全球地球化学填图

作指出了1973年至今世界上50余项地球化学填图计划中普遍存在的缺陷大都涉及分析问题。1988－1992年实施的国际地质对比计划IGCP259项目旨在使全世界地球化学填图方法标准化。在此项目中对分析问题提出了若干规定，主要是要求今后的填图计划应统一分析71种元素，痕量及超痕量元素的检出限必须低于相应的地壳丰度值及采用中国的GSD和加拿大的STSD标样系列，以使全球数据可以对比，在其后开始延续至今的全球地球化学填图计划IGCP360，旨在用极低密度采样早日覆盖全球大陆，讨论了正在实行的两种极低密度采样方案，并提出通过极低密度采集地极少量样品示范性实现IGCP259项目对分析要求的具体建议。     

Geochemical exploration in China

Geochemical exploration in China was commenced in the early 1950's. In 1951, the first experimental work was carried out in Yeshan, and a geochemical exploration section was set up in the Ministry of Geology in 1953.Regional geochemical reconnaissance (metallometric surveying) was initiated in 1956 on a nation-wide scale. Soil samples have been collected, and analyzed by semiquantitative spectrography. The results were heavily biased and were not adequately processed and utilized. Renewed efforts have been made to reprocess the vast amount of data accumulated and to utilize them more fully in mineral exploration.Meanwhile, another nation-wide project of regional geochemistry using more refined techniques is in its preparatory stage. It is the Regional Geochemistry-National Reconnaissance Project. In this project stream sediment sampling with a density of one per km² will be used in China Proper, and low-density sampling of various kinds of media in different environments will be used in remote areas. Pilot surveys covering areas of several thousand square kilometers are being undertaken in several provinces.Beside regional reconnaissance, geochemical prospecting has been carried out at virtually all phases of mineral prospecting in China.A brief summary of current research in exploration geochemistry taken by research institutes and universities is given, including studies on the methodology of regional geochemical surveys, primary halos around various types of ore deposits, mercury vapor survey techniques, refinement of analytical methods and instrumentation, and computerized data processing and plotting techniques.Several case histories are described where geochemical exploration techniques have led to successful ore discoveries in China.     

中国化探走向2000年

总结了80年代中国化探的成就与不足之处。目的是更好的对中国化探走向2000年进行战略部署。中国的区域化探全国扫面计划在80年代取得了重大成就。已覆盖了400万km²的面积,发现了600余新的矿化产地,其中158个已成为新的有工业价值的矿床。研制了适用于乾旱、半乾旱、高寒山区、卡斯特及黄土覆盖地区的野外工作方法。研制了高效率低检出限的多元素分析系统及质量监控方案。所有这一切使得中国在系统进行地球化学填图工作方面在全世界居于领先地位,并带动了中国化探的全面发展。主要的不足之处是从80年代后半叶起,研究工作在指导整个这项计划的作用逐渐削弱,而整个计划逐渐变成纯生产性的例行工作。地球化学填图将成为地学及勘查地球化学新前沿已为国际上许多杰出科学家所承认。中国在填图技术以及信息累积上所占有的优势将给中国勘查地球化学家在90年代提供激动人心的新机会。简略的提出了一些新的研究方向。     

