2000年7-8月台湾海峡南部至珠江口附近海域表层温、盐度分析

根据表层温、盐度的观测结果，结合相关断面的CTD调查资料和同期的卫星遥感海表温度图，分析了2000年7月10日到8月2日台湾海峡南部至珠江口附近海域的一些海洋现象，结果表明：(1)在调查期间，东山至惠来沿岸海域存在明显的低温高盐区，海丰和惠来以南近岸海域的海水也具有相对高盐的性质，说明调查期间在闽南、粤东沿岸普遍存在上升流现象；(2)调查期间在台湾海峡南部至珠江口之间陆架—陆坡区附近的多个断面上观测到了较明显的盐度锋面；(3)珠江口外的盐度锋面的位置随时间而不断变化。     

1998年8月台湾海峡表层温、盐度分析

根据 1 998年 8月台湾海峡表层温、盐度的观测结果 ,分析了调查期间所出现的几个低温高盐区 ,结果表明 :(1 )东山和南澳近岸海域出现 2个低温高盐区 ,温度低达 2 3 5℃ ,盐度接近 3 4 0 ,而且在此低温高盐区的南侧存在明显的温、盐度锋面 ,其强度分别可达 0 1 8℃·km- 1 和 0 1 4·km- 1 ;(2 )平潭岛以南及其东北部近岸海域存在范围较大的低温高盐区 ,其中平潭岛以南近岸的表层水温比邻近海域约低 1 5— 3 0℃ ;(3 )在泉州外海也出现一个低温高盐区 ,温度低于 2 7 0℃ ,盐度高于 3 4 0。     

台湾海峡中部北部春、夏季温、盐度结构

本文着重分析了1987年和1988年5～8月的温、盐度观测资料,并与1983年6～8月和1984年5月的观测资料进行对比,结果表明,台湾海峡中、北部海域春、夏季(5～8月)温、盐度结构主要取决于不同季风的影响。季风的转换过程既是海域温、盐结构调整过程,也是海域上升流形成过程。     

台湾浅滩南部边缘海域1997年8月温盐度的多周日变化

通过对１９９７年８月台湾浅滩南部边缘两站位多周日（分别为７２和６０ｈ）实测数据的分析,对温、盐的多周日变化及其形成机制进行了探讨。认为：表层温度主要由当地的太阳辐照度和表层流况所决定,表层的盐度主要由表层流况决定,表层的温、盐变化的周日重复发较差;由于台湾浅滩南部海区存在着陆架／陆锋面而测站恰好处于锋面中,在潮汐的调制下该锋面做横向摆动,从而导致不同物理性搏击的水体交替占领测站,导致各层次产生温、     

福建沿海风暴潮特征的分析

通过普查1960-2001年正面登陆我国东南沿海的台风,分析了福建沿海风暴潮的特征及其可能原因。台湾海峡特殊地形对福建沿海风暴潮的时空分布有明显影响,登陆岸段不同,台湾海峡对风暴潮的影响作用也不同,导致福建沿海风暴潮出现明显不同的分布和变化特征。当台风位于台湾海峡时,其大风区位置利范围不同,会影响福建沿海各地风暴增水的幅度。台风横穿台湾海峡时,易使福建沿海台风大风区中心岸段出现双增水峰现象,第一个增水峰出现在台风离开台湾岛进入台湾海峡后,第二个增水峰出现在台风登陆福建沿海前后。台风横穿台湾海峡有时会引起台湾海峡北部出现奇异增水现象,风暴潮与天文潮之间的相互作用可能是其重要原因。奇异增水峰往往出现在天文潮低潮附近,此时实际潮位并不高。     

胶州湾海水温、盐度的变化特征

本文利用1957～1986年间的调查资料,对胶州湾温、盐度的日、年和年际变化的主要特征进行了分析。结果表明,该湾温、盐度日变化具有明显的季节差异。温度年变化较规则,可分为湾顶、湾中和湾口3种类型;盐度年变化较复杂,与降水量和蒸发量密切相关。1980～1986年,胶州湾温、盐度出现了一个低～高～低的变化过程。这种变化过程与山东沿岸温、盐度的变化趋势相同。     

