Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world

Abstract

Cultures throughout the world are associating with the rivers. People depend upon the rivers and their tributaries for food, water, transport, and many other aspects of their daily lives. Unfortunately, human beings have not calculated the accurate lengths for the great rivers even today. The lengths of the rivers are very different in popular textbooks, magazines, atlases and encyclopedias, etc. To accurately determine the lengths of the principal rivers of the world, the combination of satellite image analysis and field investigations to the source regions is proposed in this paper. The lengths of the Nile, Amazon, Yangtze, Mississippi, Yellow, Ob, Yenisey, Amur, Congo and Mekong, with lengths over or close to 5000 km, were calculated using the proposed method. The results may represent the most reliable and accurate lengths of the principal rivers of the world that are currently achievable.     

省直管市（县）体制下建设用地监管技术研究

面向解决省直体制下市（县）建设用地管理业务监管难度大问题,研究建设用地全过程监管关键技术,设计该模式下的监管模式、技术架构、业务模型和数据模型,实现省直管市（县）模式下的建设用地批前、批中、批后＂批-供-用-补-查-登＂全过程监管。     

Improving the modeling of the atmospheric delay in the data analysis of the Intensive VLBI sessions and the impact on the UT1 estimates

The very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) Intensive sessions are typically 1-h and single-baseline VLBI sessions, specifically designed to yield low-latency estimates of UT1-UTC. In this work, we investigate what accuracy is obtained from these sessions and how it can be improved. In particular, we study the modeling of the troposphere in the data analysis. The impact of including external information on the zenith wet delays (ZWD) and tropospheric gradients from GPS or numerical weather prediction models is studied. Additionally, we test estimating tropospheric gradients in the data analysis, which is normally not done. To evaluate the results, we compared the UT1-UTC values from the Intensives to those from simultaneous 24-h VLBI session. Furthermore, we calculated length of day (LOD) estimates using the UT1-UTC values from consecutive Intensives and compared these to the LOD estimated by GPS. We find that there is not much benefit in using external ZWD; however, including external information on the gradients improves the agreement with the reference data. If gradients are estimated in the data analysis, and appropriate constraints are applied, the WRMS difference w.r.t. UT1-UTC from 24-h sessions is reduced by 5% and the WRMS difference w.r.t. the LOD from GPS by up to 12%. The best agreement between Intensives and the reference time series is obtained when using both external gradients from GPS and additionally estimating gradients in the data analysis.     

Movements of the protoplanetary superconducting particles in the magnetic field of the Saturn lead to the origin of the rings

In this letter, we are trying to resolve the electromagnetic problem for the movements of the superconducting particles of the protoplanetary cloud in the magnetic field of Saturn. The force of levitation (Meissner-Ochsenfeld phenomenon) is introduced to the field of planetary science for the first time. It is shown from our theoretical analysis that rings of Saturn might have a superconducting origin, and rings might levitate within magnetic equator plane of the planet.     

圆形标志及其椭圆构像间中心偏差的确定

当目标面与像片平面不平行时,圆形标志的像将为椭圆,椭圆的中心与标志中心的像存在偏差。当标志较大时,此偏差将显著影响求解的精度。揭示了偏差的方向性,导出了求解偏差的方程,给出了偏差的解算步骤     

跟踪世界发展动态 致力地球重力场研究

比较系统、扼要地叙述了笔者所在单位40余年来坚持跟踪世界发展动态，致力于地球重力场理论和方法的研究，并从教学和生产需要出发，在地球重力场研究方面所获得的一些有理论意义和实用价值的成果。     

工程摄影测量中交向摄影的精度分析

本文从理论上推导了工程摄影测量中交向摄影方式各元素影响物点坐标精度的严密公式,并根据理论分析的结果,采用先进的数码相机和量测相机进行了一定的试验,在仔细分析试验结果的基础上,找出了工程摄影测量中交向摄影最佳的交向角、摄影基线、摄影距离和摄影比例尺等参数,对物点坐标总精度的影响规律。实际作业中,要使最佳交向摄影方式获得最理想的点位精度,所总结出的结论是可行的。     

