河北南部石炭一二叠纪煤层气烃源岩特征

河北南部地区石炭一二叠系煤层煤种丰富,峰峰、邯郸矿区煤层的宏观煤岩类型以半亮煤和半暗煤为主;显微煤岩类型为微镜煤、微镜惰煤及微暗煤;煤的结构以细、中宽条带状结构为主,在半亮煤和半暗煤中最多;有机显微组分以镜质组最高,一般可占50％～91％,惰质组占10％～35％,壳质组含量一般不超过5％,对煤层气来说,这是比较有利的烃源条件：区内大淑村矿2煤的矿物质含量最低,其煤的吸附能力较其它矿区高;主煤层镜质组最大反射率具有北高南低的分布规律,揭示了煤的生烃强度具有由南向北逐渐增高的趋势。该区煤层气源岩不仅影响煤的生烃能力,还影响着煤层对甲烷的吸附能力和煤层气的开采能力。     

淮南张集矿区煤中微量元素的含量分布特征分析

在采用ICP-AES对张集7个煤层144个样品微量元素含量测试分析的基础上,探讨了元素在不同煤层中的变化规律及其在煤层对比中的应用。结果表明:张集矿区煤中元素B、Se和As含量偏高;不同煤层中微量元素含量变化较大,但具有一定的规律性,其中在9煤层中元素Ba和Cr含量最低,Mn、Zn、As和Se含量相对较高,可以利用这些元素分布特征来区别和划分相邻煤层。     

Sub-surface coal seams of Bhupalpalli and Golapalli areas of Godavari valley coalfield and their petrographic characteristics

The research work details the maceral organization of eleven coal seams intersected at a maximum depth of 446.45 m from Bhupalpalli area of the Mulug coal belt, in Warangal district of Godavari valley. Samples for petrographic study have been collected from ten coal seams intersected between 106 m and 299 m depth range from Bore-hole No. 618 which includes, IA and its underlying I, II, Index below II, IIIB, IIIA, III, IVA, IV and Index below IV respectively. However, the coal samples from the bottom most V seam were collected from Bore-hole No. 616 encountered between 445.65 m and 446.45 m. The study has revealed that V seam is marked by vitric type and seam IVA contains coal of fusic nature. The seams I, II, Index below II, IIIB, IIIA and IV, however, are represented by mixed type of coal. Whereas, the seams IA and III have the prevalence of vitric as well as mixed coal types. IA seam has witnessed alternate oxic and anoxic moor condition and also wet moor with intermittent moderate to high flooding. All the other seams have been deposited during alternate oxic and anoxic moor conditions. The coal seams of the study area have shown a wide range of variation in vitrinite reflectance (Ro mean %). The top of III, basal part of IV and the entire Index below IV have recorded high vitrinite reflectance (Ro mean %), which ranges between 0.66-0.67% thus they have reached high volatile bituminous B stage, all the other seams show lower reflectance and therefore have attained high volatile bituminous C rank.     

浅埋近距煤层开采覆岩与地表裂缝发育规律及控制

我国西部神府东胜煤田主要赋存浅埋近距煤层,煤层埋藏浅,覆岩上部厚松散层大范围分布,近距煤层开采导致覆岩与地表裂缝发育严重,加剧了原本脆弱的生态环境进一步恶化。为探究浅埋近距煤层开采覆岩与地表采动裂缝发育规律,掌握其控制方法,以柠条塔煤矿1-2煤层和2-2煤层开采为背景,结合实测统计分析、物理模拟和分形理论,掌握浅埋顶部单一煤层开采和重复采动下覆岩与地表裂缝发育特征,揭示煤柱布置对裂缝发育的控制作用。研究表明,煤层开采导致的地表裂缝可分为平行于工作面的动态裂缝和工作面开采边界地表裂缝(切眼边界侧地表裂缝和区段煤柱侧地表裂缝),动态裂缝在开采后能够实现自修复,工作面开采边界的地表裂缝不能自修复。下煤层开采区段煤柱侧覆岩与地表采动裂缝发育严重,其与区段煤柱错距密切相关。1-2煤层开采后,基岩垮落角为60°,土层垮落角为65°,边界煤柱侧地表裂缝的宽度为0.26 m。下部2-2煤层开采,煤柱叠置、错距20、40 m时,区段煤柱侧覆岩采动裂缝宽度分别为0.81、0.45和0.22 m,地表裂缝宽度分别为0.65、0.30和0.12 m。通过确定合理煤柱布置方式,能够有效控制覆岩和地表采动裂缝的发育程度,据此确定柠条塔煤矿1-2煤层和2-2煤层开采的合理煤柱错距应大于40 m。      