National-Scale Geochemical Mapping Projects in China

Regional, national and global scale geochemical mapping projects have been carried out in China since the late 1970s, due to the development of cost‐effective, low detection limit analytical methods. These projects have provided a huge mass of high‐quality, informative and comparable data for mineral resource exploration and are now making contributions to environmental assessment. In this paper, four national‐scale geochemical mapping projects are described. (1) The Regional Geochemistry‐National Reconnaissance Project (RGNR project), which is China's largest national geochemical mapping project, has covered 6 million km² of upland regions since 1978. Generally, stream sediment samples were collected at a density of 1/km² and four samples were composited into one sample and analysed for thirty‐nine elements. (2) The deep‐penetrating geochemical mapping project (DEEPMAP Project) has been conducted since 1994 in covered terrains, including sedimentary basins, at a density of 1 sample per 100 km² with thirty to seventy elements determined per sample. In the past 10 years, an area of approximately 800 000 km² has been covered and this project has played an important role in finding sandstone‐type uranium deposits in basins. (3) The seventy‐six geochemical element mapping project (76 GEM project) has been carried out since 1999 and involved the collection of stream sediment samples from the RGNR project targets which were analysed for seventy‐six elements. Samples from each 1:50 000 map sheet were composited into one analytical sample (approximately one composite sample per 400 km²). Approximately 1 million km² have been surveyed to date. (4) The multi‐purpose eco‐geochemical mapping project has been conducted since 1999 in Quaternary plain areas for environmental and agricultural applications. Surface soils (depths from 0–20 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per km², and four samples were composited into one for analysis. Deep soils (from a depth of 150 to 200 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per 4 km² and four samples were composited into one analytical sample. All the composite samples were analysed for fifty‐four elements.     

2011~2020年勘查地球化学数据处理研究进展

我国建立了包含海量数据的高质量的勘查地球化学数据库,为矿产勘查、环境评价和地质调查等提供了重要的数据支撑。如何高效处理勘查地球化学数据,并从中发掘和识别深层次信息一直是勘查地球化学学科研究的热点和前沿领域。本文在系统调研国内外学者过去十年发表的论著基础上,对勘查地球化学数据处理方法进行分析与对比,从勘查地球化学数据库建设、地球化学异常识别及其不确定性评价等方面概述了我国近十年来在该领域取得的主要研究进展,包括:(1)分形与多重分形模型由于考虑了地球化学空间模式的复杂性和尺度不变性,在全球范围内得到极大的发展和推广,我国学者引领了基于分形与多重分形的勘查地球化学数据处理;(2)机器学习和大数据思维开始在该领域启蒙,并迅速得到关注,正在成为研究热点和前沿领域,我国学者率先开展基于机器学习算法的勘查地球化学大数据挖掘研究;(3)我国学者需要进一步加强勘查地球化学数据缺失值处理以及成分数据闭合效应研究。今后该领域应进一步加强对弱缓地球化学异常识别、异常不确定性评价以及异常识别与其形成机理相结合等方面的研究。     

Geochemical and metallogenic provinces: a discussion initiated by results from geochemical mapping across northern Fennoscandia

The concept of metallogenic province has won general acceptance in economic geology. It is agreed that metallogenic provinces offer good opportunities for exploration of new ore deposits. The concept of geochemical province is also established, but its exact meaning is disputable. In this paper, geochemical province is used as an abnormal spatial distribution of an element or element combination in a particular sample type as measured by a particular analytical technique. The practical consequences of this concept of geochemical provinces in mineral exploration seem not to have been fully utilized, although geochemical and metallogenic provinces could only be different manifestations of the same regional features. The location of geochemical provinces should be of greater importance in exploration than the location of metallogenic provinces, simply because a geochemical province can be identified early in an exploration program, while a metallogenic province cannot be defined until a number of ore discoveries has already been made. We have compared metallogenic provinces with geochemical provinces obtained by regional geochemical mapping in Fennoscandia (mainly data from the Nordkalott Project) and other places such as England, Wales, Germany and Alaska in order to study to what degree large-scale geochemical dispersion patterns can be associated with clusters of economically interesting mineral deposits.It is concluded that metallogenic provinces lie within or coincide with a number of geochemical provinces, some of which may have causal relationships with the ore deposits. It can be assumed that an enormous hierarchy of large and small geochemical provinces exist at the earth's surface. The main features of this system would be detectable by worldwide low-density geochemical mapping. Such mapping should be performed in order to shorten the time lapse between possible rises in the demand of certain raw materials and their supply. Worldwide geochemical mapping would also contribute to a better understanding of major geochemical processes of the Earth and provide baselines for environmental research.     

