北半球对流层厚度的时空变化特征

利用1948—2010年NCEP/NCAR逐月位势高度再分析资料、美国国家海洋局提供的1948—2010年逐月海温再分析资料,分别定义了1 000—500 hPa和500—200 hPa厚度,利用EOF、SVD等方法研究了北半球对流层厚度时空演变特征及其与大气环流和海面温度的关系。结果表明,冬季平均厚度EOF第一模态均具有北太平洋及附近高纬度亚洲大陆地区与北美大陆高纬地区反位相变化的特点,而夏季第一模态则是北半球范围内较一致的位相分布;冬、夏季平均厚度EOF第二模态均突出体现了欧亚大陆及附近地区与北半球其他地区反位相变化的特点;冬、夏季厚度场的变化形势与大气环流及海面温度具有密切联系。     

1—3月欧亚大陆热力变化及其与中国降水的关系

利用1979—2011年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、我国160个站降水和气温资料,分析欧亚大陆热力变化特征,其在冬季和春季的气候变率最明显,且南北区域呈反相差异。在此基础上, 探讨1—3月欧亚大陆热力差异与中国降水异常的关系,欧亚大陆正 (负) 热力差异年,1—3月华南、西南至河套西部地区降水偏多 (少) 明显,后期夏季多雨带位于长江中下游地区 (华南地区)。大气环流异常特征显示:1—3月欧亚大陆南北热力差异与同期北极涛动 (AO)、东亚大槽、东亚高空急流等大尺度大气环流,以及后期东亚高空急流、南亚高压、低层季风风系异常的密切相关是欧亚大陆热力变化与中国降水联系的可能途径。     

Dominant Modes of Interannual Variability in Atmospheric Water Vapor Content over East Asia during Winter and Their Associated Mechanisms

Atmospheric water vapor content(WVC) is a critical factor for East Asian winter precipitation. This study investigates the dominant modes of interannual variability in WVC over East Asia during winter and their underlying mechanisms.Based on the empirical orthogonal function(EOF) method, the leading mode(EOF1, R~2 = 28.9%) of the interannual variability in the East Asian winter WVC exhibits a meridional dipole pattern characterized by opposite WVC anomalies over northeastern China and eastern China; the second mode(EOF2, R~2 = 24.3%) of the interannual variability in the East Asian winter WVC exhibits a monopole pattern characterized by consistent WVC anomalies over eastern China. EOF1 is mainly modulated by two anomalous zonal water vapor transport(WVT) branches over northeastern China and eastern China, which are associated with an anomalous atmospheric wave train over Eurasia affected by sea ice cover in the Kara Sea-Barents Sea(SIC-KSBS) area in the preceding October-November(ON). EOF2 is mainly modulated by an anomalous westerly WVT branch over eastern China, which is associated with a circumglobal atmospheric zonal wave train in the Northern Hemisphere. This circumglobal zonal wave train is modulated by concurrent central and eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies. The SIC-KSBS anomalies in ON and the concurrent SST anomalies over tropical Pacific may partially account for the interannual variability of EOF1 and EOF2 winter WVC, and thus may provide a theoretical basis for improving the prediction of winter climate over East Asia.     

Interannual variation of the Asian-Pacific oscillation

Previous studies have identified an Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) teleconnection pattern, which exhibits an out-of-phase relationship in the summer tropospheric temperature with warming over the Eurasia and cooling over the Northern Pacific and the Northern America, and vice versa. But the interannual variation of this teleconnection remains obscure. This study points out that interannual variation of the APO teleconnection is associated with the second empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of the northern-hemisphere upper tropospheric temperature during boreal summer, which accounts for 14% of the variance. A heat budget analysis is conducted for the Eurasian region and the North Pacific region respectively to reveal the cause of the zonal dipole mode temperature structure. For the Eurasia region, the warming is contributed by the adiabatic heating process due to downward vertical motion anomalies. For the Northern Pacific region, the temperature variation is mainly contributed by zonal advection associated with interannual zonal wind perturbation acting on the climatological temperature gradient. Composite analysis and numerical experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) shows the interannual zonal wind perturbation is related to the sea surface temperature anomalies over the equatorial eastern Pacific.     

