广州金沙洲岩溶区地下水位变化与地面塌陷及地面沉降关系探讨

金沙洲可溶性灰岩分布面积广,岩溶洞隙发育,洞隙及地下水的连通性强,上覆第四系松散土体中软土广泛分布,客观存在岩溶地面塌陷及地面沉降的地质环境条件。2007年4月起,受某高铁隧道施工抽排地下水的影响,金沙洲地下水出现异常波动,引发了地面塌陷及地面沉降。文章根据监测数据,经对比分析结果表明,区内岩溶地面塌陷及地面沉降受控于地下水位的变化,地下水位波动至基岩面附近时,是地面塌陷较活跃的时期,地面沉降与地下水位变化呈正向相关。文章进一步对地面沉降与地下水位变化关系的机理进行了探讨,认为目前地下水位尚未恢复正常的区域仍存在地面塌陷及地面沉降的隐患。     

On the value of dolines in gypsum terrains as a “Geological Heritage”: an example from Sivas basin, Turkey

Karst topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually limestone and evaporites. Karstification in the Sivas basin (Turkey) has sculpted a beautiful landscape with a distinctive beauty and appeal for both local inhabitants and visitors. Dolines are very special geological landscape features found in karst regions, and the Sivas basin has several giant dolines amongst its thousands of smaller dolines. The basin constitutes a distinctive karst architecture with a system of collapse and/or dolines and caves. Anyone who walks along the shores of a lake resulting from the collapse, in this gypsum terrain, will be amazed with the lake and rocks that surround them. In this paper, dolines in the gypsum terrain are evaluated and discussed according to their value as a “Geological Heritage”. Three main characteristics of dolines, namely their scientific, aesthetic and ecosystem importance are considered and discussed. Dolines and karstified areas as representative examples of landform types possess the three attributes for them to be considered as a Geological Heritage in that they demonstrate the effect of erosion on the landform, geomorphic processes that are still active and a range of features characteristic of the rock unit involved.     

贵广铁路甘棠江特大桥19、20号墩异常沉降原因分析及整治措施

2014年5月15日～9月1日期间,已建成的贵广铁路甘棠江特大桥19号墩基础产生了50.6~52.2 mm的异常下沉,20号墩基础产生了12.4~16.3 mm的异常下沉。现场补充完成了机动钻探、原位测试及室内试验工作。分析认为在多年强降雨条件下,深覆盖型岩溶强烈发育区的岩溶水水位波动产生潜蚀引起的岩溶塌陷,是导致该桥19、20号墩（采用摩擦桩基础,桩长约20 m）产生异常沉降的主要原因。对19、20号桥墩基底采取端承桩基础补强后,经过近2年的沉降观测,没有再发生异常沉降。文章认为在类似深覆盖型岩溶强烈发育区实施桥梁工程时,原则上应采用置于完整基岩内的端承桩基础。      

Quantitative sinkhole hazard assessment. A case study from the Ebro Valley evaporite alluvial karst (NE Spain)

Quantitative sinkhole hazard assessments in karst areas allow calculation of the potential sinkhole risk and the performance of cost-benefit analyses. These estimations are of practical interest for planning, engineering, and insurance purposes. The sinkhole hazard assessments should include two components: the probability of occurrence of sinkholes (sinkholes/km² year) and the severity of the sinkholes, which mainly refers to the subsidence mechanisms (progressive passive bending or catastrophic collapse) and the size of the sinkholes at the time of formation; a critical engineering design parameter. This requires the compilation of an exhaustive database on recent sinkholes, including information on the: (1) location, (2) chronology (precise date or age range), (3) size, and (4) subsidence mechanisms and rate. This work presents a hazard assessment from an alluvial evaporite karst area (0.81 km²) located in the periphery of the city of Zaragoza (Ebro River valley, NE Spain). Five sinkholes and four locations with features attributable to karstic subsidence where identified in an initial investigation phase providing a preliminary probability of occurrence of 0.14 sinkholes/km² year (11.34% in annual probability). A trenching program conducted in a subsequent investigation phase allowed us to rule out the four probable sinkholes, reducing the probability of occurrence to 0.079 sinkholes/km² year (6.4% in annual probability). The information on the severity indicates that collapse sinkholes 10–15 m in diameter may occur in the area. A detailed study of the deposits and deformational structures exposed by trenching in one of the sinkholes allowed us to infer a modern collapse sinkhole approximately 12 m in diameter and with a vertical throw of 8 m. This collapse structure is superimposed on a subsidence sinkhole around 80 m across that records at least 1.7 m of synsedimentary subsidence. Trenching, in combination with dating techniques, is proposed as a useful methodology to elucidate the origin of depressions with uncertain diagnosis and to gather practical information with predictive utility about particular sinkholes in alluvial karst settings: precise location, subsidence mechanisms and magnitude, and timing and rate of the subsidence episodes.     