Petrology and genesis of Upper Carboniferous seams from the Ruhr region,West Germany

The petrology of 21 seam profiles of Upper Carboniferous age (Westphalian C and B) has been studied in order to determine their depositional environments and diagenetic history. The youngest profile was drilled at a depth of 790 m and is mainly overlain by Cretaceous sediments. The oldest seam was reached at a depth of 1470 m. The seam thicknesses vary from 0.4 to 2.5 m.The main petrographic compounds are vitrinite, intertinite, liptinite, and minerals. The last group occurs as clay bands with illite, kaolinite, minor chlorite, and minor quartz contents, or as crack- or pore-filling calcite, Fe-dolomite, siderite, pyrite, or marcasite, or as syngenetic siderite concretions and pyrite crystals. The percentages of the different macerals and minerals vary mainly because of different depositional environments. Diagenetic loss or genesis of compounds is a less important factor in their distribution.Three types of profiles are distinguished by their different petrologies. Type I is most abundant, and contains much vitrinite, many clay bands, and syngenetic iron sulfides, whereas type III is rich in inertinite and certain characteristic spores. Type II is intermediate but generally contains only low percentages of minerals. Generally, this type is vitrinite-rich in the lower, and inertinite-rich in the central and upper parts of the profiles. Spores and other liptinites are much better preserved in all the seams than in clay partings or in siltstones and sandstones above and below the seams.The seams are interpreted to be former autochthonous peats. Type I profiles are probably derived from swamps which were sometimes inundated and covered by overbank deposits. Type II and III seams represent former peats which were not inundated by rivers, and partly grew under the influence of more oxidizing conditions. Therefore, they contain more inertinite and less sulfide and clay bands. They can be interpreted as former raised bogs.Diagenetic changes are expressed as increases of vitrinite reflectances (from 0.65% to 1.0%), and of liptinite reflectances; a red shift of fluorescence of liptinites was found; increasing amounts of exudatinite (and micrinite) and decreasing amounts of fluorinite and resinite were found. Minerals seem to be less affected by diagenesis; illite crystallinity, for example, remains poor.     

塔里木盆地东南缘下—中侏罗统煤层煤岩、煤质特征分析

塔里木盆地东南缘下—中侏罗统煤层沿阿尔金山前断续分布,其煤岩、煤质与典型的西北侏罗纪煤层具有明显不同。通过对和田布雅、于田普鲁、且末红柳沟等煤矿主采煤层样品进行煤岩、煤质鉴定及煤化指标等一系列综合研究分析,结果表明,主采煤层以光亮煤、半亮煤为主,其次是半暗煤、暗淡煤;煤岩组分以镜质组为主,壳质组含量少,具中-高镜惰比。因成煤沼泽的还原程度促进了无机硫分的形成,煤中全硫含量随镜质组含量的增加呈现逐渐增高的趋势,且煤层硫分与灰分整体具有明显的负相关关系。此外,煤层挥发分受不同种类硫分的影响,亦有明显差异性变化。在民丰凹陷中-高硫煤中,硫分以无机硫为主,随着硫分的升高挥发分亦有升高趋势;瓦石峡凹陷中-低硫煤受有机硫控制,对挥发分产率的影响不明显。民丰凹陷煤层的灰分指数高于瓦石峡凹陷,可见后者的成煤沼泽环境潜水面要比前者高得多。针对上述诸多因素分析,进一步揭示塔东南地区煤岩、煤质多样性变化受断陷湖盆以及局部水体较深的还原型沼泽环境控制,最终形成了中-高挥发分、中-低灰分、中-低硫分的煤质及富镜贫惰的煤岩特征。     