Telecorrelation of the 500 hPa polar circulation and El Nino/SO with the temperature fields in China

By using the monthly data from 1951 through 1984, empirical orthogonal expansion is performed for the 500 hPa geopotential height north of 65oN and the canonical fields are clustered by fuzzy classification. It is noted that both the mean monthly polar vortex fields and the large-scale anomaly fields fall into three regimes, with those of the January mean field and the April anomaly field having characteristic features. In addition, the relationship between the time weigthing coefficients of the canonical fields and El Nino / SO is examined, showing significant anomalies in the large-scale polar anomaly fields during April and October of the year when El Nino occurs. These polar circulation anomalies have considerably influenced the temperature fields in China during April and October. Thus, we may con-clude that this is one of the most important reasons for a relatively cool April and a warm October in China during the El Nino year.     

20世纪90年代初东亚夏季风的年代际转型

利用1979—2009年JRA-25和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过复矢量经验正交方法揭示了东亚地区夏季850 hPa风场变率的优势模态。结果表明:两套再分析资料所揭示的东亚夏季风在20世纪90年代初均发生了年代际转型,与我国夏季降水的年代际转型时间一致。伴随着东亚夏季风的年代际转型,我国北方大部分地区夏季降水减少,尤其是我国东北北部和长江、黄河之间105°E附近区域显著减少,而华南地区和淮河流域降水显著增加。从动力上解释我国夏季降水年代际转型特征,夏季500 hPa高度场两个时段 (1993—2009年和1979—1992年) 的差值分布显示为欧亚大陆北部准纬向遥相关波列,夏季850 hPa风场差值分布表现为贝加尔湖东南侧和日本以南地区存在两个异常反气旋式环流,而我国南方地区和鄂霍次克海附近均为异常气旋式环流。夏季西北太平洋、北印度洋以及部分中高纬度海洋的海温和春季欧亚大陆积雪在20世纪90年代初出现显著变化,春季北极海冰的年代际转型发生在20世纪90年代初,都可能成为东亚夏季风年代际转型的原因。     

Interdecadal variability of winter precipitation in Southeast China

Interdecadal variability of observed winter precipitation in Southeast China (1961–2010) is characterized by the first empirical orthogonal function of the three-monthly Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) subjected to a 9-year running mean. For interdecadal time scales the dominating spatial modes represent monopole features involving the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Dynamic composite analysis (based on NCEP/NCAR reanalyzes) reveals the following results: (1) Interdecadal SPI-variations show a trend from a dryer state in the 1970s via an increase during the 1980s towards stabilization on wetter conditions commencing with the 1990s. (2) Increasing wetness in Southeast China is attributed to an abnormal anticyclone over south Japan, with northward transport of warm and humid air from the tropical Pacific to South China. (3) In mid-to-high latitudes the weakened southward flow of polar airmasses induces low-level warming over Eurasia due to stronger AO by warmer zonal temperature advection. This indicates that AO is attributed to the Southeast China precipitation increase influenced by circulation anomalies over the mid-to-high latitudes. (4) The abnormal moisture transport along the southwestern boundary of the abnormal anticyclone over south Japan is related to anomalous south-easterlies modulated by the SST anomalies over Western Pacific Ocean; a positive (negative) SST anomaly will strengthen (weaken) warm and humid air transport, leading to abundant (reduced) precipitation in Southeast China. That is both AO and SST anomalies determine the nonlinear trend observed in winter precipitation over Southeast China.     

