ParCYCLIC: finite element modelling of earthquake liquefaction response on parallel computers

This paper presents the computational procedures and solution strategy employed in ParCYCLIC, a parallel non‐linear finite element program developed based on an existing serial code CYCLIC for the analysis of cyclic seismically‐induced liquefaction problems. In ParCYCLIC, finite elements are employed within an incremental plasticity, coupled solid–fluid formulation. A constitutive model developed for simulating liquefaction‐induced deformations is a main component of this analysis framework. The elements of the computational strategy, designed for distributed‐memory message‐passing parallel computer systems, include: (a) an automatic domain decomposer to partition the finite element mesh; (b) nodal ordering strategies to minimize storage space for the matrix coefficients; (c) an efficient scheme for the allocation of sparse matrix coefficients among the processors; and (d) a parallel sparse direct solver. Application of ParCYCLIC to simulate 3‐D geotechnical experimental models is demonstrated. The computational results show excellent parallel performance and scalability of ParCYCLIC on parallel computers with a large number of processors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A numerical study of the effect of soil and grout material properties and cover depth in shield tunnelling

For shield-driven tunnels, the influence of the soil and grout material properties and of the cover depth on the surface settlements, the loading and deformation of the tunnel lining and the steering of the TBM is investigated numerically. To this end, comparative numerical simulations of a mechanised tunnel advance in homogeneous, overconsolidated, soft, cohesive soil below the ground water table are performed and sensitivities are evaluated. The advancement of the step-by-step tunnel construction process is modelled using a three-dimensional finite element model, which takes into account all relevant components of shield tunnelling. The material behaviour of the saturated soil and the tail void grout is modelled by a two-field finite element formulation in conjunction with an elasto-plastic Cam-Clay model for the soil and a hydration-dependent constitutive model for the grout. The analyses provide valuable information with regard to the significance of the investigated parameters and demonstrate the complexity of the various interactions in shield tunnelling.     

近距离叠交隧道盾构施工对老隧道影响的数值模拟

以上海市轨道交通明珠线二期工程浦东南路站-南浦大桥站区间近距离叠交隧道盾构施工为研究对象,采用三维非线性有限元,对近距离叠交情况下后建隧道盾构施工引起老隧道衬砌的应力和变形进行了模拟,并研究了土层性质、隧道覆土厚度、隧道间相对位置、隧道间相对距离等因素与隧道间影响的关系。结果表明,隧道间相对位置、相对距离对隧道间相互作用的影响非常大,应引起足够的重视。     

Seepage characteristics and mechanical response of shield tunnels under localized leakage and exosmosisEI北大核心

针对有压盾构隧道中接缝水力劣化所引发的内外水力交互渗流问题,基于水力开度理论,通过数值和解析方法研究局部渗流下隧道衬砌与周围地层的渗流特性和力学响应。结果表明:基于镜像法推导的衬砌隧洞多点渗漏下渗流场解析解与数值解吻合良好,验证了给出的局部渗漏数值模型的有效性;局部外水内渗与内水外渗诱发的衬砌与地层共同作用存在较大差异,前者导致局部孔隙水压力降低引起土体挤压衬砌,衬砌轴力减小而弯矩增大从而产生衬砌外凸,后者则相反;多点局部渗漏对渗流场和衬砌响应的影响存在耦合作用,当内水压接近地层水头时可能出现外水内渗与内水外渗并存的特殊水力交互情况;地层渗透系数对局部渗漏行为的影响较大,复合地层下当局部渗漏发生于高渗透性地层时,其诱发的衬砌响应不显著,当渗漏处于下部低渗透性地层时,在地层交界面存在渗流折射现象,上部高渗透性地层起到补(排)水作用。     

盾构隧道施工土体扰动范围研究

盾构隧道施工,隧道周边土体应力场发生改变,临近隧道土体因应力扰动出现塑性区,塑性区的分布范围与注浆压力、注浆量等注浆参数密切相关。塑性区被认为是施工扰动比较严重的区域,为分析盾构施工扰动范围,基于小孔扩张理论研究了注浆压力、注浆量对土体扰动塑性区的影响,推导了塑性区与注浆压力和注浆量之间的函数关系。在定义扰动评价标准基础上,提出应用有限元计算盾构施工塑性区和扰动范围的一种简捷实用的数值方法。最后采用静力触探现场测试盾构施工扰动范围,并与理论公式及有限元方法进行比较,理论公式、有限元及现场测试三者取得了较为一致的结果,验证了推荐方法的有效性。其研究结果可对盾构施工注浆参数的正确选择提供理论支持。     

