Evaluating Tidal Wetland Restoration Performance Using National Estuarine Research Reserve System Reference Sites and the Restoration Performance Index (RPI)

Evaluations of tidal wetland restoration efforts suffer from a lack of appropriate reference sites and standardized methods among projects. To help address these issues, the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) and the NOAA Restoration Center engaged in a partnership to monitor ecological responses and evaluate 17 tidal wetland restoration projects associated with five reserves. The goals of this study were to (1) determine the level of restoration achieved at each project using the restoration performance index (RPI), which compares change in parameters over time between reference and restoration sites, (2) compare hydrologic and excavation restoration projects using the RPI, (3) identify key indicator parameters for assessing restoration effectiveness, and (4) evaluate the value of the NERRS as reference sites for local restoration projects. We found that the RPI, modified for this study, was an effective tool for evaluating relative differences in restoration performance; most projects achieved an intermediate level of restoration from 2008 to 2010, and two sites became very similar to their paired reference sites, indicating that the restoration efforts were highly effective. There were no differences in RPI scores between hydrologic and excavation restoration project types. Two abiotic parameters (marsh platform elevation and groundwater level) were significantly correlated with vegetation community structure and thus can potentially influence restoration performance. Our results highlight the value of the NERRS as reference sites for assessing tidal wetland restoration projects and provide improved guidance for scientists and restoration practitioners by highlighting the RPI as a trajectory analysis tool and identifying key monitoring parameters.     

Acute Effects of Drought on Emergent and Aquatic Communities in a Brackish Marsh

Plants and animals in brackish marshes are adapted to live within a wide, yet finite, range of conditions. Events that shift the environmental state beyond that range can dramatically alter habitats and, potentially, the numerous ecosystem services they provide. A prolonged exceptional drought in Texas (October 2010–January 2012) provided a unique opportunity to understand how brackish wetland habitats respond to an extreme environmental event. We examined marshes in the Lower Neches Wildlife Management Area (Texas, USA) that fell within the drought affected area, including restored areas and an adjacent reference marsh. To test our hypothesis that the brackish marsh community would be sensitive to drought conditions, we quantified emergent plant and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and animal (invertebrates, fish) characteristics in summer 2010 and 2011. In spite of its severity, the exceptional drought of 2011 did not have a negative impact on emergent plant communities: biomass, stem density, and chlorophyll a concentrations were the same in pre-drought and drought years in all restored and reference areas. In contrast, SAV biomass was reduced by up to 100 % in the drought year. Some fish and invertebrate densities were also reduced by an order of magnitude or more, possibly due to the loss of SAV. Aquatic faunal species composition was markedly different in the drought year, largely due to the loss of the hydrobiid snail Probythinella protera and the gain of some marine species, including Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus), brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus), and white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus). By altering aquatic the plant and animal community, this drought event may subsequently reduce trophic support for higher consumers, or contribute to a decline in water quality. Restoration monitoring programs that only focus on relatively stress-resistant, emergent wetland plant communities may underestimate the sensitivity of these ecosystems to extreme environmental events like droughts.     

Benthic Respiration and Inorganic Nutrient Fluxes in the Estuarine Region of Patos Lagoon (Brazil)

In situ benthic flux chamber experiments were performed during late austral spring and early summer of 1996 at eleven nearshore locations in the southern Patos Lagoon, Brazil. The Patos Lagoon is the largest lagoonal system in South America and is a very important nursery ground for local fin fish and shell fish fisheries. These are the first benthic flux measurements made in Patos Lagoon and they suggest that remineralizationwithin the sediments may dominate the recycling of organic matter and nutrients in thelagoon. Measured oxygen benthic fluxes (45–160 mmol m^-2 d^-1) are sufficientto remineralize reported mean water column carbon fixation while phosphate and fixednitrogen benthic fluxes (-0.4–2 and -1.1–4.2 mmol m^-2 d^-1, respectively)are sufficient to supply 100% and 25% of the required water column nutrient demand,respectively. Although of limited areal and temporal coverage, these initial studiesdemonstrate that sediments play a major role in the metabolism and nutrient cyclingwithin the Patos Lagoon Estuary and that future studies of lagoonal biogeochemistrymust consider exchange with the bottom.     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Estuarine Reclamation on Nutrient and Metal Fluxes in the Global Coastal Zone