潘二矿下向卸压开采高应力演化特征试验研究

为研究深部近距离煤层群下向卸压开采高应力演化的特征,根据潘二煤矿深部近距离煤层群8煤和6煤地质与开采技术条件,设计了下向卸压开采的二维相似材料模拟试验模型,对8煤和6煤开采引起的采动应力进行监测。系统分析了8煤下向开采与6煤开采后的采场围岩采动应力、岩层运移及不规则煤柱对采动应力演化的影响,获得了近距离煤层群8煤下向卸压开采的顶底板采动高应力演化特征及6煤回采期间覆岩运移、采动应力裂隙演化和来压特征,得出了下向卸压开采不规则煤柱对采动应力、裂隙分布的影响规律。研究不仅为以采动高应力演化为主导作用的煤岩动力灾害防治提供了理论基础,也为卸压开采采场参数设计与优化提供了技术支撑。     

Numerical simulations for coupled rock deformation and gas leak flow in parallel coal seams

Based on the new viewpoint of interaction mechanics for solid and gas, gas leakage in parallel deformable coal seams can be understood. That is, under the action of varied geophysical fields, the methane gas flow in a double deformable coal seam can be essentially considered to be compressible with time-dependent and mixed permeation and diffusion through a pore-cleat deformable, heterogeneous and anisotropic medium. From this new viewpoint, coupled mathematical models for coal seam deformation and gas leak flow in parallel coal seams were formulated and the numerical simulations for slow gas emission from the parallel coal seams are presented. It is found that coupled models might be close to reality. Meanwhile, a coupled model for solid deformation and gas leak flow can be applied to the problems of gas leak flow including mining engineering, gas drainage engineering and mining safety engineering in particular the prediction of the safe range using protective layer mining where coal and gas outbursts can efficiently be prevented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于微生物烃检测技术的陕北煤层火烧区绿色探测

煤层中含有各类轻烃,当煤层燃烧后,上覆地层完整性被破坏,给煤层内的烃类散逸提供了良好的通道,这一过程符合轻烃微渗漏原理。因此,引入轻烃微渗漏的微生物烃检测技术对煤层火烧区及其范围进行识别。在陕北侏罗纪煤田郝家梁煤矿进行了2条测线的试验,选择丁烷氧化菌作为检测指标,通过土壤样品采集、微生物培养、菌落计数等微生物检测工作后,结合地质钻孔对微生物值进行标定和异常值分组,并对煤层火烧区轻烃微渗漏的微生物响应特征进行研究。结果表明,在完全火烧区微生物以背景值分布为主,在火烧过渡区微生物以连续高值异常为主,在正常煤层区微生物以中低值为主,从而建立了研究区煤层火烧区微生物响应模型。微生物烃检测技术所解释的煤层火烧区地质成果与磁法解释的火烧边界吻合,且有钻孔验证。微生物烃检测技术的野外实施简单环保,大部分工作在室内完成,更适用于类似陕北生态脆弱区的煤层火烧区探测,有显著的实际意义和经济价值。      

华南晚二叠世树皮煤的煤相特征及对比研究

我国华南的江西乐平、浙江长广和贵州水城地区以出产特种煤一树皮煤而闻名．其煤岩组分中含有特殊组分树皮体,该煤具有较高的挥发份、氢含量及焦油产率等化学特征,同时也具有良好的生烃潜力。相关的煤相研究可为该煤种树皮体的富集现象提供相应的成因信息。通过对各矿区煤层的煤岩学和矿物学的研究,发现主采煤层的显微组分均较富集树皮体,显微组分的形态特征及其组合关系反映主采煤层的形成环境为潮坪泥炭沼泽沉积环境。依据凝胶化指数（GI）、植物组织保存指数（TPI）、地下水流动指数（GWI）和植被指数（VI）力这4个煤相参数对其成因进行研究,根据各参数之间的关系图,确定了各矿区煤层成因信息的异同点．并对其所具有的不同地球化学特征进行了分析和解释。