长江口海域温、盐度分布的基本特征和上升流现象

长江口位于黄海和东海的分界处。1985年8月至1986年10月对长江口海区进行了水文调查，调查范围为124°E以西，30°45''N以北，32°N以南的黄海和东海区域(图1)。 本海区属中纬度季风区，水深一般不超过50m，气象因素对水文要素的影响很大。冬季盛行偏北风，西伯利亚的干冷气流频频南下，因海面冷却和蒸发造成的垂直对流可直达海底。夏季盛行偏南风，并常有台风侵扰。 长江径流量十分充沛，每年约有9240亿立方米的淡水人海，约占进入黄海、东海的径流量的80%。长江径流量的季节变化十分显著，5-10月径流量约占全年总径流量的71%。充足的淡水入海和海面的增温影响，使调查海区水体在夏季明显分层，并形成强大的淡水舌。特别令人感兴趣的是此淡水舌不是沿长江入海口门的方向指向东南，而是经常转向东北方向，并且转角的大小随着径流量的增大而增大。 长江口区的潮流比较大，潮混合对这里的水文要素的垂直和水平分布有重要影响。长江口是部分混合型即B型为主的河口(沈焕庭等，1986) ，发达的潮混合和充沛的径流输入，两者相互作用，使得河口区的盐度垂直分布有时呈垂直均匀状态，有时呈层化状态。 长江口海区南部有台湾暖流北上，其延续体可越过长江口到达32°N以北海区。长江口北面有苏北沿岸流和黄海沿岸流南下。北上的台湾暖流和南下的黄海沿岸流和苏北沿岸流同长江冲淡水相互交汇、混合，对长江口区的水文要素分布、变化有重要影响。 以下我们根据1985年8月至1986年8月调查所得资料和部分历史资料，对长江口海区水文要素的基本特征作一扼要的记述。     

大亚湾西部和北部浅水区夏半年的温,盐度分析

本文以实测资料为依据,分析了大亚湾近岸浅水区夏半年水温和盐度的时空变化特征。结果表明,除由于太阳辐射导致的季节变化及沿岸浅水区潮汐效应引起的日变化外,外海水团的间歇性入侵是影响本海域水温和盐度变化的重要因素。     

台湾海峡南部海区1997年8月温度、盐度的垂直结构

对台湾海峡南部海区1997年8月的CTD资料进行了温、盐垂直结构分析.结果表明:大部分调查海域存在温、盐跃层;台湾浅滩南部和东南部海域的温、盐垂直结构较为复杂,这与多种水系在此交汇有关,但下层海水的低温高盐特性仍表明这一海域是上升流区;泉州外海的下层存在低温高盐海水的爬升,但没有影响到表层.     

2006年9月南海北部表层温盐场的走航观测

通过2006年9月南海北部开放航次的走航观测,得到了该海区多个断面的表层温度、盐度分布曲线.QuikScat海面风场资料显示观测期间处于西南季风向东北季风的转换阶段,走航观测所得的温、盐资料显示出在这一季风转换的特殊阶段该海区表层的水文特征.珠江口冲淡水的扩散范围在季风转向前后有显著的变化,低盐的冲淡水在西南季风阶段向珠江口外海区的东南方延伸较远,而在东北季风阶段则受珠江径流量、南海北部表层环流等因素的影响收缩至珠江口附近.闽南近岸和台湾浅滩南部表层具有低温高盐特征,但CTD资料表明台湾浅滩区域存在上升流,结合风场资料,可证实观测期间此处的上升流由海流-地形因素所造成.     

福建沿海海水表层温度实测数据个例分析

采用福建沿海4个站点(包括浮标)2016年的实测水文气象数据,初步分析了不同天气系统影响情况下海表温度的变化特征。研究结果表明:福建沿海月均海温日变化和气温日变化有一定关系,二者都有明显的日变化周期,海温的日变化的峰值略滞后于气温日变化的峰值;无明显天气系统影响时,海温和气温的变化趋势比较一致,有冷空气或台风系统影响时海温和气温的变化趋势不再一致;冷空气系统影响时气温下降的时间从北到南依次滞后,而海温的下降从北到南延迟不明显;7月上升流的作用使得古雷浮标附近海表温度降低,并且周期发生明显改变。     

A cross-correlation analysis of tidal current,water temperature and salinity records

Fifteen day records of current velocity, water temperature and salinity were obtained at a coastal station in the Seto Inland Sea. It was observed that water movement was characterized by an exchange of two distinctive water masses east and west of the station. Cross-correlation analysis shows that, at the semi-diurnal period, the motion of these characteristic waters causes temperature and salinity variations. At frequencies higher than 2 cycles per day where power spectra of current velocity have a slope of ?5/3, coherence between current velocity and both water temperature and salinity decreases rapidly.     

An analysis on the error structure and mechanism of soil moisture and ocean salinity remotely sensed sea surface salinity products

For the application of soil moisture and ocean salinity（SMOS） remotely sensed sea surface salinity（SSS） products,SMOS SSS global maps and error characteristics have been investigated based on quality control information.The results show that the errors of SMOS SSS products are distributed zonally,i.e.,relatively small in the tropical oceans,but much greater in the southern oceans in the Southern Hemisphere（negative bias） and along the southern,northern and some other oceanic margins（positive or negative bias）.The physical elements responsible for these errors include wind,temperature,and coastal terrain and so on.Errors in the southern oceans are due to the bias in an SSS retrieval algorithm caused by the coexisting high wind speed and low temperature; errors along the oceanic margins are due to the bias in a brightness temperature（TB） reconstruction caused by the high contrast between L-band emissivities from ice or land and from ocean; in addition,some other systematic errors are due to the bias in TB observation caused by a radio frequency interference and a radiometer receivers drift,etc.The findings will contribute to the scientific correction and appropriate application of the SMOS SSS products.     

