Climatic impacts of historical wetland drainage in Switzerland

The effects of historical land-use and land-cover changes on the climate of the Swiss Plateau in the different seasons were investigated. In the 19th century, a civil engineering project was initiated to reshape the lake and river system on the Swiss Plateau in order to ban the frequent flooding during extreme weather events. The landscape modifications consisted primarily of a conversion of wetlands with extended peat soils into a highly productive agricultural landscape. Historical maps (1800–1850) served as a basis for the reconstruction of the past land use. The “Lokal-Modell” of the Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling was used to conduct eight one-month long high-resolution simulations (1.5 × 1.5 km²) with present and past landscape conditions. The modified soil and surface properties led to distinctly altered energy and moisture exchanges at the surface and as a consequence affected the local and regional climate. The climatic changes show different characteristics and magnitudes in the cold (October – March) as compared to the warm season (April – September). The landscape modifications led to an average daytime cooling between −0.12 °C (January) and −0.61 °C (April) and a night-time warming of 0.19 °C−0.34 °C. The differences in the mean monthly temperatures show a warming of 0.1 °C−0.2 °C in the cold season and a cooling of similar magnitude in most of the study area in the warm season. The modification of the radiation budget and the surface energy balance distinctly affected the convective activity in the study area in the warm season, but had only a weak effect on convectivity in the cold season. The cloud coverage in the warm season is therefore distinctly reduced compared to the past.     

Climatic change impacts on the ecohydrology of Mediterranean watersheds

Impact of climate change on ecohydrologic processes of Mediterranean watersheds are significant and require quick action toward improving adaptation and management of fragile system. Increase in water shortages and land use can alter the water balance and ecological health of the watershed systems. Intensification of land use, increase in water abstraction, and decline in water quality can be enhanced by changes in temperature and precipitation regimes. Ecohydrologic changes from climatic impacts alter runoff, evapotranspiration, surface storage, and soil moisture that directly affect biota and habitat of the region. This paper reviews expected impacts of climatic change on the ecohydrology of watershed systems of the Mediterranean and identifies adaptation strategies to increase the resilience of the systems. A spatial assessment of changes in temperature and precipitation estimates from a multimodel ensemble is used to identify potential climatic impacts on watershed systems. This is augmented with literature on ecohydrologic impacts in watershed systems of the region. Hydrologic implications are discussed through the lens of geographic distribution and upstream-downstream dynamics in watershed systems. Specific implications of climatic change studied are on runoff, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, lake levels, water quality, habitat, species distribution, biodiversity, and economic status of countries. It is observed that climatic change can have significant impacts on the ecohydrologic processes in the Mediterranean watersheds. Vulnerability varied depending on the geography, landscape characteristics, and human activities in a watershed. Increasing the resilience of watershed systems can be an effective strategy to adapt to climatic impacts. Several strategies are identified that can increase the resilience of the watersheds to climatic and land use change stress. Understanding the ecohydrologic processes is vital to development of effective long-term strategies to improve the resilience of watersheds. There is need for further research into ecohydrologic dynamics at multiple scales, improved resolution of climatic predictions to local scales, and implications of disruptions on regional economies.     

南极乔治王岛地区太阳光照气候特征及影响分析

利用南极长城站 1988—2017 年连续的日照、云量、天气现象、气温和湿度等观测资料,研究 了南极西部乔治王岛 30 a的日照变化特征及其与气象要素的关系。 结果显示,南极地区的日照时 间远少于中低纬度地区,这主要因为该地区常年以阴云天气为主,云层对太阳光的遮挡降低了日 照时间的总量值。2000 年以来,随着总云量和相对湿度的增加,日照时间呈减少趋势。 根据统计分析月平均相对湿度以及每月出现雨、雪、雾、轻雾、吹雪等天气现象和最低气温三0 ℃的天数,发 现液态（ 固态） 现象的发生频率与日照百分率的变化趋势一致（相反） ,即日照百分率低（高） 时,液态现象少（多） ,固态现象多（少） 。     