We demonstrate that land reclamation in estuaries is resulting in very large-scale loss of intertidal area and disconnection of stored sediment with the water column. This process is not just causing loss of estuarine ecosystem services, it is also having a major deleterious impact on the ability of estuaries to retain nutrients and trace metals. The global scale of loss of estuarine wetlands and subtidal sediments has reached the point where the impact of this loss of estuarine retention is likely to be affecting coastal seas worldwide and possibly global element cycles.     

汞污染的环境效应及人体暴露研究进展

汞作为一种全球性污染物,一直是国际上热点问题之一。为了解汞污染对生态环境的影响及人体暴露危害的调查研究现状,在概述汞的高毒性、生物富集性、迁移性及国内外汞污染现状的同时,该文着重阐述了人体暴露于不同形态汞,无机汞和甲基汞环境下导致的健康疾病的研究进展;在分析汞的来源、存在形式及全球范围内的干湿沉降作用的基础上,总结了汞在环境中的迁移转化机制及生物化学效应的表征,并就其对人类健康发展提出一些看法。     

Spatial Variability of Stable Isotope Ratios in Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and Primary Producers Along an Estuarine Gradient (Bay of Brest, France)

This study aimed at characterizing the diet of the oyster Crassostrea gigas along an estuarine gradient in the Bay of Brest (France), through stable isotope (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) measurements in primary producers and wild oysters. The contribution of different potential food sources to the diet of C. gigas was estimated at high spatial resolution (over a gradient of 40 km with samplings every 2 km) to identify ecological transition zones and highlighted the dominance of resuspended biofilm in oysters diet. Although the different primary producers did not display any obvious pattern along the estuarine gradient, the stable isotope signatures of C. gigas differed among estuarine, inner Bay, and open sea sites. In particular, a striking ¹⁵N depletion pattern was found along the gradient which allowed to identify seven homogeneous groups. Moreover, some unexpected values found at two stations within the estuary revealed localized anthropogenic disturbances. Overall, our results suggest that suspension feeders might be better indicators of ecosystem functioning than primary producers and reflect the different ecological processes occurring along estuarine gradients, including localized anthropogenic inputs. We suggest that the usefulness of suspension feeders as indicators of ecosystem functional typology lies in the dominance of benthic material in their diet, which results in locally occurring processes being reflected in oysters’ stable isotope ratios.     

植物挥发性有机物的气候与环境效应研究进展

植物挥发性有机物(Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds,BVOCs)是大气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的主要组分,具有重要的气候与环境效应。在梳理和总结既有研究成果的基础上,立足于BVOCs的大气化学过程,阐述了BVOCs不同组分的化学反应过程及其在大气臭氧(O3)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)污染形成中的作用,指出了BVOCs在O_3和SOA污染形成中的重要性,以及BVOCs影响地球气候的2种主要途径:1通过形成SOA以气溶胶的形式影响地球大气辐射平衡;2参与地球碳循环,影响CH_4和CO等温室气体的寿命。进而,分别总结了BVOCs通过上述2个途径对地球气候影响的研究成果;阐述了BVOCs观测技术的现状与排放量估算模型的发展历程,分析了模型的优缺点与模型间的传承关系及其与气候系统模式耦合的现状。同时展望了BVOCs气候与环境效应亟需深入研究的问题,包括BVOCs氧化机制、产物的理化性质、耦合BVOCs排放及大气化学过程的地球系统模式研制等。     

