构特征及其对剪切行为的影响

微结构控制着黄土的宏观力学行为,进而影响着工程土体稳定性。本文通过X射线CT试验研究了陕西泾阳Q₂黄土试样的三维颗粒结构特征,结合三轴剪切试验建立了黄土的颗粒流离散元数值计算模型,探讨了颗粒尺寸、形态和排列等结构特征对黄土剪切行为的影响。结果表明黄土试样颗粒的等效直径分布满足Weibull概率分布,球度分布符合Gamma分布,颗粒最大Feret直径方向角集中分布在与地层近平行的方向,表现出横观各向同性的排列特征。颗粒尺寸分布与颗粒球度值对试样的剪切破坏方式影响较小,主要影响试样的剪切强度特征:颗粒尺寸分布越均匀,试样应变硬化现象越显著,抗剪强度越高;椭圆形颗粒的球度值越小,试样的应变硬化现象越显著,但抗剪强度相对越低。颗粒排列方式对剪切行为的影响较显著,颗粒方向主要垂直于轴向加载方向时,试样具有较大的峰值强度和应力降,形成贯通的剪切破坏面;颗粒方向主要平行于轴向加载方向时,试样具有较低的抗剪强度,表现为塑性剪切破坏。     

堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的颗粒流模拟方法研究

围绕堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的颗粒流模拟方法展开研究。首先,基于FISH二次开发建立了堆石料的随机不规则单粒模型,充分考虑堆石料的形状特征和破碎现象;然后,建立了堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的等效模拟方法,以单粒强度随其粒径的变化规律为基础,推导了堆石料模型中细观黏结强度与堆石料等效粒径的负指数经验公式;其次,基于建立的数值模型对堆石料的室内单粒压缩试验进行仿真模拟,验证数值模型的正确性和合理性,并对较大粒径堆石料的单粒强度进行模拟预测,突出数值试验的优势;最后,基于建立的数值模型对相同粒径不同形状特征堆石料的单粒强度分布特征进行模拟研究。研究结果表明：（1）堆石料内部缺陷含量和尺寸随粒径增加对其单粒强度所产生的尺寸效应,可通过堆石料模型中细观强度参数随粒径折减进行等效模拟;（2）形状特征对堆石料的破裂机制具有重要影响,方形颗粒为压剪破裂,单粒强度较高,而随机不规则颗粒和圆形颗粒为拉剪或劈裂,单粒强度相对较低;（3）拉剪或劈裂条件下,堆石料形状越不规则,其单粒强度的离散程度越高,反之则离散程度越低。相关研究成果可为进一步研究荷载作用下堆石体内各粒径段堆石料的破碎量奠定基础,从而更加真实地反映堆石体的级配演化规律。     

Strength anisotropy of granular material consisting of perfectly round particles

The strength anisotropy of granular materials deposited under gravity has mostly been attributed to elongated particles' tendency to align long axes along the bedding plane direction. However, recent experiments on near‐spherical glass beads, for which preferred particle alignment is inapplicable, have exhibited surprisingly strong strength anisotropy. This study tests the hypothesis that certain amount of fabric anisotropy caused by the anisotropic stress during deposition under gravity can be locked in a circular‐particle deposit. Such locked‐in fabric anisotropy can withstand isotropic consolidation and leads to significant strength anisotropy. 2D discrete element method simulations of direct shear tests on circular‐particle deposits are conducted in this study, allowing for the monitoring of both stress and fabric. Simulations on both monodispersed and polydispersed circular‐particle samples generated under downward gravitational acceleration exhibit clear anisotropy in shear strength, thereby proving the hypothesis. When using contact normal‐based and void‐based fabric tensors to quantify fabric anisotropy in the material, we find that the intensity of anisotropy is discernible but low prior to shearing and is dependent on the consolidation process and the dispersity of the sample. The fact that samples with very low anisotropy intensity measurements still exhibit fairly strong strength anisotropy suggests that current typical contact normal‐based and void‐based second‐order fabric tensor formulations may not be very effective in reflecting the anisotropic peak shear strength of granular materials. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

典型巴东组泥质粉砂岩双轴压缩试验细观组构特征

基于泥质粉砂岩室内双轴压缩试验，建立PFC_2D颗粒流数值模型，以此来探究泥质粉砂岩破坏的细观机理。考虑组成泥质粉砂岩试样的颗粒形状，根据电镜扫描图勾选出5种典型颗粒形状，与圆形颗粒一起生成给定孔隙率的稳定数值试样。颗粒间选用平行粘结接触模型，选取弹性模量、泊松比、峰值应力分别对饱和、天然状态的泥质粉砂岩试样进行不同围压下的细观参数标定，然后进行双轴压缩试验模拟，分析试样在双轴压缩试验过程中颗粒法向接触力、切向接触力、配位数、孔隙率等细观组构参数的分布特征和演化规律。试验结果表明:双轴压缩试验的细观参数标定可不考虑抗剪强度指标黏聚力c和内摩擦角ϕ值的影响。破坏前后，试样各方向统计范围内都存在法向接触力和切向接触力。围压的存在影响试样的起始配位数、孔隙率和试样破坏后的稳定配位数和孔隙率，对配位数和孔隙率的改变速率影响很小。试样空间孔隙率的演化在一定程度上反映了试样破坏时内部结构的变迁，能更加直观地反映试样的破坏模式。      

Single-particle crushing strength under different relative humidity conditions

This paper presents a fundamental study on the effect of the relative humidity on the rockfill crushing strength. This aspect plays an important role in the mechanical behaviour of rockfill, and it is known that certain characteristics of the granular materials, such as compressibility and shear strength, depend on the confining stress, which is a function of the particles crushing. An increased interest has been observed regarding the effect of the relative humidity in the mechanical behaviour of rockfill. Unfortunately, limited research has been conducted until now regarding the study of individual particle crushing. Therefore, this paper thoroughly investigated particle crushing, by performing single-particle crushing tests on rockfill particles divided into four size ranges, under different relative humidity conditions. The experimental results reveal a considerable influence of the relative humidity in the studied rockfill particles, whose strength of the particles with the greatest dimensions in saturated conditions was reduced by half. Consistent macro-mechanical evidence demonstrates that particle’s size and relative humidity conditions depict the most important factors that influence particle crushing strength.