黄渤海海域污染状况及对生态的影响

本文评述了黄渤海海域污染状况和年变化趋势,以及对生态的影响。     

Simultaneous Measurement of Hydrogen Peroxide and Fe Species (Fe(II) and Fe<Subscript>(tot)</Subscript>) in Okinawa Island Seawater: Impacts of Red Soil Pollution

The northern part of Okinawa Island suffers from red soil pollution—runoff of red soil into coastal seawater—which damages coastal ecosystems and scenery. To elucidate the impacts of red soil pollution on the oxidizing power of seawater, hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) and iron species including Fe(II) and total iron (Fe_(tot), defined as the sum of Fe(II) and Fe(III)) were measured simultaneously in seawater from Taira Bay (red-soil-polluted sea) and Sesoko Island (unpolluted sea), off the northern part of Okinawa Island, Japan. We performed simultaneous measurements of HOOH and Fe(II) because the reaction between HOOH and Fe(II) forms hydroxyl radical (•OH), the most potent environmental oxidant. Gas-phase HOOH concentrations were also measured to better understand the sources of HOOH in seawater. Both HOOH and Fe(II) in seawater showed a clear diurnal variation, i.e. higher in the daytime and lower at night, while Fe_(tot) concentrations were relatively constant throughout the sampling period. Fe(II) and Fe_(tot) concentrations were approximately 58% and 19% higher in red-soil-polluted seawater than in unpolluted seawater. Gas-phase HOOH and seawater HOOH concentrations were comparable at both sampling sites, ranging from 1.4 to 5.4 ppbv in air and 30 to 160 nM in seawater. Since Fe(II) concentrations were higher in red-soil-polluted seawater while concentrations of HOOH were similar, •OH would form faster in red-soil-polluted seawater than in unpolluted seawater. Since the major scavenger of •OH, Br⁻, is expected to have similar concentrations at both sites, red-soil-polluted seawater is expected to have higher steady-state •OH concentrations.     

浙江省海水养殖等标污染负荷测算及时空演化

为了解浙江省及省内主要海水养殖区的自身污染状况,文章利用2005—2021年《浙江省渔业经济统计资料》及《第一次全国污染源普查水产养殖业污染源产排污系数手册》中部分养殖品种的产污系数等数据对浙江省海水养殖活动产生的污染量进行初步评估,并经过换算将不同种类的污染物统一用等标污染负荷表示。同时对浙江省主要沿海城市产生等标污染负荷情况及海水养殖产量进行时空演化分析。结果显示,2005—2021年浙江省海水养殖等标污染负荷量累计超过70亿m3/a。总体趋势为先波动上升,然后连续上升。等标污染负荷最高地区是宁波市,污染负荷量累积达271 769.2万m3/a,其次分别为台州市、舟山市和温州市。从品种角度来看,贝类产生等标污染负荷最高;从养殖方式来看,筏式养殖和底播产生等标污染负荷最高。时空演化分析表明,浙江海水养殖业自身污染与海水养殖产量变化基本同步,等标污染负荷与海水养殖产量都呈现明显的增长态势。     

Normal Mode as a Cause of Large-Scale Variations in the Troposphere and Stratosphere

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - In a study of zonally averaged meteorological fields in the middle atmosphere, synchronous oscillations (in phase or antiphase) occupying extended...     

Wave Disturbances of Atmospheric Pressure and Wind Speed in the Troposphere Associated with the Solar Terminator

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The main characteristics (coherences, phase velocities, propagation directions, characteristic periods, and amplitudes) of wave disturbances in the...     

Threshold value of Benthic Pollution Index (BPI) for a muddy healthy benthic faunal community and its application to Jinhae Bay in the southern coast of Korea