胶州湾李村河河口区沉积物有机碳、酸可挥发硫化物及重金属元素的环境响应

通过多种仪器分析,测定了胶州湾李村河河口区4个沉积物柱状样品的有机碳（TOC）、酸可挥发硫化物(AVS)及重金属元素活性部分（活性金属）的含量,并系统讨论了其环境响应特征。研究发现,胶州湾李村河河口区三角洲沉积物中的有机碳、AVS和活性金属元素的分布受与河口的距离及沉积相带分布的影响。近河口细粒物质沉积区域的有机质受陆源控制,有机碳含量较高,AVS和活性金属元素含量高,活性铁的含量是AVS形成的主控因素,同时AVS也是多数活性金属元素在沉积物中的主要赋存形态。而离河口较远区域,有机碳含量受海、陆双向物源控制,AVS含量主要受控于有机质含量,两者含量均相对较低,活性金属元素含量也较低,多数金属元素（Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn等）主要以依附于铁的形态存在。根据上述沉积特点,将胶州湾李村河河口区沉积环境划分为3类区域5种类型,分别是一类区域中的水下分流河道和分流间湾,二类区域中的水下分流河道和分流间湾及三类区域中的前缘席状砂。     

Experimental Effects of the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, on Hard-Substrate Communities in Chesapeake Bay and an Adjacent Coastal Bay, USA

With increased shoreline hardening and development, it is important to understand the ecological processes occurring in these and adjacent coastal habitats. A common species found associated with these hard-substrate habitats in Chesapeake Bay is the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Caging experiments were conducted from June to August 2010 to examine the effects of shrimp on the recruitment and development of hard-substrate communities. Experiments were conducted at two low-salinity sites within Chesapeake Bay and one high-salinity site in an adjacent coastal bay in Virginia. The addition of grass shrimp reduced recruitment of polychaetes and scyphistomae of the sea nettle, Chrysaora quinquecirrha, and increased recruitment of encrusting bryozoans and the oyster, Crassostrea virginica. After 12?weeks, sea nettles at one low-salinity site, dominated predator-exclusion treatments. At the high-salinity site, oysters dominated when shrimp were present. Although it is unclear whether the results of short-term caging studies can be applied across larger temporal and spatial scales, the significant effects of grass shrimp on two important Chesapeake Bay species suggests that increases in hard-substrate habitat could have broader impacts within this and other systems.     

Temporal and Spatial Effects on the Diet of an Estuarine Piscivore, Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the USA and comprises vast areas of polyhaline to freshwater, tidal fish habitat. The Bay experiences large temperature differences between winter and summer, which in combination with the variety of salinities enables approximately 240 species of fish to be temporary inhabitants. This dynamic environment leads to an ever-changing prey field for predators. The goal of this study was to characterize the diet of one of the few resident, euryhaline predators within the tidal rivers in Virginia, Lepisosteus osseus (longnose gar). The top five prey species were Morone americana, Brevoortia tyrannus, Fundulus spp., Micropogonias undulatus, and Leiostomous xanthurus. The diet composition varied with the seasonal fish assemblages, length of L. osseus, water temperature, and salinity. L. osseus consumed a greater amount of marine and anadromous fishes (%W?=?59.4 % and %N?=?56.5 %) than resident fishes (%W?=?40.6 % and %N?=?43.5 %). The seasonal influx of anadromous or coastal spawning fishes appears to be an important prey source for L. osseus and most likely other piscivores in the tributaries of Chesapeake Bay.     

Contrasting on Hydrocarbon Generation Model and Characteristics of Pyrolysis of Modern Aquatic Plant (Gloeocapsa) vs Marine Animal (Mantis Shrimp)

INTRODUCTIONGeochemical models of hydrocarbon generation fromorganic matter have become increasingly important inhydrocarbon exploration. They elucidate the relationshipbetween precursor organic materials and the properties ofhydrocarbon products under certain geologic conditions.Previous thermal experiments were successful to a certaindegree in sim ulating the geologic process of hydrocarbonevolution. Khorasani and Michelson (1991) reported thegeneration of liquid hydrocarbon from the co…     