Prediction of swelling rocks strain in tunneling

Swelling deformations leading to convergence of tunnels may result in significant difficulties during the construction, in particular for long term use of tunnels. By extracting an experimental based explicit analytical solution for formulating swelling strains as a function of time and stress, swelling strains are predicted from the beginning of excavation and during the service life of tunnel. Results obtained from the analytical model show a proper agreement with experimental results. This closed-form solution has been implemented within a numerical program using the finite element method for predicting time-dependent swelling strain around tunnels. Evaluating effects of swelling parameters on time-dependent strains and tunnel shape on swelling behavior around the tunnel according to this analytical solution is considered. The ground-support interaction and consequent swelling effect on the induced forces in tunnel lining is considered too. Effect of delay in lining installation on swelling pressure which acting on the lining and its structural integrity, is also evaluated. A MATLAB code of “SRAP” is prepared and applied to calculate all swelling analysis around tunnels based on analytical solution.     

Homogenization framework for three‐dimensional elastoplastic finite element analysis of a grouted pipe‐roofing reinforcement method for tunnelling

This paper deals with the grouted pipe‐roofing reinforcement method that is used in the construction of tunnels through weak grounds. This system consists on installing, prior to the excavation of a length of tunnel, an array of pipes forming a kind of ‘umbrella’ above the area to be excavated. In some cases, these pipes are later used to inject grout to strengthen the ground and ‘connect’ the pipes. This system has proven to be very efficient in reducing tunnel convergence and water inflow when tunnelling through weak grounds. However, due to the geometrical and mechanical complexity of the problem, existing finite element frameworks are inappropriate to simulate tunnelling using this method. In this paper, a mathematical framework based on a homogenization technique to simulate ‘grouted pipe‐roofing reinforced ground’ and its implementation into a 3‐D finite element programme that can consider stage construction situations are presented. The constitutive model developed allows considering the main design parameters of the problem and only requires geometrical and mechanical properties of the constituents. Additionally, the use of a homogenization approach implies that the generation of the finite element mesh can be easily produced and that re‐meshing is not required as basic geometrical parameters such as the orientation of the pipes are changed. The model developed is used to simulate tunnelling with the grouted pipe‐roofing reinforcement method. From the analyses, the effects of the main design parameters on the elastic and the elastoplastic analyses are considered. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅埋隧道掌子面稳定性二维自适应上限有限元分析

为研究浅埋隧道掌子面稳定性及获取精细化的破坏模式,提出了一种上限有限元非结构化网格自适应加密策略。以单元耗散能权重指标作为网格自适应加密评判准则,该策略同时兼顾了单元尺度与塑性应变。应用高阶的6节点三角形单元并建立上限有限元线性规划模型,以多次反复计算和网格加密的方式实现了二维自适应上限有限元分析并编制了计算程序。利用条形基础地基极限承载力课题,从上限解精度和网格加密形态方面验证了该程序的有效性。针对浅埋隧道掌子面稳定性问题,展开多参数条件下的自适应上限有限元计算,分析了网格加密过程中单元总数与上限解精度的关系,列出不同隧道埋深和内摩擦角对应的隧道掌子面稳定性临界值的上限解,揭示出掌子面稳定性变化规律及精细化的破坏模式。     

运营期水下盾构隧道管片接缝张开度变化规律

水下盾构隧道管片间接缝张开度对隧道防水及运营期结构安全有重要影响。以南京扬子江隧道结构健康监测系统中两个典型监测断面的接缝监测数据为基础,通过多元线性回归分析方法分析在两种不同地层组合下接缝张开度随水位、温度变化的规律;并对接缝张开度随水位变化的规律进行了有限元数值模拟,数值模拟结果与回归分析结果吻合较好。上述分析结果表明,纵缝张开度和横缝张开度随水位、温度的变化均呈现较好的线性关系,具体变化趋势如下：当盾构隧道穿越上砂下岩的上透下不透地层时,环内上半部分管片纵缝张开度随水位的增大而增大,受温度影响则相对较小;当盾构隧道穿越砂性全透水地层时,环内管片纵缝张开度随水位的增大而减小,受温度影响也相对较小;环间横缝张开度在上述两种地层下随水位、温度的变化趋势相同,均随水位增大而增大,随温度的升高而减小。     