For the determination of benthic community health criteria of a biotic index, Benthic Pollution Index (BPI), the faunal data on macrobenthic community of Deukryang Bay collected in 2012 were used. Each macrobenthic fauna was classified into 4 functional groups according to their feeding and life history strategies and BPI was calculated using the abundance of fauna for these functional groups. Amphipods were the dominant faunal group belonging to Functional Group (FG) II in Deukryang Bay during all seasons. The BPI value fluctuated seasonally from 55 to 61, and the overall mean value of BPI in the reference area was 60, which was estimated as the threshold value for healthy communities. We tried to use BPI as an assessment tool for macrofaunal community health status by categorizing the BPI values into 5 grades. If the BPI value of the community is more than 60, the health status of a macrobenthic community will be assessed as ‘Excellent’ (Grade 1) and as ‘Good’ (Grade 2), if between 40 and 60, as ‘Fair’ (Grade 3), if between 30 and 40, as ‘Poor’ (Grade 4), if between 20 and 30, and finally the health status of a community will be assessed as ‘Very Poor’ (Grade 5), if the BPI value is less than 20. This assessment tool using BPI was applied to macrobenthic communities in Jinhae Bay including the Special Management Area of South Korea. In Jinhae Bay, the FG IV containing a spionid species, Paraprionospio patiens was the most dominant group. The values of BPI in Jinhae Bay were very low and ranged from 11 to 23. The ecological health status of macrobenthic communities in Jinhae Bay was ‘Very Poor’ at more than 50% of sites, especially in summer.     

声相关海流剖面(ACCP)测量的流速估值方法

声相关海流剖面（ACCP）测量技术对水体回波信号进行空间相关处理来估计流速值，与声学多普勒海流剖面仪（ADCP）相比ACCP的工作频工，更适合深海测流应用，ACCP测量系统对回波信号进行时空相关处理，根据相关函数的位置来估计被测水团的流速值，ACCP从信号中提取流速值要运用参数估计技术，本文介绍了采用极大似然法和最小二乘法进行流速参数的处理方法，给出一些典型流速情形的数值计算结果。     

Measurement of stress effects (scope for growth) and contaminant levels in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the Irish Sea

The objective of this research was to quantify the impact of pollution along the coastlines of the Irish Sea. Pollution assessment was based on the combined measurement of scope for growth (SFG), and chemical contaminants in the tissues of mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from 38 coastal sites around the Irish Sea during June-July in 1996 and 1997. On the UK mainland coast, the SFG showed a general trend with a significant decline in water quality in the Liverpool and Morecambe Bay region. High water quality was recorded along the west coast of Wales, as well as southwest England and northwest Scotland (clean reference sites outside the Irish Sea). Along the coast of Ireland there was a similar trend with reduced SFG within the Irish Sea region. SFG was generally low north of Duncannon and then improved north of Belfast. The poor water quality on both sides of the Irish Sea is consistent with the prevailing hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of contaminants associated with urban/ industrial development. The decline in SFG of mussels on both sides of the Irish Sea was associated with a general increase in contaminant levels in the mussels. Certain contaminants, including PAHs, TBT, sigmaDDT, Dieldrin, gamma-HCH, PCBs, and a few of the metals (Cd, Se, Ag, Pb), showed elevated concentrations. Many of these contaminants were particularly elevated in the coastal margins of Liverpool Bay, Morecambe Bay and Dublin Bay. A quantitative toxicological interpretation (QTI) of the combined tissue residue chemistry and SFG measurements indicated that at the majority of coastal sites, c. 50 to > 80% of the observed decline in SFG was due to PAHs as a result of fossil fuel combustion and oil spills. TBT levels were highest at major ports and harbours, but these concentrations only made a minor contribution to the overall reduction in SFG. At no sites were individual metals accumulated to concentrations that could cause a significant effect on SFG. The study identified many sites where the observed reduction in SFG was far greater than predicted from the limited number of chemical contaminants analysed, thus indicating the presence of additional 'unknown toxicants'. Sewage (containing domestic, agricultural and industrial components) appears to be an important contributor to reduced SFG and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and As may provide suitable 'sewage markers'. There was a highly significant positive correlation between SFG and As (P < 0.001). This relationship may be due to reduced As uptake by algal food material and mussels at sites with elevated P04 concentrations (e.g. at sites with sewage inputs). Phosphate is a known competitive inhibitor of As accumulation, at least in algae. The results highlight that further research is required on 'sewage markers' in mussels. The SFG approach therefore provides a rapid, cost-effective and quantitative measure of pollution impact, as well as a means of identifying the causes through a QTI of tissue contaminants levels. It also serves to identify the presence of unidentified toxicants and areas that require further study.     

渤海海洋环境污染现状与管理对策研究

对渤海污染现状及管理中存在的问题进行分析,在此基础上提出构建渤海海洋环境管理体系的初步设想.     

Influence of Thermal Air Pollution on the Urban Climate (Estimates Using the COSMO-CLM Model)

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - It is well known that large cities and urban agglomerations not only make a decisive contribution to the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,...