北京市大气PM2.5中多溴联苯醚污染水平与来源分析

2008年1月、9月和10月在北京城区5个采样点共采集9个大气颗粒物PM_2.5样品。遵循US EPA-1614方法,采用同位素稀释、高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/MS)联用技术,测定了大气颗粒物PM_2.5样品中14种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的质量浓度,研究了北京市城区大气颗粒物PM_2.5中多溴联苯醚的污染水平、分布特征及来源。结果表明: 9个大气颗粒物PM_2.5样品中PBDEs的质量浓度范围为2.82~57.94 pg/m³,平均值为15.67 pg/m³,BDE-209的质量浓度为0.34~7.32 pg/m³,PM_2.5样品中PBDEs的质量浓度冬季高于秋季;高溴代联苯醚在颗粒物中的含量高,低溴代联苯醚的含量低;交通源对大气颗粒物PM_2.5中PBDEs的污染贡献值很小,工业污染源贡献大于交通源,从含有溴代阻燃剂的物品释放到大气中的PBDEs对大气颗粒物PM_2.5中PBDEs的污染贡献值最大。     

Effects of Shoreline Alteration and Other Stressors on Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in Subestuaries of Chesapeake Bay and the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Bays

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) provides many important ecosystem functions, but SAV has been significantly reduced in many estuaries. We used spatial–statistical models to identify estuarine shoreline characteristics that explain variations in SAV abundance among subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay and mid-Atlantic Coastal Bays. We summarized digital spatial data on shoreline construction, shoreline land use, physical characteristics, watershed land cover, and salinity for each subestuary. We related SAV abundance to shoreline characteristics and other stressors using univariate regression and multivariate models. The strongest univariate predictors of SAV abundance were percent shoreline forest, percent shoreline marsh, the percentage of shoreline that is 5–10 m tall, percent riprap, the percentage of subestuary area <2 m deep, percent herbaceous wetland, and percent shrubland. Shoreline marsh, bulkhead, and shoreline forest had different effects on SAV in different salinity zones. Percent riprap shoreline was the most important variable in a regression tree analysis of all the subestuaries, and percent deciduous forest in the watershed was the most important variable in a separate regression tree analysis on the mesohaline subestuaries. Subestuaries with <5.4 % riprap followed a significantly different temporal trajectory than those with >5.4 % riprap. SAV abundance has increased steadily since 1984 in subestuaries with <5.4 % riprap, but has not increased since 1996–1997 in subestuaries with >5.4 % riprap. Some shoreline characteristics interact with larger-scale factors like land cover and salinity zone to affect the distribution of SAV, while the effects of other shoreline characteristics are consistent among subestuaries with different salinities or local watershed land covers. Many shoreline characteristics can be controlled by management decisions, and our results help identify factors that managers should consider in efforts to increase SAV abundance.     

长江口岸带冲淤及后备土地资源的沉降效应——以上海崇明东滩为例

长江口入海泥沙的淤积是上海后备土地资源的重要来源，分析岸带冲淤的演变．有助于对岸带经济圈特别是围垦促淤地区因经济工程活动引发的地面沉降问题的剖析。本文以上海崇明东滩为例，分析30年来的冲淤变化及未来趋势，并据此对新近沉积土的地面沉降效应作简要阐述。     

长江源及其周边地区蒸发量特征及变化趋势研究

通过对长江源及其周边地区沱沱河等10处气象、水文站自建站至2000年蒸发量资料的分析，揭示了长江源及其周边地区蒸发量的特征值及蒸发年内年际变化规律，分析了该地区蒸发量的变化趋势。     

Distribution of Diatoms and Development of Diatom-Based Models for Inferring Salinity and Nutrient Concentrations in Florida Bay and Adjacent Coastal Wetlands of South Florida (USA)