热力强迫对澳洲北部越赤道气流强弱变化的影响

采用1980-2004年NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,从影响越赤道气流的大气内、外强迫因子（主要指大气凝结潜热释放及下垫面热力差异）出发,结合诊断分析和数值试验,探讨了强迫因子对澳洲北部由南向北越赤道气流强弱变化的影响。结果表明,冷澳洲大陆有利于强澳高或频繁冷空气活动的形成,通道南部弱下垫面加热有利于弱Walker环流的形成,南海一中南半岛较强海陆热力差异或菲律宾强对流加热有利于通道北部强辐合带的形成,它们都对应澳洲北部由南向北强越赤道气流的形成。弱越赤道气流对应的强迫因子及环流因子的特征则与上述情况相反。     

Climate change impacts and adaptation of commercial marine fisheries in Australia: a review of the science

Commercial marine fishing contributes significantly to the Australian economy, and has great importance for coastal communities. However, climate change presents significant challenges for Australia’s fishing industries, now and into the future. With greater use of targeted information, the fishing industry will be better placed to minimise the negative impacts and take advantage of opportunities associated with the effects of climate change. The future of the fishing industry—specifically wild capture fisheries—will depend on its ability and capacity to apply appropriate adaptation strategies for its viability and sustainability in the long-term. Knowledge regarding expected long-term changes in species distributions, improved weather and seasonal climate forecasts and their influence on target species, and better understanding of species tolerances, can inform adaptation responses. This paper provides a review of recent advances in research addressing Australia’s priorities in relation to commercial marine fisheries’ responses to current and anticipated future climate change impacts, and considers barriers and adaptation options for fisheries management over the near-term planning horizon of 5–7 years.     

An assessment of climate change impacts and adaptation for the Torres Strait Islands, Australia

Adaptive practices are taking place in a range of sectors and regions in Australia in response to existing climate impacts, and in anticipation of future unavoidable impacts. For a rich economy such as Australia’s, the majority of human systems have considerable adaptive capacity. However, the impacts on human systems at the intra-nation level are not homogenous due to their differing levels of exposure, sensitivity and capacity to adapt to climate change. Despite past resilience to changing climates, many Indigenous communities located in remote areas are currently identified as highly vulnerable to climate impacts due to their high level of exposure and sensitivity, but low capacity to adapt. In particular, communities located on low-lying islands have particular vulnerability to sea level rise and increasingly intense storm surges caused by more extreme weather. Several Torres Strait Island community leaders have been increasingly concerned about these issues, and the ongoing risks to these communities’ health and well-being posed by direct and indirect climate impacts. A government agency is beginning to develop short-term and long-term adaptation plans for the region. This work, however, is being developed without adequate scientific assessment of likely ‘climate changed futures.’ This is because the role that anthropogenic climate change has played, or will play, on extreme weather events for this region is not currently clear. This paper draws together regional climate data to enable a more accurate assessment of the islands’ exposure to climate impacts. Understanding the level of exposure and uncertainty around specific impacts is vital to gauge the nature of these islands’ vulnerability, in so doing, to inform decisions about how best to develop anticipatory adaptation strategies over various time horizons, and to address islanders’ concerns about the likely resilience and viability of their communities in the longer term.     

三明市茶树气候条件分析及气候区划

对三明市茶树生产的气候条件分析结果表明 ,降水、光照及平均温度、积温等条件基本能满足茶树生产的需要 ,制约茶树生产的主要因素是冬季的极端最低气温 ,以此为区划指标建立气候区划模型 ,利用地理信息系统和Arcview软件制作分布图 ,并结合三明市茶树生产的实际情况 ,将茶树生产分为 3个生产区域 :乌龙茶为主绿茶为辅区、绿茶为主乌龙茶为辅区和绿茶与乌龙茶并重区 ,并提出茶树生产趋利避害的措施。     

越南北方气候与气候生产力变化的研究

利用越南北方19个代表性站点，近50a的逐日气象资料，分析了越南北方气候变化及其对农业生产的影响，在此基础上采用EOF(Emprical Orthogonal Func—tion)和其他数理统计方法研究了气候生产力的变化以及气候异常导致气候变率不稳定的时空分布。     