Geochemical Mapping: With Special Emphasis on Analytical Requirements

More than 40 national and regional geochemical mapping projects in the world carried out from 1973 to 1988 do not conform to common standards. In particular they have many analytical deficiencies. In the period 1988 to 1992, the International Geochemical Mapping project （Project 259 of UNESCO＇s IGCP Program） prepared recommendations designed to standardize geochemical mapping methods. The analytical requirements are an essential component of the overall recommendations. They included the following： 71 elements should be analyzed in future mapping projects; the detection limits of trace and ultratrace elements must be lower than the corresponding crustal abundances; and the Chinese GSD and Canadian STSD standard sample series should be used for the correlation of global data. A proposal was also made to collect 5000 composite samples, at very low sampling densities to cover the whole Earth＇s land surface. In 1997 an IUGS Working Group on Global Geochemical Baselines was formed to continue the work which began with IGCP 259. From 1997 up to now, new progress has been made especially in China and FOREGS countries under the aegis of this working group, including the study of suitable sampling media, development of a multi-element analytical system, new proficiency test for selection of competent laboratories and role of wide-spaced mapping in mineral exploration. One of the major problems awaiting solution has been the inability of many laboratories to meet the IGCP recommendations to generate high quality geochemical maps. Fortunately several laboratories in China and Europe have demonstrated an ability to meet the requirements and they will be well placed to render technical assistance to other countries.     

勘查地球化学的现状与未来展望

勘查地球化学在过去50年发展迅速,并取得巨大成功。从它近年的发展及在中国北京与澳大利亚Townsville召开的第16届及第17届国际地球化学勘查学术讨论会上所表现的创新与非传统性看来,勘查地球化学正在从经验式阶段向革新技术与加强理论研究的新阶段过渡。其主要标志是由于国际地球化学填图研究的进展及各种宽阔地球化学模式的认识,地球化学勘查将逐步成为能左右矿产勘查部署的战略性方法,各种新技术的出现使隐伏区找矿特别是找巨型矿床正在取得重大突破。高质量的地球化学图还将使今后的环境研究更具全球眼光,中国的工作是这些方     

Favourable geological environments for uranium mineralization, Peninsular Malaysia

An appraisal of the 1977–1978 regional reconnaissance geochemical data obtained under the Central Belt Project indicated that the Boundary Range Granite, the Senting Granite, and the Benom Igneous Complex appear to constitute favourable uranium exploration targets. Results of the airborne survey subsequently flown within the Project area in 1980 showed high radiometric responses over these and other granitoids. Recent follow-up of a multi-element geochemical anomaly over the Boundary Range Granite has resulted in the discovery of some uraninite-bearing boulders and an abnormally radioactive ironstained quartz vein containing uranium-bearing rhabdophane and florencite. Yet another potential target appears to be the Main Range Granite. Although not within the Project area, it has the distinction of hosting the first recorded uranium occurrence in Peninsular Malaysia.Contrary to earlier belief, the importance of the continental Mesozoic Tembeling and Gagau Groups as possible uranium hosts has been reduced, judging from the poor airborne radiometric response and the overall low geochemical results. On the other hand the Tertiary basins, not previously accorded attention, should be assessed.     

Geochemical mapping in China

China's National Geochemical Mapping Project (Regional Geochemistry-National Reconnaissance, RGNR project) was initiated in 1979. From 1978 to 1982, cooperative research projects were carried out for the preparation and distribution of standard reference samples and for the development of field sampling techniques, multi-element analytical methodology and a unified data quality monitoring procedure. Large pilot surveys were also commenced in several provinces. After five years of technical preparation, the project came into its full implementation. More than 5 million km² of Chinese land surface has been covered by this project. During 1993–1995, another national geochemical project, under the name of ‘Environmental geochemical monitoring network and dynamic geochemical maps in China’ as a pilot survey to choose the suitable sampling medium for the global geochemical mapping application, was carried out in China. The remarkable achievements of China's geochemical mapping projects are widely recognized. Nearly 66% of new discoveries of economic mineralization by MGMR were attributed to the RGNR project. New concepts and new methodologies have emerged through these projects. They also made a great contribution to the international activity toward standardization of geochemical mapping methodology and the possible realization of wide-spaced global geochemical mapping.     