试论高技术局部战争条件下的军事地理研究

本文以现代战争的特点、军事思想和军事理论的发展变化为指导，对高技术局部战争条件下军事地理研究内容、技术手段、方法等方面的变化和发展方向进行了探索性研究。     

On the rotation of the Earth and the terrestrial reference system

The Working Group on the Rotation of the Earth was established in 1978 and developed a programme of international collaboration to Monitor Earth-Rotation and Intercompare the Techniques of observation and analysis (MERIT). The MERIT Short Campaign was held in 1980 to test and develop the organisational arrangements required during the MERIT Main Campaign in 1983–4. The Working Group on the Terrestrial Reference System was established in 1980 to prepare a proposal for the establishment and maintenance of a new Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (COTES) that would be based on the new techniques of space geodesy. The Working Groups collaborated closely and organised two intensive campaigns in 1984 and 1985 that were aimed primarily at determining the relationships between the reference systems of the six different techniques that were used to determine earth-rotation parameters. Observational data were obtained from 35 countries; analyses and intercomparisons of the results were carried out in 7 countries. The Working Groups reviewed the results at the Third MERIT Workshop and recommended that a new International Earth Rotation Service be set up in 1988 and that it be based on the use of very-long-baseline radio interferometry and both satellite and lunar laser ranging.     

论柴达木盆地成图的数学基础

本文从柴达木盆地石油地质勘探成图的实际需要出发,提出用兰勃脱正轴等角割圆锥投影取代高斯投影,从而解决了柴达木盆地成图坐标系统不统一的矛盾,有利于盆地的石油地质勘探的整体设计规划。     

基于DEM的四川省坡度图制作

第一次土地调查耕地坡度级由于采用传统方法进行量算,导致耕地系数、耕地净面积精度不高。为克服其不足,在四川省第二次土地调查中,以ArcGIS为平台,在对四川省DEM数据进行预处理的基础上,综合分析四川地形地貌特点,通过试验区验证来确定坡度计算模型进而开发坡度计算软件,制作完成按行政区划分幅（省、市、县）和按地形图分幅（1：10万、1：5万）的坡度图和坡度级图。通过对成果进行的大量验证工作（包括地形图验证和野外实地核查）表明成果中坡度级图斑和耕地图斑坡度级准确率高,数据可靠,并在四川省第二次土地调查耕地田坎样方布设以及数据库建设中全面应用。     

Understanding the implications of the EU-LULUCF regulation for the wood supply from EU forests to the EU

Background

In June 2018, the European Parliament and Council of the European Union adopted a legislative regulation for incorporating greenhouse gas emissions and removals from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (EU-LULUCF) under its 2030 Climate and Energy Framework. The LULUCF regulation aim to incentivise EU Member States to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and increase removals in the LULUCF sector. The regulation, however, does not set a target for increasing the LULUCF carbon sink, but rather includes a ‘no net debit’ target for LULUCF (Forests and Agricultural soils). For Managed Forest Land (MFL) an accounting framework with capped credits for additional mitigation against a set forest reference level (FRL) was agreed for 2021–2030. The FRL gives the projected future carbon sink in the two compliance periods 2021–2025 and 2026–2030 under “continuation of forest management practices as they were in the reference period 2000–2009”. This FRL was disputed by some Member States as it was perceived to put a limit on their future wood harvesting from MFL. Here we simulated with the EFISCEN European forest model the “continuation of forest management practices” and determined the corresponding wood harvest for 26 EU countries under progressing age classes.

Results

The simulations showed that under “continuation of forest management practices” the harvest (wood removals) in the 26 EU countries as a whole can increase from 420 million m³/year in 2000–2009 to 560 million m³/year in 2050 due to progressing age classes. This implies there is a possibility to increase absolute wood harvests without creating debits compared to the forest reference level. However, the manner in which ‘continuation of forest management’ developed with a progressing age class development over time, meant that in some countries the future harvesting exceeded 90% of the increment. Since this generally is considered to be unsustainable we additionally set a harvesting cut-off as max 90% of increment to be harvested for each individual country as a possible interpretation of sustainability criteria that are included in the regulation. Using this additional limit the projected harvest will only increase to 493 million m³/year.