Large-scale patterns of Eurasian surface meteorological fields influenced by the climate shift of 1976–1977

On the basis of the 1950–2001 NCEP reanalysis data, space-time variability of the surface pressure (SP), surface air temperature (SAT), and precipitation fields in Eurasia is studied in connection with the 1976–1977 climate shift. The effect of the shift manifests itself in the change in the space-time structure of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) in all these fields from September to April. For SP and SAT, during this period, only two first EOFs are stable with respect to the climate shift. Also, for SAT and SP, the second EOFs are stable from November to April and from September to December, respectively. For the precipitation field, even the first EOFs are unstable during the whole period, with the exception of January and February. Instability with respect to the climate shift appears first in change in the EOF spatial pattern of the fields. Stability of the first modes of the Eurasian meteorological fields to the 1976–1977 climate shift is caused by a relative stability of the North Atlantic Oscillation, which explains up to 70 and 30% of variance of the first and second EOFs, respectively, of the hydrometeorological fields in the region.     

几种亚洲季风指数与中国夏季主要雨型的关联

首先采用EOF方法分析了中国夏季降水的主要特征 ,其第一 (EOF1 )和第二 (EOF2 )特征向量及其时间序列 (EOF1 - T、EOF2 T)基本上反映了中国夏季 1 (或 3)类和 2类主要雨型的空间和时间分布 ;进一步建立了EOF1、EOF2及其对应的时间序列EOF1 - T、EOF2- T与季风指数的关联 ,以及中国夏季主要雨型与季风指数直接的关联。结果表明 :各季风指数都对中国夏季的 1类雨型有较好的反映能力 ,都对 2类雨型无反映能力 ,仅学者施能定义的指数对 3类雨型有一定的反映能力。     

Interannual variability of summer rainfall over the northern part of China and the related circulation features

In this study, interannual variability of summer rainfall over the northern part of China (NPC) and associated circulation patterns were investigated by using long-term (1961–2013) observational and reanalysis data. Two important NPC rainfall modes were identified by empirical orthogonal function analysis: the first is characterized by an almost uniformly distributed rainfall anomaly over most parts of the NPC, while the second shows rainfall variability in Northeast China (NEC) and its out-of-phase relationship with that in North China (NC) and the northern part of Northwest China. The results also suggest that the NPC summer rainfall anomalies are also closely associated with those in some other parts of China.It is revealed that the circumglobal teleconnection pattern associated with the anomalous Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and the Polar/Eurasia (PEA) pattern work in concert to constitute the typical circulation pattern of the first rainfall mode. The cooperative engagement of the anomalous ISM circulation and the PEA pattern is fundamental in transporting water vapor to the NPC. The study emphasizes that the PEA pattern is essential for the water vapor transport to the NPC through the anomalous midlatitude westerly.In the second NPC rainfall mode, the typical circulation pattern is characterized by the anomalous surface Okhotsk high and the attendant lower tropospheric circulation anomaly over NEC. The circulation anomaly over NEC leads to a redistribution of water vapor fluxes over the NPC and constitutes an out-of-phase relationship between the rainfall anomalies over NEC and NC.     

中国冬季气温不同年代际的季节内变化特征及成因分析

利用1951～2020年中国观测站气温资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和统计方法,分析了不同年代际时间尺度背景下我国冬季气温的季节内变化特征及相联系的大气环流异常。结果表明,1986年前、后为两个年代际时间尺度阶段,各阶段内前冬（12月）与后冬（1～2月）气温异常反位相年的比例均高于同位相年。1986年之前,季节内的优势空间模态为前冬全国冷（暖）转为后冬南方暖（冷）的可能性大,即南方地区季节内变率大;而1986年之后的优势空间模态为前冬北方冷（暖）转为后冬全国明显暖（冷）的可能性大,即北方地区季节内变率大。冬季气温的季节内变化显著受到冬季风系统关键环流季节内变化的影响。对应优势模态的正异常年份,1986年之前,欧亚中高纬地区对流层环流异常信号从前冬到后冬显著性减弱,其中西北太平洋地区对流层中高层的环流调整更明显,副热带高度场增强,热带东风急流北扩,前冬到后冬的环流调整有利于前冬全国大范围偏冷而后冬我国南方地区气温升高,造成南方地区季节内反位相变率增大。1986年之后,欧亚高中低纬地区的环流异常从前冬到后冬显著性增强,欧亚中高纬度环流发生较大调整,而低纬度的环流变化不大,北方地区前冬冷到后冬全国明显转暖,造成北方地区季节内反位相变率大。即副热带环流和中高纬度环流分别在两个年代际尺度阶段南方和北方的冬季气温季节内变率中起到主导作用。     