基于拼缝有效开度的盾构隧道渗流量及衬砌等效渗透系数计算

拼缝渗漏水是盾构隧道最常见的病害表现形式,对衬砌的服役性能有重要影响.在前人研究成果的基础上,提出基于防水密封垫失效的拼缝有效开度假定,进而推导出基于拼缝有效开度的盾构隧道渗流量及衬砌等效渗透系数的实用计算公式.以国内较为通用的常规断面盾构隧道为例,利用上述实用公式估算其渗流量,并与基于块体离散元的数值模拟结果相互验证...     

A Physical and Numerical Investigation on the Stability of Shallow Tunnels in Strain Softening Media

Summary The behaviour up to failure of shallow underground openings is discussed on the basis of some laboratory, small-scale model tests and of finite element simulation. The experimental results are first illustrated. They were obtained from two-dimensional (plane strain) and three-dimensional tunnel models tested under standard gravity conditions. Then, the phenomenon of strain localisation that characterizes the medium surrounding the model tunnels is discussed, recalling two alternative approaches for its numerical interpretation. On this basis, a finite element procedure for strain softening analyses is outlined and applied to the simulation of the tests in both two- and three-dimensional conditions. The comparison between experimental and numerical results leads to some conclusions on the influence of strain localisation on the overall behaviour of shallow tunnels and on the stability of their headings.     

A new numerical approach to the hyperstatic reaction method for segmental tunnel linings

This paper proposes a numerical approach to the hyperstatic reaction method (HRM) for the analysis of segmental tunnel linings. The influence of segmental joints has been considered directly using a fixity ratio that is determined on the basis of the rotational stiffness. The parameters necessary for the calculation are presented. A specific implementation has been developed using a FEM framework. This code is able to consider the three‐dimensional (3D) effect of segment joints in successive rings on the tunnel lining behaviour. The present HRM allows one to take an arbitrary distribution of segment joints along the tunnel boundary into consideration. In addition, the rotational stiffness of segment joints has been simulated using nonlinear behaviour, as it is closer to the true behaviour of a joint than linear or bilinear behaviour. The numerical results of three hypotheses on ring interaction, which allow the 3D effect of a segmental tunnel lining to be taken into account, have been compared with data obtained from the shield‐driven tunnel of the Bologna–Florence high‐speed railway line project. The numerical results presented in the paper show that the proposed HRM can be used to effectively estimate the behaviour of a segmental tunnel lining. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

采用矿山法构筑区间盾构隧道渡线段的方案探讨

针对北京地区地质条件,提出了在区间盾构隧道之间采用矿山法构筑渡线隧道的方案,即先在最大开挖断面处拆除管片,沿横向扩挖出一条施工通道;然后在施工横通道侧壁开口,从大断面向小断面进行渡线隧道的断面渐变段、双联拱段和分离单洞的施工,从而在两条区间盾构隧道之间采用矿山法完成渡线隧道的施工;最后,应用FLAC数值计算软件,探讨了管片拆除及隧道断面扩挖引起的地表沉降和塑性区分布范围。研究结果表明,针对北京地区的地质条件,提出的在区间盾构隧道之间采用矿山法构筑渡线隧道的方案具有工程适用性。     