安溪县剑斗镇湖丘角落地面塌陷成因分析

2002年6月30日，福建省安溪县剑斗镇湖丘角落发生地面塌陷，造成房屋倒塌，人员伤亡。通过对该区环境地质条件和地面塌陷分布规律的分析与研究认为：塌陷区内岩溶裂隙发育是形成地面塌陷地质条件；矿井对地下水的疏干这是导致地面塌陷或不均匀沉降产生地裂缝的内在动力；深部及周围石灰岩矿的开采，为岩溶洞隙充填物提供了被搬运带走的空间，使得潜蚀作用可以不断地向上扩展；强降雨是加速岩溶区地面塌陷的外部动力。     

A generalized genetic framework for the development of sinkholes and Karst in Florida,U.S.A.

Karst topography in Florida is developed on the Tertiary limestones of the Floridan aquifer Post-depositional diagenesis and solution have made these limestones highly permeable, T=ca. 50,000 m²/d. Zones of megaporosity have formed at unconformities, and dissolution has enlarged joints and fractures Erosion of the overlying clastic Miocene Hawthorn group strata on one flank of a structural arch has exposed the limestone The elevated edge of the Hawthorn cover forms the Cody scarp Ubiquitous solution pipes have previously formed at joint intersections and are now filled Downwashing of the fill deeper into solution cavities in the limestone and subsidence of the overlying unconsolidated sediments causes surface collapse a subsidence doline or sinkhole This process may penetrate up to 60 m of the semi-consolidated Hawthorn cover, as occurred when the Winter Park sinkhole developed Dense clusters of solution pipes may have formed cenotes which are now found on the exposed limestone terrain Groundwater moves laterally as diffuse flow except where input or outflow is concentrated. At sinking streams, vertical shafts, and springs, karst caves have formed, but only the major sinking streams form through-flowing conduit systems Shaft recharge dissipates diffusely. Spring discharge is concentrated from diffuse flow In both cases, conduits taper and merge into a zone of megaporosity     

武汉市江夏区大桥新区红旗村黏土盖层岩溶塌陷致塌模式分析

武汉市江夏区大桥新区红旗村文化大道附近发生岩溶塌陷,其上覆盖层为黏土。文章针对该类型岩溶塌陷,结合岩溶发育特征、土体物理力学性质、水文地质条件和人类工程活动等影响因素,对致塌模式进行了综合分析,得出在溶沟底部分布有软塑至流塑状的力学性质较差的红黏土,溶沟底部发育的溶蚀裂隙与下部的溶洞或通道相联通;流塑状红黏土流失至下部岩溶通道中,形成土洞;钻探施工、楼房载荷、振动作用加速黏土体的软化、崩解和溶蚀作用,进而加速土洞向上发展。此外,地基开挖减少上覆黏土厚度,降低了土体抗剪强度,最终在上覆土体自身重力和附加荷载作用下发生塌陷。根据土体受力情况,得出塌陷力学模型,并利用数据进行验证,其验证结果与实际相符合,并结合致塌模式和力学分析提出应增强土体抗塌性能、增加建筑物地基稳定性和减缓岩溶系统水动力因素变化的防治措施。      

Geomorphological, geochemical and geo-environmental aspects of karstification in the urban areas of Kerman city, southeastern, Iran

Kerman city has a semiarid-arid climate with an average annual precipitation of about 158 mm. The area is underlain by soluble subsoil and alluvial deposits, overlying highly fractured Cretaceous limestones. Geo-environmental studies indicate that both paleokarst and active karst features are developed in the area. The paleokarsts were developed in the Upper Cretaceous limestone during the cold, humid periods of Post Cretaceous and probably Early Quaternary time and include honeycombs, solution flutes, rillenkarren, caverns, and solution collapse dolines. Active karst landforms occur by combined piping-induced and limestone solution at depth in subsoils, and alluvial deposits and bajada that overly potent karstic limestones and cover subsidence sinkholes and subjacent alluvial karst collapse dolines. Many factors, such as soluble compounds (salt and gypsum), desiccation cracks, and Qanat (dug water wells), could contribute to the development of karstic landforms. The most immediate cause for active karst landforms is considered to be the drawdown of the water table in the area. There is an increasing demand for groundwater consumption to irrigate pistachio fields. Excessive pumping of the groundwater lowers the water table about 80 cm per year. This rate of drawdown accelerates land subsidence (about 6 cm per year), creates circular patterns of fractures in the ground and in buildings, disrupts agricultural work and urbanization projects, and tilts foundations. These geohazards indicate that ground sinking and karstification are in progress in the alluvial deposits and underlying limestones. The disturbance and expense caused by the geohazards could be mitigated by the application of overhead sprinkler irrigation for pistachio fields or by planting less thirsty plants.     