全球春、夏陆面热力状况变化特征：NCEP／NCAR与ERA40再分析资料的比较

利用目前国际上应用较为广泛的两套再分析资料：NCEP／NCAR再分析的陆地表面温度（1and surface temperature or skin temperature,简称LST）及欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA40表层土壤温度（ECMWF—STLl）资料,揭示了两组资料反映的春、夏季陆面热力状况分布特征及变率的异同。结果表明：1）两套资料的全球春季陆面热力状况气候态分布均反映出表面温度从赤道向两极递减的趋势,但在中低纬地区,ECMWF—STLl高于LST,高纬度地区情况相反。夏季,除格陵兰岛外,两套资料陆面热力状况气候态分布基本相同。2）春季ECMWF—STLl、LST变率类似,均表现为北半球中高纬地区表面温度变率大的特征。相比而言,欧亚大陆北部ECMWF—STLl变率较LST明显,南部相反。夏季,温度变率较大的区域主要位于非洲中部、欧亚大陆北部及美洲部分地区,其中,南北美洲两套资料温度变率差别较大。3）分析EOF第一模态发现,两套资料均表现出春季欧亚大陆热力状况南北反相变化的特征,澳大利亚及南北美洲地区两套资料空间分布型位相正好相反。对于夏季而言,两套资料均反映出欧亚大陆及非洲的一致性变化特征,而其他地区差别较大;4）春季增温显著的地区主要位于欧亚大陆中高纬,相比而言,欧亚大陆北部ECMWF—STLl升温较明显,南部LST降温较明显。夏季,非洲、欧亚以及北美洲地区,两套资料升降温趋势分布相似,但LST升降温幅度均较ECMWF—STLl大。总之,两套资料对热力状况的描述在非洲及欧亚大陆上相似性较大,而在澳大利亚、格陵兰岛及南北美洲地区有一定的差别。另外,对青藏高原地区的热力状况的描述两套资料差别较大。     

Heatwaves in Europe: areas of homogeneous variability and links with the regional to large-scale atmospheric and SSTs anomalies

This work presents a methodology to study the interannual variability associated with summertime months in which extremely hot temperatures are frequent. Daily time series of maximum and minimum temperature fields (T _max and T _min, respectively) are used to define indexes of extreme months based on the number of days crossing thresholds. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is applied to the monthly indexes. EOF loadings give information about the geographical areas where the number of days per month with extreme temperatures has the largest variability. Correlations between the EOF principal components and the time series of other fields allow plotting maps highlighting the anomalies in the large scale circulation and in the SSTs that are associated with the occurrence of extreme events. The methodology is used to construct the “climatology” of the extremely hot summertime months over Europe. In terms of both interannual and intraseasonal variability, there are three regions in which the frequency of the extremely hot days per month homogeneously varies: north-west Europe, Euro-Mediterranean and Eurasia region. Although extremes over those regions occur during the whole summer (June to August), the anomalous climatic conditions associated with frequent heatwaves present some intraseasonal variability. Extreme climate events over the north-west Europe and Eurasia are typically related to the occurrence of blocking situations. The intraseasonal variability of those patterns is related to the amplitude of the blocking, the relative location of the action centre and the wavetrain of anomalies downstream or upstream of the blocking. During June and July, blocking situations which give extremely hot climate conditions over north-west Europe are also associated with cold conditions over the eastern Mediterranean sector. The Euro-Mediterranean region is a transition area in which extratropical and tropical systems compete, influencing the occurrence of climate events: blockings tend to be related to extremely hot months during June while baroclinic anomalies dominate the variability of the climate events in July and August. We highlight that our method could be easily applied to other regions of the world, to other fields as well as to model outputs to assess, e.g. the potential change of extreme climate events in a warmer climate.     