The composition and distribution of diatom algae inhabiting estuaries and coasts of the subtropical Americas are poorly documented, especially relative to the central role diatoms play in coastal food webs and to their potential utility as sentinels of environmental change in these threatened ecosystems. Here, we document the distribution of diatoms among the diverse habitat types and long environmental gradients represented by the shallow topographic relief of the South Florida, USA, coastline. A total of 592 species were encountered from 38 freshwater, mangrove, and marine locations in the Everglades wetland and Florida Bay during two seasonal collections, with the highest diversity occurring at sites of high salinity and low water column organic carbon concentration (WTOC). Freshwater, mangrove, and estuarine assemblages were compositionally distinct, but seasonal differences were only detected in mangrove and estuarine sites where solute concentration differed greatly between wet and dry seasons. Epiphytic, planktonic, and sediment assemblages were compositionally similar, implying a high degree of mixing along the shallow, tidal, and storm-prone coast. The relationships between diatom taxa and salinity, water total phosphorus (WTP), water total nitrogen (WTN), and WTOC concentrations were determined and incorporated into weighted averaging partial least squares regression models. Salinity was the most influential variable, resulting in a highly predictive model (r _apparent² = 0.97, r _jackknife² = 0.95) that can be used in the future to infer changes in coastal freshwater delivery or sea-level rise in South Florida and compositionally similar environments. Models predicting WTN (r _apparent² = 0.75, r _jackknife² = 0.46), WTP (r _apparent² = 0.75, r _jackknife² = 0.49), and WTOC (r _apparent² = 0.79, r _jackknife² = 0.57) were also strong, suggesting that diatoms can provide reliable inferences of changes in solute delivery to the coastal ecosystem.     

出露石牙对珍稀濒危植物四药门花分布与叶表型性状的影响

喀斯特区常见的出露石牙对水分和养分的再分配影响了植物物种的分布与适应特征。为了解出露石牙对中国特有珍稀濒危植物四药门花(Loropetalum subcordatum)的分布与叶表型性状的影响,用样带法对贵州茂兰国家自然保护区内四药门花个体根部和周边最近石牙与土表连接处的距离进行调查、并选择距石牙不同距离的乔木植株叶片进行表型特征测量。根据四药门花植株的分布特征,将其与石牙距离分为三组（0 cm、0.1~10 cm、≥10 cm）进行分析。结果表明:①本次共调查到四药门花个体515株,其中胸径≥1 cm的388株（75.3%）。胸径最大值为17.5 cm,该植株距石牙7 cm。胸径≥1 cm植株距石牙0 cm、0.1~10 cm、≥10 cm植株数分别为89株平均胸径3.44±2.26 cm、21株平均胸径4.38±4.55 cm和278株平均胸径3.93±2.75 cm;幼苗和幼树距离石牙0 cm有19株、0.1~10 cm有62株、≥10 cm有46株。②茂兰四药门花种群叶长106.60±19.28 mm、叶宽47.53±10.10 mm、叶宽/长0.45±0.08、叶厚0.32±0.05 mm、叶柄长12.82±3.35 mm、叶柄径1.43±0.35 mm。距石牙0 cm组、0.1~10 cm组和≥10 cm组四药门花的叶长、叶宽、叶柄径差异不显著（P>0.05）,叶厚、叶宽/叶长、叶柄长差异极显著（P<0.01）。石牙出露深刻影响了四药门花的分布和植物的适应特征。      

焉耆盆地煤系源岩特征、生烃机理及烃源岩倾向性研究

焉耆盆地位于南天山造山带东部,是在华力西期褶皱基底上形成的中新生代含煤沉积盆地.作为西部地区一个小型的侏罗纪含油气盆地,焉耆盆地除与周缘的塔里木、吐哈盆地有相似性外,亦有自己独特的地质条件,即:改造型盆地、煤系生烃和高地温梯度.通过研究认为,煤系源岩特征是决定生烃能力的内因,高地温梯度则是促使油气生成的外因.笔者通过现今地温的测量和岩石热导率的分析,认为焉耆盆地博湖坳陷现今地温梯度较高,其原因主要是该盆地大地热流值较高,认为地温梯度高的原因来自地内深处.从侏罗系煤系源岩的类型、特征、分布,到对其有机显微组分:镜质组、惰性组、壳质组、腐泥组的组成,开展了侏罗纪煤系烃源岩倾气倾油性评价;尤其是进行热压模拟实验,开展中下侏罗统煤岩、碳质泥岩和煤系泥岩热压模拟液态烃、气态烃产率分析.指出侏罗系煤系源岩液态产烃率以煤岩为最高、泥岩次之、碳质泥岩最差;气态产烃率则以泥岩为最高、煤岩次之、碳质泥岩最差.