Climatic trends

A 10,000-year long simulation has been made with the CSIRO Mark 2 coupled global atmospheric-oceanic model for present climatic conditions. The annual mean output from the model has been used to calculate global distributions of climatic trends. These trends were derived by linear regression using a least squares fit to a given climatic time series for a selected trend duration. Typically, this information cannot be obtained from the limited observational record, hence the simulation provides a documentation of many climatic trend characteristics not previously available. A brief examination of observed climatic trends is given to demonstrate the viability of the trend analysis. This is followed by a range of global trend distributions for various climatic variables and trend durations. At any one time only relatively small regions of the globe have trends significant at the 95% level. Markedly different trend patterns occur for a given trend duration computed for different times within the simulation. Decadal and multi-decadal trend patterns revealed consistent relationships for El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related climatic variables. It was found that within a given duration trend, noticeable shorter term counter-trends can exist, with the latter being much stronger. In general, a strong trend is indicative of a short duration, thus highlighting the danger of extrapolating such trends. Examination of time series of climatic trends emphasised the dominance of decadal variability and the essential residual nature of, especially longer term, trends. Rainfall trends over Australia are used to indicate the almost continent-wide changes that can occur in trend patterns within a few decades, in agreement with observation. The outcome emphasises that any changes in current, observed climatic trends should not automatically be attributed to greenhouse forcing. Importantly, it is noted that for conditions associated with naturally occurring climatic variability, the global mean of any climatic trend distribution should be zero or near zero. Departures from this situation imply the existence of an external forcing agency. Thousand year trends could be readily identified within the simulation, but the variations from millennium to millennium indicate the occurrence of secular variability. A probability density function distribution of 30-year duration trends within a selected millennium revealed a near-Gaussian outcome. This, together with other analyses, supports the conclusion that stochastic processes dominate the climatic variability within the simulation.     

三峡地区气候特征

利用三峡地区15站有完整历史记录的历年逐月降水、温度和蒸发资料,采用统计分析方法对三峡地区气候特征进行分析研究。分析结果表明,三峡地区降水期(4～10月)、夏季(6～8月)和逐月的降水具有相似的空间变化特点：作为一级近似可以将三峡地区降水作为一个整体,作为二级近似,可以将三峡地区分成东、西两区;三峡地区夏季和逐月的降水具有相似的时间变化特点：降水不符合正态分布特征,但变化相对比较稳定;三峡地区降水期的降水基本符合正态分布。三峡地区降水期、夏季以及逐月的平均温度具有相似的时空变化特点。三峡地区各站的温度变化在各时段都具有很好的一致性,基本符合正态分布的特点。三峡地区各站各时段蒸发的变化具有相似的特点。     

Natural Climatic Variability as an Explanation for Historical Climatic Fluctuations

The question as to whether the climatic anomalies associated with the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age can be attributed to natural climatic variability is explored in this paper. The output from a 500-year run with a global climatic model is used for this purpose. The model exhibits multi-decadal variability in its climatic outputs, which appears to have many of the characteristics of observed climatic data over the last millennium. Global distributions of surface temperature associated with peak warming and cooling phases of the model run highlight the spatial variability which occurs, and the lack of synchroneity in the response from region to region. Considerable year-to-year variability occurs in temperature anomaly patterns during the warming and cooling phases, indicating the complexity of the responses. The model results suggest that such climatic phases should not be considered as lengthy periods of universal warming or cooling. Comparison of observed time series of land surface temperature for the northern hemisphere for the last 500 years with model output indicates that most of the observed features in this climatic record can be reproduced by processes associated with internal mechanisms of the climatic system as reproduced in the model. While the model results do not exclude the possible contribution of external forcing agents as a contributing factor to these climatic episodes, the perception is that such agents would enhance existing naturally-induced climatic features rather than initiate them, at least for this time frame. Given the omnipresent nature of natural climatic variability, it is assumed that such variability rather than external forcing agents has primacy in generating and maintaining the underlying observed climatic variability. An understanding of the mechanisms and behaviour of such climatic features is becoming of increasing importance, in view of their possible role in modulating future climatic trends given the expected influence of the greenhouse effect.     