青藏高原热喀斯特湖演化及其对多年冻土的热影响模型计算研究北大核心CSCD

青藏高原热喀斯特湖分布广泛,近年来在气候变暖背景下快速发展。热喀斯特湖的形成和发展与地下冰含量及气候变化有着密切关系,强烈影响多年冻土的热稳定性。为了更深入理解在气候变暖背景下热喀斯特湖的发展及其对下伏多年冻土的影响,以青藏高原北麓河地区一个典型热喀斯特湖的长期监测数据为资料,发展了耦合大气—湖塘—冻土三个过程要素的一维热传导模型,模拟了四种不同深度热喀斯特湖在气候变暖背景下的发展规律及其对多年冻土的热影响。结果表明:浅湖(<1.0m)在目前稳定气候背景下处于较稳定状态,湖冰能够回冻至湖底,对下伏多年冻土影响较小;较深湖塘(≥1.0m)冬季不能回冻至湖底,湖深不断增加,且底部在50年内将会形成不同深度的融区。随着气候变暖,热喀斯特湖的热效应显著,深度快速增加,较深湖塘的最大湖冰厚度减小,底部多年冻土快速融化形成开放融区。研究将有助于理解气候变化对青藏高原多年冻土区地貌演化及水文过程的影响。     

Physicochemical simulation of the evolution of small lakes in a cold climate

The paper presents a generalized algorithm for the simulation of multiyear cycles in variations of the chemical composition of lake waters with regard for the seasonal specifics of hydrogeochemical processes. Data were obtained on the behavior of the hydrogeological system during a time span of 500–1000 years. Each of the simulated model cycles involved a successively alternating “summer-winter” time periods. Terrestrial exchange fluxes between reservoirs, groundwater inflow, falls of atmospheric precipitate, and the evaporation of lake water were taken into account for summer periods, whereas winter conditions were simulated as corresponding to the development of the ice phase, the absence of water exchange fluxes, a change from oxidizing to reducing conditions, and the burial of solid phases in the sediments. The results of our physicochemical simulations with the use of data on the composition of natural hydrogeological systems are in good agreement with natural observations and make it possible to realistically predict the evolution of small lakes in the Ol’khon area.     

贵州喀斯特天坑的研究现状与展望

基于贵州特殊的地貌地形,采用野外实地勘察、文献数据统计分析法,并结合目前喀斯特天坑的研究报道,对贵州喀斯特天坑发育的地质背景、成因、类型及其分布规律现状进行总结,并对其发展趋势和研究方向提出了展望。结果表明:(1)贵州喀斯特天坑共有25个,按深度和形态规模分类,超级天坑有3个,大型天坑有2个,中型天坑有18个,小型天坑(直径和深度100 m以下)有2个;(2)贵州喀斯特天坑主要以早三叠统永宁镇组、夜郎组,三叠系下统罗楼组加紫云组和三叠系中统小米塘组加凉水井组的不等厚地层为主,包括三叠统厚层块状灰岩、中石炭统及下二叠统厚层块状灰岩地层;(3)贵州喀斯特天坑成因包括塌陷型和冲蚀型两类,以塌陷型天坑为主;(4)贵州喀斯特天坑主要分布于贵州中部、南部、西部以及西北部一带,呈现出从南向北、从西向东,天坑数量逐渐减少,规模由大到小,超级或特大型天坑主要分布于黔南一带。     