Interannual summer air temperature variability over Greece and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulation and Mediterranean SSTs 1950–1999

The interannual and decadal variability of summer (June to September) air temperature in the northeastern Mediterranean is analysed for the period 1950 to 1999. Extremely hot and cool summers are illustrated by means of composite analysis. The combined influence of the large-scale atmospheric circulation and thermic predictors on local temperature is assessed by means of an objective approach based on empirical orthogonal functions and canonical correlation analysis. Monthly values of sea level pressure, geopotential heights, atmospheric thickness and Mediterranean sea surface temperatures are used as predictor fields and air temperature from 24 observational sites spread over Greece and western Turkey constitute the predictand variable. Results indicate that more than 50% of the total summer temperature variability can be explained linearly by the combination of eight large-scale predictor fields on two canonical correlation modes. The first canonical mode is related to a more meridional circulation at the upper tropospheric levels, which favours local land-sea contrasts in the associated local temperature pattern. Variations of this mode are found to be responsible for the occurrence of extreme events and decadal trends in regional temperature, the latter being characterized by a cooling in the early 1960s and a warming in the early 1990s. The second canonical mode pictures variations in the intensity of the zonal circulation over the Atlantic area that drive temperature anomalies affecting mainly the Aegean Sea and the west of Greece. Our results suggest the potential of statistical downscaling for Greek summer temperature with reliable climate forecasts for planetary-scale anomalies.     

Linking Arctic sea‐ice and atmospheric circulation anomalies on interannual and decadal timescales

Abstract

The relationship between Arctic sea‐ice concentration anomalies, particularly those associated with the “Great Salinity Anomaly” of 1968–1982, and atmospheric circulation anomalies north of 45°N is investigated. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses are performed on winter Arctic ice concentration from 1954 to 1990, sea level pressure and 500‐hPa heights from 1947 to 1994, and 850‐hPa temperatures from 1963 to 1994. Variability on both interannual and decadal timescales is apparent in the time series of the leading winter EOFs of all variables. The first EOF of winter sea‐ice concentration was found to characterize the patterns of ice variability associated with the Great Salinity Anomaly in the northern North Atlantic from 1968–82. Spatial maps of temporal correlation coefficients between the time series of the first EOF of winter sea‐ice concentration and the winter atmospheric anomaly fields are calculated at lags of 0 and ±7 year. Maximum correlations were found to exist when the time‐series of this ice EOF 1 leads the atmospheric anomaly fields by one year. A particularly interesting result is the connection between the presence of ice anomalies in the Greenland and Barents Seas and subsequent pressure anomalies of the same sign over the Irminger Basin and the Canadian Arctic. The main emphasis of the paper is to identify connections between Arctic sea‐ice and atmospheric circulation anomalies at interannual time‐scales.     

动力延伸预报产品在广西月降水预报中的应用

利用1958—2005年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和2003—2005年国家气候中心的动力延伸预报产品, 运用自然正交函数展开 (EOF) 求取预报关键区内的空间特征向量及其时间系数, 结合相似离度方法查找与预报月份相似的个例, 进而作出广西月降水量预报。独立样本试验证明, 利用动力延伸预报产品制作的区域月降水预报比利用前期实况高度距平场相关区域制作的预报效果更好。     