Analysis of shield tunnel

This paper proposes a two‐dimensional finite element model for the analysis of shield tunnels by taking into account the construction process which is divided into four stages. The soil is assumed to behave as an elasto‐plastic medium whereas the shield is simulated by beam–joint discontinuous model in which curved beam elements and joint elements are used to model the segments and joints, respectively. As grout is usually injected to fill the gap between the lining and the soil, the property parameters of the grout are chosen in such a way that they can reflect the state of the grout at each stage. Furthermore, the contact condition between the soil and lining will change with the construction stage, and therefore, different stress‐releasing coefficients are used to account for the changes. To assess the accuracy that can be attained by the method in solving practical problems, the shield tunnelling in the No. 7 Subway Line Project in Osaka, Japan, is used as a case history for our study. The numerical results are compared with those measured in the field. The results presented in the paper show that the proposed numerical procedure can be used to effectively estimate the deformation, stresses and moments experienced by the surrounding soils and the concrete lining segments. The analysis and method presented in this paper can be considered to be useful for other subway construction projects involving shield tunnelling in soft soils. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水下盾构隧道纵向上浮理论解及工程应用

考虑静动态上浮力、浆液时变性和上覆土体反向压缩性因素,基于弹性地基梁的弯曲微分方程、有限元理论和变形、转角、剪力以及弯矩协调方程和边界条件,获得了水下盾构隧道纵向上浮的理论解,并运用于“河北第一盾”曹妃甸工业区综合管廊工程。工程算例表明,理论解与数值解最大误差在2.5%以内,与正常掘进段监测值吻合度较高,可用于分析水下盾构隧道纵向上浮。另外,所得理论解摒弃了数值计算模型建立和细化单元的繁琐过程,易被设计、施工人员接受和应用,同时也为完善相关设计规范提供一定参考。     

Multiscale method for long tunnels subjected to seismic loading

A multiscale method for the dynamic analysis of underground structures is proposed, which involves the concurrent discretization of the entire domain with both coarse‐scale and fine‐scale finite element meshes. The coarse‐scale mesh is employed to capture seismic response characteristics of the integral system, whereas the fine‐scale mesh describes in detail the dynamic response in positions of potential damage or interest. For both the coarse‐scale and fine‐scale meshes to overlap, a bridging scale term is introduced so that compatibility of dynamic behavior between the coarse‐ and fine‐scale models is enforced. Both material and contact nonlinearities are considered in the multiscale model. As an application, the model is used for large‐scale seismic response of a newly built long‐distance shield tunnel. Results show that this multiscale method does not have spurious wave reflections at the fine/coarse interface and does not need filtering procedures, which is an advantage compared with the displacement coupling method. Stress and deformation response in lining segments and their connecting bolts are investigated and analyzed within the fine‐scale model, and the capacity of critical structural components, such as bolts and joints is evaluated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simplified numerical modelling of pile penetration – the press‐replace technique

This paper presents a simplified finite element analysis technique, the ‘Press‐Replace’ technique, to model pile penetration problems in geotechnical engineering, particularly, pile jacking. The method is employed in standard finite element analysis software. The method involves a straining and a consequent geometry update phase. First, a cone penetration test in (undrained) clay is modelled and compared with the results of analytical, semi‐analytical and more advanced finite element techniques. The model sensitivity for the step size and mesh is investigated using a hypoplastic constitutive model. An optimum way of modelling based on the numerical performance is shown. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

扩挖盾构隧道建成两连拱地铁车站模型试验

采用模型试验进行了扩挖盾构隧道建成两连拱隧道地铁车站的施工方案研究,重点研究扩挖施工的可行性和地层位移规律。同时,采用有限差分法进行了扩挖施工全过程二维数值模拟对比分析。结果表明,采用中导洞法扩挖建成两连拱隧道地铁车站的施工方案是可行的,但需进行拱脚和拱顶加固。施工完成后地层竖向位移场呈U型分布,随着加固地层力学参数的提高,地层位移减小,拱脚加固能够有效地减小地层位移。地表沉降曲线为近似正态分布,其宽度为3倍的车站结构总宽度。     

盾构法施工过程的有限元模拟

在综合考虑了现有的有限元模拟方法的基础上,对部分仿真模拟细节进行了改进,改进了水平荷载的施加方法,用"等代层"来模拟盾尾建筑空隙,用预设单元的刚度迁移来模拟盾构的推进过程。通过对某地铁隧道盾构施工过程的模拟,分析了盾构推进过程中地表土体的位移与变形,计算得到的隧道横断面和隧道纵向地面沉降分布曲线与实测数据比较接近,结果证明了模拟方法是可行的。