山东省泰莱盆地岩溶塌陷发育特征及形成机理

泰莱盆地位于山东省中部,截止2013年底,盆地内共发生有记录岩溶塌陷97处,161点次,严重威胁人民生命财产安全。文章在总结前人研究基础上,结合最新调查、监测成果,研究了泰莱盆地岩溶塌陷的分布特征、地质结构模式及其形成机理。结果表明:盆地内岩溶塌陷点多集中分布于岩溶地下水降落漏斗及其影响范围内;塌陷点分布受构造控制明显;塌陷区第四系厚度一般小于30 m,下伏基岩主要为奥陶纪灰岩;80%以上的塌陷集中发生于汛期。根据岩溶塌陷点土层结构、地下水动力条件的不同,建立了3种岩溶塌陷的基本地质模式:单层、双层和多层结构土层岩溶塌陷,其中单层结构土层岩溶塌陷的形成历经“真空吸蚀-崩解剥落-塌陷”3个阶段;双层土层结构岩溶塌陷形成演化过程可概括为“渗透变形-崩解垮塌-塌陷”或“真空吸蚀-渗透变形-塌陷”3个阶段;多层结构土层岩溶塌陷历经“真空吸蚀-渗透变形-崩解垮塌-塌陷”4个阶段。      

广州夏茅村岩溶地面塌陷成因机理与塌陷过程分析

研究区内已发岩溶地面塌陷灾害严重,地质环境条件极其复杂,第四系覆盖土层厚度大,底部粉质黏土层土洞发育、隐伏基岩为壶天群灰岩,溶洞及断层破碎带发育,单个溶洞、土洞规模较大,溶洞与溶洞、土洞与溶洞之间连通性能较好。岩溶地面塌陷是以覆盖层粉质黏土层或砂类土层的扰动和土洞的形成为起点的,根据勘查区上覆盖层二元结构的特征,区内地面塌陷及土洞的发育过程可分为"下黏上砂"二元结构塌陷模式和"下黏上砂、软土"多元结构塌陷模式,塌陷区的岩溶塌陷致塌机制主要为机械贯穿作用,塌陷发育大约经历了四个阶段,建议今后不宜在勘查区及其周边一定范围进行地下工程建设活动及抽、排岩溶地下水行为,避免地下水动力条件发生改变,再次发生岩溶地面塌陷。     

Investigation of karst collapse based on 3-D seismic technique and DDA method at Xieqiao coal mine, China

Karst collapse is a serious geological problem in most of the coal mines in the north of China, but recently it has been found in the south as well. The present study is aimed at investigating subsidence mechanism and deformation field of a karst collapse column at Xieqiao, in the south of China. A method of three-dimensional (3-D) seismic technique has been successful in exploring the spatial morphology of the karst collapse at Xieqiao, and the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method is used to calculate the deformation field and analyze the subsidence mechanism. The results indicated that DDA could approximately simulate and back analyze the subsidence process and strata deformation fields. The subsidence processes of the collapse column depend on the sizes of the karst caves. With the continuous expansion of the karst caves, a semi-elliptic stress field, local separation strata and fracture zone will be formed around the karst cave. Moreover, they will gradually expand upwards along the vertical direction. The paper also indicates that the subsidence failure stage may trigger a sudden collapse of the karst column because of the sudden energy release. Also, it will make a great impact on the vicinity working face so as to cause a rock burst. The effects of the friction angle of rock strata on the subsidence mechanism were reported firstly based on DDA.     

泰安市城区—旧县水源地岩溶地面塌陷历程及影响因素分析

文章总结泰安市城区—旧县水源地内岩溶塌陷的发生发展历程，综合前人研究成果及最新的野外调查统计结果，对影响研究区岩溶塌陷的分布及影响因素进行了剖析，探明了岩溶塌陷的发育条件及诱发因素。结果表明:(1)研究区内岩溶塌陷主要发生在岩溶发育较强、断裂带附近、土层厚度小于30 m的区域；发生塌陷区域的土层结构以二元结构为主，其次是多元结构；塌陷大多发生在汛期，尤其是在大型降雨之后；(2)强烈的地下水开采活动引发的岩溶水大幅度波动是塌陷发生的最主要诱发因素，且岩溶地下水位在基岩面附近波动时最易引发塌陷；外界对土体的扰动也对塌陷有一定的影响，泰安城区旧镇铁路交汇处的塌陷与列车行车震动有密不可分的联系。综合分析以往岩溶塌陷的研究方向和程度，建议今后的研究重点应为塌陷过程演化监测与模拟、塌陷预警预报方法探索及数据库建设。      

矿区岩溶地表塌陷神经网络预测研究

针对近年来某矿岩溶地表塌陷频繁发生的现象,分析确定了影响地表塌陷的主要因素,构建了矿区岩溶地表塌陷预测BP神经网络模型,以训练后的BP网络模型对矿山帷幕注浆三期工程完成后可能形成的地表塌陷区的空间分布进行预测。并针对矿山现实塌陷情况,结合各区预测塌陷危险分级结果,提出了相应的岩溶地表塌陷灾害防治措施。实践表明,所建模型的预测结果与矿区地表塌陷实际情况相符,可为矿山后续帷幕注浆工程的设计与施工提供有益借鉴,为岩溶矿区地表塌陷灾害提供预警支持。     