中国冬季气温异常EOF分析的改进

采用站网均匀化订正方法处理了中国160站站网1951—2010年冬季（12月-次年2月）气温距平序列,订正后的序列较好地处理了由站网不均匀性引起的方差不均匀。对订正前、后序列分别作了EOF分析,结果表明：1）订正后序列的前2个典型场上的高绝对值区比订正前序列的前2个特征向量有更好的组织性,其高值区主要位于三北地区（西北、华北、东北）及青藏高原,与均方差场的高值区基本一致;2）订正前、后主要模态时间系数演变特征相似（rh≥0．886,h=^-1,2）,但订正后的前2个时间系数的线性分量和年代际变化分量对它们的方差贡献更加集中于第一模态;3）订正后资料EOF分析的第一个典型场和时间系数中的线性分量可以给出中国最近60a冬季主要强增暖区的分布;其年代际分量与分析期间中国强年代际变化分布区域的一致性也优于订正前资料的EOF分析结果。     

The Interannual Variability of Summer Rainfall in the Arid and Semiarid Regions of Northern China and Its Association with the Northern Hemisphere Circumglobal Teleconnection

Using the latest daily observational rainfall datasets for the period 1961–2008, the present study investigates the interannual variability of June–September (JJAS) mean rainfall in northern China. The regional characteristics of JJAS mean rainfall are revealed by a rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis. The analysis identifies three regions of large interannual variability of JJAS rainfall: North China (NC), Northeast China (NEC), and the Taklimakan Desert in Northwest China (TDNWC). Summer rainfall over NC is shown to have displayed a remarkable dry period from the late 1990s; while over NEC, decadal-scale variation with a significant decreasing trend in the last two decades is found, and over TDNWC, evidence of large interannual variability is revealed. Results also show that the interannual variability of JJAS rainfall in northern China is closely associated with the Northern Hemisphere circumglobal teleconnection (CGT). Correlation coefficients between the CGT index and regional-averaged JJAS mean rainfall over NC and NEC were calculated, revealing values of up to 0.50 and 0.53, respectively, both of which exceeded the 99% confidence level.     

Possible association of the western Tibetan Plateau snow cover with the decadal to interdecadal variations of northern China heatwave frequency

Northern China has been subject to increased heatwave frequency (HWF) in recent decades, which deteriorates the local droughts and desertification. More than half a billion people face drinking water shortages and worsening ecological environment. In this study, the variability in the western Tibetan Plateau snow cover (TPSC) is observed to have an intimate linkage with the first empirical orthogonal function mode of the summer HWF across China. This distinct leading mode is dominated by the decadal to inter-decadal variability and features a mono-sign pattern with the extreme value center prevailing over northern China and high pressure anomalies at mid- and upper troposphere over Mongolia and the adjacent regions. A simplified general circulation model is utilized to examine the possible physical mechanism. A reduced TPSC anomaly can induce a positive geopotential height anomaly at the mid- and upper troposphere and subsequently enhance the climatological high pressure ridge over Mongolia and the adjacent regions. The subsidence associated with the high pressure anomalies tends to suppress the local cloud formation, which increases the net radiation budget, heats the surface, and favors more heatwaves. On the other hand, the surface heating can excite high pressure anomalies at mid- and upper troposphere. The latter further strengthens the upper troposphere high pressure anomalies over Mongolia and the adjacent regions. Through such positive feedback effect, the TPSC is tied to the interdecadal variations of the northern China HWF.     

Impact of Global Oceanic Warming on Winter Eurasian Climate

In the 20 th century, Eurasian warming was observed and was closely related to global oceanic warming(the first leading rotated empirical orthogonal function of annual mean sea surface temperature over the period 1901–2004). Here, large-scale patterns of covariability between global oceanic warming and circulation anomalies are investigated based on NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. In winter, certain dominant features are found, such as a positive pattern of the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO), low-pressure anomalies over northern Eurasia, and a weakened East Asian trough. Numerical experiments with the CAM3.5, CCM3 and GFDL models are used to explore the contribution of global oceanic warming to the winter Eurasian climate. Results show that a positive NAO anomaly, low-pressure anomalies in northern Eurasia, and a weaker-than-normal East Asian trough are induced by global oceanic warming. Consequently, there are warmer winters in Europe and the northern part of East Asia. However, the Eurasian climate changes differ slightly among the three models. Eddy forcing and convective heating from those models may be the reason for the different responses of Eurasian climate.