2006年中国气候概况

2006年,全国年平均气温较常年偏高1.09℃,为1951年以来最暖的一年;与此同时,全国平均年降水量较常年略偏少。2006年,我国气象灾害频发,各类气象灾害中,热带气旋所造成的直接经济损失和死亡失踪人数最多,干旱造成的受灾人口和农作物受灾面积最多。总的来看,2006年我国气象灾害造成的经济损失为1999年以来最重。     

2012年中国气候概况

2012年,全国年平均气温9.4℃,接近常年,但年内起伏较大;年降水量669.3 mm,较常年偏多6.3%,但时空分布不均。年内,气象灾害种类多,局地灾情重:暴雨过程多,局部洪涝和山洪地质灾害重,长江、黄河和海河等流域先后出现明显汛情,北京、甘肃、四川、重庆、云南、贵州、宁夏、青海和新疆等地出现山洪地质灾害;台风登陆时间集中,影响范围广,8月上旬"达维"、"苏拉"、"海葵"3个台风一周内接连登陆中国,影响15个省(区、市);区域性、阶段性低温阴雨天气多发,对农业生产造成一定影响;11—12月北方多次大范围暴雪天气,部分地区遭受雪灾。综合来看,2012年气象灾害为偏轻年份,直接经济损失偏重,死亡失踪人数和受灾面积均明显偏少。     

上海地区雷暴气候特征及变化研究

利用上海地区11个气象站雷暴资料,从时间和空间2方面分析了上海雷暴的气候特征和变化规律。结果表明,1960～2008年期间,上海年平均雷暴日数总体上减少,其中秋季雷暴日数减少最为显著。在近30 a,雷暴日数更多地从9月向8月转移。空间上,全年雷暴日数在上海的西北、西南和东南方向减少较多,春季雷暴日数在西部和南部减少较多,夏季雷暴日数在西北部减少最多,秋季雷暴日数在南部减少最多。在本世纪初,上海徐家汇雷暴初日提早,终日没有明显变化,雷暴的初日、终日之间的日数总体上表现为增加。     

2011年中国气候概况

2011年,我国气候总体呈现暖干特征。全国年平均气温较常年偏高0．5℃,为1997年以来连续第15个暖年;年降水量556．8mm,较常年偏少9％,为1951年以来最少。年内,我国未出现大范围持续性严重干旱和流域性洪涝灾害,低温冰冻和雪灾、局地强对流、热带气旋灾害较轻。但区域性、阶段性气象灾害频发。华北、黄淮出现近41年来最重秋冬连旱;长江中下游出现近60年来最重冬春连旱,6月旱涝急转,发生暴雨洪涝灾害;西南出现近60年来最重夏秋旱;华西和黄淮秋汛明显;华南南部10月发生较重暴雨灾害;强降水造成北京等大城市发生内涝;夏季南方大部持续高温,多地高温破历史纪录;台风纳沙、梅花影响范围广、致灾程度较重。2011年中国气象灾害为正常偏轻年份,直接经济损失偏多,死亡人数和受灾面积均为1990年以来最少。     

泸溪县雷暴天气的气候特征分析

对泸溪县1959年～2011年53年的逐日气象资料进行统计,分析了泸溪县雷暴气候变化特征。分析表明:泸溪县属于多雷区,平均雷暴日数为47.5d;年雷暴日数线性变化呈明显下降趋势,气候倾向率为-4.6d/10a;全年4个季度均有雷暴活动发生,发生的频率以夏、春两季最高;一年中雷暴活跃期出现在3～9月,活跃期平均雷暴日数占全年的85.1%;雷暴初日和终日都呈缓慢提前的趋势。     

2010年中国气候概况

2010年,中国年平均气温较常年偏高0.7℃,是1961年以来第10个最暖年,夏季气温达1961年以来历史同期最高.年降水量681 mm,比常年偏多11.1%,为1961年以来第2多.年内,极端天气气候事件频发:西南地区发生历史罕见秋冬春特大干旱.东北、华北发生近40年罕见冬春持续低温,新疆北部出现有气象记录以来最为严...     

遂宁机场雷暴的气候特征

利用1986～1995年遂宁机场雷暴观测资料,分析了遂宁机场各季节雷暴天气发生的时间和空间分布特征.