The current status of mapping karst areas and availability of public sinkhole-risk resources in karst terrains of the United States

Subsidence from sinkhole collapse is a common occurrence in areas underlain by water-soluble rocks such as carbonate and evaporite rocks, typical of karst terrain. Almost all 50 States within the United States (excluding Delaware and Rhode Island) have karst areas, with sinkhole damage highest in Florida, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. A conservative estimate of losses to all types of ground subsidence was $125 million per year in 1997. This estimate may now be low, as review of cost reports from the last 15 years indicates that the cost of karst collapses in the United States averages more than $300 million per year. Knowing when a catastrophic event will occur is not possible; however, understanding where such occurrences are likely is possible. The US Geological Survey has developed and maintains national-scale maps of karst areas and areas prone to sinkhole formation. Several States provide additional resources for their citizens; Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Pennsylvania maintain databases of sinkholes or karst features, with Florida, Kentucky, Missouri, and Ohio providing sinkhole reporting mechanisms for the public.     

Impact of erosion-transported overburden dump materials on water quality in Lake Cospuden evolved from a former open cast lignite mine south of Leipzig, Germany

 Acidification is the most common water quality problem in lakes created from previous open cast lignite mines. Aeration of aquifers and dump materials from mining activities causes pyrite oxidation. Pyrite oxidation products are stored in pore water, minerals and at the exchange complexes of the aquifers and dump sediments. Rainfall runoff transports sediments on the dump slope into the lakes. Elutriation of these sediments whithin the lakes releases either acid-producing or acid-neutralizing agents. At a test site south of Leipzig, the annual erosion rates were quantified by water erosion models (RUSLE, EROSION 2D, PEPP) and field measurements. They ranged from 300 up to 900 tons per hectare. Hydrogen ion equivalent release or binding at the sediment elutriation was computed from laboratory analysis of the pore-water quality, ion exchange complex and mineral composition of the sediment. Two of the three investigated sediments contained 3 mmol (eq) acidity per 100 g dry sediment and revealed saturation with respect to jarosite, jurbanite and gypsum. In the third sediment, 6 mmol (eq) alkalinity per 100 g dry sediment was obtained. The annual net acidity influx was calculated to be about 0.5 million mol (eq) for the lake of the test site. Received: 2 November 1998 · Accepted: 26 January 1999     

三峡库区泥灰质岩石斜坡带构造对岩溶地质灾害的控制机理

三峡库区三叠系巴东组(T26)泥灰质岩石岩溶是移民迁建中发现的重大工程地质问题。泥灰质岩石中的构造非常复杂，包括老构造、新构造和表生构造，它们共同控制了岩溶作用。老构造中，褶皱和断裂带等局部构造控制着岩溶的重要部位和重要层位，节理和层理等小构造使岩溶普遍存在。新构造时期地表隆升和河流切割使岩体卸荷松动，岩溶通道扩宽。表生岩溶构造加密了岩溶通道，使岩溶作用增强。三峡库区泥灰质岩石斜坡带地质灾害形成的机理遵循着构造控制下岩溶发育的规律性，致使岩溶地质灾害具有范围广、规模大和结构复杂的特点。岩溶地质灾害的形式包括地面不均匀沉降、地裂缝、滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和地面塌陷。     

三峡库区巫山县翠屏小区岩溶引起的地质灾害危险性研究

三峡库区移民迁建中发现的岩溶问题是一个重大工程地质问题。巫山县城翠屏小区是较早发现有确切岩溶证据的地方,研究证实小区三叠系嘉陵江组灰岩普遍遭受了强烈的岩溶作用。不同部位具有不同的岩溶特点和强度,在纵向上,从山顶到坡脚岩溶作用有增强的趋势;从地表向深部,有局部强烈岩溶层位。岩溶作用在小区产生了顺坡或顺层延伸的溶洞和深部蜂窝状溶孔。岩溶作用在小区形成了脖颈状溶蚀槽地、槽状谷地、溶蚀台地和与地貌相关的"飞雁状"褶皱、岩溶正断层及帚状密集节理带。岩溶过程中伴随着其他外营力作用,它们的相互耦合形成各种次生岩土体。岩溶轻则引起岩体质量降低,重则可能导致地面不均匀沉降、地裂缝、滑坡、崩塌、泥石流及地面塌陷地质灾害。