The Geochemical Evolution of the Proterozoic Continental Crust in Northwestern Jiangxi and Western Zhejiang,China

The pertochemistry and Sm-Nd isotopic compositions and the geochemical characteristics of REE,U,Th,etc..in the Late Proterozoix and Early Palaeozoic strata in northwestern Jiangxi and western Zhejiang provinces are described in this paper.It seems to be sure that the middle Proterozoic strata of southeastern China are low in the degree of matrration .The strata contain much mantle-derived material.At the end of Late Proterozoic there was an abrupt turn with respect to the crustal geochemical evolution of the eastern part of South China .Since then ,the geochemical environment has undergone a change from a simple reducing environment to a complex oxidizing-reducing environ-ment, which would be geochemically beneficial to the formation of Late Sinian to Early Cambrian U-bearing formations.     

The application of different analytical extractions and soil profile sampling in exploration geochemistry

This paper deals briefly with the principles of geochemical migration in the secondary (soil, sediment) environment, a knowledge of which is essential to a correct interpretation of exploration geochemical data. Examples are given which illustrate that the principles which apply in the more easily interpreted tropical areas, also apply in the more complicated glaciated regions. Any person employing exploration geochemistry in geomorphologically complicated areas, is well advised to study data from strictly residual soil areas where the fundamentals of geochemical migration are more easily observed. From this base it is easier to understand the additional complications of geochemistry in mountainous and glaciated terrain. Of the variety of exploration geochemical techniques which can be used, this paper deals specifically with two: soil profile sampling, and different strengths of acid extraction of metal from samples. Examples from the different environments are compared and contrasted.     

新世纪俄罗斯找矿地球化学

在系统跟踪研究国内外地质期刊文献的基础上,梳理了新世纪找矿地球化学面临形势和存在的重大问题,全面总结了近十年来,俄罗斯有关找矿地球化学基础理论和方法论、区域地球化学调查方法与应用,以及地质-地球化学找矿模型的研制与应用等众多方面的思路和做法。研究认为,俄罗斯首创的多目标地球化学填图技术可有效地提高国家地质图的质量,为矿产资源量的综合评价和生态环境的评估及一系列基础问题的解决,提供详细的信息。同时,还指出俄罗斯地球化学家为解决新世纪的找矿问题,加大了技术创新,重点聚焦于提高地球化学找矿信号的衬度和强度,提高运用地质-地球化学找矿模型的效用,完善处理地球化学数据的计算技术,以实现地球化学场与地质、地球物理场的综合等,诸创新点和思路值得参考借鉴。     

三峡工程地质勘察研究的理论与实践

举世瞩目的三峡工程目前已进入关键的建没阶段。本文从区域稳定与地震危险性、水库区工程地质与环境地质、水库诱发地震、坝址及建筑物工程地质以及天然建筑材料等五个方面论述三峡工程长期以来所进行的工程地质勘察研究工作,并着重对三峡工程区的地质地震问题作了较为详细的探讨。最后对这一巨型工程的地质勘察工作进行了经验总结。     

现代地质工作重要发展领域:“十一五”期间勘查地球化学评述

"十一五"期间(2006—2010年),国土资源部中国地质调查局继续推进区域化探与多目标区域地球化学调查计划。在区域化探方面,完成调查面积82.93万km2(累计完成756.62万km2),发现异常4 708处,经验证发现各类矿产411处,其中有色金属矿产273处,占66.4%,取得重大找矿突破。开展矿产资源地球化学评价,通过建立典型矿床地球化学异常模式,来圈定找矿靶区和进行资源潜力定量预测。在多目标区域地球化学调查方面,完成调查面积26.56万km2(累积完成165.66万km2),建立生态地球化学评价体系,主要针对重金属元素成因来源、迁移转化、生态效应与变化趋势进行较为全面和深入的研究。土地质量地球化学评价表明,中国土地达到优质级占53%,优良级占33%,较差等级主要分布在中东部经济社会发达地区。土壤有机碳研究表明,全国表层土壤(0～0.2m)平均碳密度仅为3 186t/km2,且各地区碳密度变化幅度较大,说明中国土壤有机碳处于低水平和不稳定状态。"十一五"期间勘查地球化学针对重大资源与环境问题,深化和延拓地质工作内涵,逐步形成矿产资源评价、生态地质科学研究、土地质量与生态评价、全球变化科学研究及基础地学研究等现代地质工作若干重要发展领域。     