Conclusions

The worry from Member States (MS) that the FRL will prevent any additional harvesting seems unwarranted. Due to differences between Member States concerning the state of their forest resources, the FRL as a baseline for harvesting works out very differently for the different Member States. The FRL may have other unforeseen consequences which we discuss. Under all scenarios the living forest biomass sink shows a decline. This can be counteracted through incentivising measures under Climate Smart Forestry.

     

从平差问题的基准看秩亏自由网平差的应用

本文主要阐述经典的最小二乘间接平差和秩亏自由网平差的基准,并据此讨论秩亏自由网平差的实际应用。     

多卫星系统最小可探测偏差仿真分析

针对单系统定位中存在的不足,主要对G PS、北斗以及两者的组合系统的最小可探测偏差进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明：G PS 与北斗双系统组合定位导航存在明显的优势,最小可探测偏差相较于单系统而言要小,组合系统内部可靠性高于单系统。     

浅谈RTK测量技术在线路测量中的应用

基于笔者多年从事工程测量的相关工作经验,以RTK测量技术在线路测量中的应用为研究对象,探讨了基于RTK测量技术的作业流程和在线路测量中的应用,全文来源于笔者长期的工作实践,相信对其他同行有所裨益。     

Influence of the atmospheric masses on the gravitational field of the earth

Seasonal and latitude dependent corrections to the gravity and height anomalies are developed in order to account for the neglect of the atmospheric masses outside the geold, when using Stokes’ equation. It is shown that the atmospheric correction to gravity at sea level is almost constant, equal to0.871 mgals with a variation of2 μ gals whereas the height anomaly correction varies between −0.1 cm and −1.3 cm. Further, when the combined latitudinal/seasonal dependence is neglected in the atmospheric corrections, the maximum error introduced is of the order of40 μ gals for the gravity corrections and0.7 cm for the height anomaly corrections.     

Modeling the length of day and extrapolating the rotation of the Earth

The stochastic behavior of the length of day (LOD) process is analyzed and is modeled within statistical accuracy on a time-scale ranging from weeks to millennia by a three-component model comprising a global Brownian motion process, decadal fluctuations, and a 50-day Madden–Julian oscillation. While the model is intended to be phenomenological, some possible physical models underlying the three components are speculated upon. The model is applied to estimate long-range extrapolation errors. For example, it predicts a standard error of 1 h in the clock-time correction ΔT for extrapolation by 1,500 years from 500 to 2000 BC.     

基于线段二分法的GNSS—R镜面反射点估计算法

通过研究GNSS—R基本几何关系和S．C．Wu镜面反射点估计算法,提出了基于线段二分法镜面反射点位置估计算法,并利用位移与速度之间的关系,论述了基于线段二分法算法在镜面反射点速度估计中的可行性。为了验证本文提出的算法的正确性,利用MATLAB仿真软件和STK仿真软件对已有镜面反射点估计算法和本文提出的算法进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明：基于线段二分法算法可以正确估计GNSS—R镜面反射点位置信息和速度信息。     

GPS整周模糊度确认中残差二次型次小与最小之差的分布问题

根据残差二次型次小与最小之差进行整周模糊角度确认的关键是差值的分布，只有得到了合理的差值分布才可确定合理的界值。文中基于原有的两种方法及这两方法的不足，从理论上导出了满足条件的差值分布，并作了一定的说明。     

卫星影像在地图制图中的应用探讨

随着社会经济的进步以及人们生活水平的提高,人们对地图制图的质量也提出了越来越高的要求。传统地图制图方式虽然也有许多技术上的进步,但是从实际情况来看,已经无法满足新形势下地图制图的需求。而卫星影像可以在第一时间为地图制图人员提供准确的道路位置与走向信息,有效弥补了传统地图制图的不足,为地图制图单位及人员带来了福音。因此,本文首先分析了传统地图制图存在的问题与不足,其次分析了卫星影像在地图制图中应用的优势与方法,并在文章最后对本课题研究进行了总结。