Application of fractal content-gradient method for delineating geochemical anomalies associated with copper occurrences in the Yangla ore field,China

Fractal and multi-fractal content area method finds application in a wide variety of geological, geochemical and geophysical fields. In this study, the fractal content-gradient method was used on 1:10,000 scale to delineate geochemical anomalies associated with copper mineralization. Analysis of geochemical data from the Yangla super large Cu-Pb-Zn polymetallic ore district using the fractal content-gradient method, combined with other geological data from this area, indicates that ore-prospecting in the ore district should focus on Cu as the main metal and Pb-Zn and Au as the auxiliary metals. The types of deposits include (in chronological order) re-formed sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX), skarns, porphyries, and hydrothermal vein-type deposits. Three ore-prospecting targets are divided on a S–N basis: (1) the Qulong exploration area, in which the targets are porphyry-type Cu deposits; (2) the Zongya exploration area, where the targets are porphyry-type Cu and hydrothermal vein-type Cu-Pb polymetallic deposits; and (3) the Zarelongma exploration area, characterized mainly skarn-type “Yangla-style” massive sulfide Cu-Pb deposits. Our study demonstrates that the fractal content-gradient method is convenient, simple, rapid, and direct for delineating geochemical anomalies and for outlining potential exploration targets.     

油气化探异常的稳定性及油气地质意义

油气化探利用地球化学方法寻找油气,具有直接、快速、有效、成本低的特点,已在油气勘探实践中取得了较好的效果,并在一定时期得到了较为广泛的应用。但油气化探作为一门新兴学科,在许多方面仍存在不足,其中异常的稳定性与重现性是制约油气化探推广应用的认识障碍。以河南泌阳洼陷（井楼-古城油田）和山东临邑洼陷南斜坡（临南油田）的实际地球化学测量资料为基础,通过已知油气藏上方不同期次（同年）、不同时期的油气化探异常特征的对比,从油气化探指标组合关系、结构特征、剖面显示、油气异常的平面分布等方面证实油气化探异常存在较好的稳定性,表明利用油气化探技术方法寻找油气是可行的,并进一步证实了油气化探在油气勘探中的应用前景。     

中国主要类型铜矿勘查地球化学模型

本文是《中国主要类型铜矿隐伏矿地球化学预测指标研究》项目成果的综述。该项目以我国40多个铜矿床不同级次的地质、地球化学资料为基础,研究了斑岩型、夕卡岩型、复合型、岩浆型、海相火山岩型、沉积变质—热液改造型和热液脉型铜矿的矿带、矿田、矿床地球化学特征,总结了各矿床的地球化学异常模式,建立了各铜矿类型的勘查地球化学模式—模型系统。     

额尔古纳成矿带景观(表生)地球化学特点与化探方法试验研究

化探对额尔古纳成矿带大型铜、钼、铅锌银矿床的发现起到了重要作用。本文重点论述不同景观（表生）地球化学特点及化探方法某些技术问题,对同类工作区开展化探工作有借鉴指导意义。     

基于元素含量和空间变异系数的化探异常信息识别

化探异常信息识别是化探数据分析最重要的任务之一, 也是化探数据在资源勘查领域受到广泛关注的最重要原因, 前人对化探异常信息识别做过大量研究, 这些研究中的大多数主要关注化探示踪元素的含量, 近而根据含量指标计算异常阈值, 而对示踪元素在空间中的分布特征关注较少。本文选择 1: 20万比例尺的克拉玛依幅为研究区, 根据区内金矿的矿床地球化学特征选择Ag、As、Au和Sb等4种元素为本区内金矿的示踪元素, 以地球化学元素分散晕形成理论为依据, 使用GIS技术和Matlab软件绘制研究区内4种金矿示踪元素的综合地球化学异常图。结果表明, 与传统阈值方法得到的化探异常图相比, 本文得到的化探异常图能够更好地指示研究区内已知金矿。