长江口水域春季鱼卵仔鱼分布及其与温度盐度的关系

利用2003年春季在长江口水域进行调查的数据,对该水域的鱼卵仔鱼的种类组成和数量分布、表层水温、盐度的分布特征以及它们之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:共捕获鱼卵仔鱼13种,出现率为81.25%。鱼卵出现站位资源密度(CPUE)为1～760粒/网,平均每网采获鱼卵63.6粒;仔稚鱼出现站位CPUE为1～174尾/网,平均每网捕获仔稚鱼18.75尾。按照表层温度、盐度的变化,该水域可分为高温低盐、低温高盐、低温低盐三个区。鱼卵出现水域主要集中在高温低盐区;而仔稚鱼在长江口水域广有分布,但主要出现水域是高温低盐和低温低盐区控制的近岸水域,在远离海岸的低温高盐区仅有少量的分布。     

Decadal modes of sea surface salinity and the water cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean: The anomalous late 1990s

Limitations in sea surface salinity (SSS) observations and timescale separation methods have led to an incomplete picture of the mechanisms of SSS decadal variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean, where the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dominates. Little is known regarding the roles of the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the large-scale SSS variability over the tropical basin. A self-organizing map (SOM) clustering analysis is performed on the intrinsic mode function (IMF) maps, which are decomposed from SSS and other hydrological fields by ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), to extract their asymmetric features on decadal timescales over the tropical Pacific. For SSS, an anomalous pattern appeared during 1997 to 2004, a period referred to as the anomalous late 1990s, when strong freshening prevailed in large areas over the southwestern basin and moderate salinization occurred in the western equatorial Pacific. During this period, the precipitation and surface currents were simultaneously subjected to anomalous fluctuations: the precipitation dipole and zonal current divergence along the equator coincided with the SSS increase in the far western equatorial Pacific, while the weak zonal current convergence in the southwestern basin and large-scale southward meridional currents tended to induce SSS decreases there. The dominant decadal modes of SSS and sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific both resemble the NPGO but occur predominantly during the negative and positive NPGO phases, respectively. The similarities between the NPGO and Central Pacific ENSO (CP-ENSO) in their power spectra and associated spatial patterns in the tropics imply their dynamical links; the correspondence between the NPGO-like patterns during negative (positive) phases and the CP La Niña (CP El Niño) patterns for SSS is also discussed.     

Scyphomedusae in surface waters near the Oregon coast, May–August 1981

The scyphomedusae of the surface waters off Oregon and southern Washington were collected with commercial purse seines from May–August 1981. Twelve east-west transects, located from north of the Columbia River to south of Coos Bay were sampled from the 37 m isobath to distances up to 48 km from shore. Chrysaora fuscescens was the dominant species collected in each month. Maximum sampled abundances reached 18001 of medusae per 10⁵ m³. Using an estimated carbon content of 0·280% of wet weight, this medusa density was calculated to contain approximately 50 mg Cm⁻³. Seven of the 263 samples contained so many medusae that they exceeded the capacity of the sampling gear. In all months but May, when medusa densities were relatively low, the density of C. fuscescens was greatest closest to shore and decreased rapidly offshore. Mean umbrella diameter increased from 8·6 cm in May to 18·5 cm in August, while the largest specimens increased from 19 cm in May to 37 cm in August. Aurelia aurtia, Cyanea capillata and Phacellophora camtschatica were also collected, but were much less abundant than C. fuscescens. The relative abundance of C. fuscescens was compared with the maximum abundance of copepods off the Oregon coast, and the hydrographic features influencing medusa distribution patterns are discussed.     

Seasonal variations of water temperature and salinity in Osaka Bay

The characteristics of seasonal variations of water temperature, salinity and density in the upper, middle and lower layers in Osaka Bay are described. Osaka Bay is considered to be an estuary, because the weak mixed state appears in spring and summer and the moderate mixed state in autumn and winter. Osaka Bay is divided into three areas, the eastern shallow area that has a large amplitude of seasonal variation of water temperature and low average salinity, the southwestern deep area which has small amplitude of seasonal variation of water temperature and high average salinity, and the northwestern deep area, which has small amplitude of seasonal variation of water temperature and low average salinity.     

Short-term temperature and salinity variations in the Tsushima Strait in 2004: Behavior of the surface low-salinity water in the strait

Temporal variations in temperature and salinity observed in 2004 were investigated on a short time scale in the Tsushima Strait. The data were obtained by long-term in situ measurements at Mitsushima and Futaoi Island using an instrument equipped with a piston-type wiper to avoid biofouling. In addition, the temperature and salinity values of the surface layer obtained by a commercial ferryboat between Hakata and Busan were used to investigate their spatiotemporal variations. Temperature and salinity variations with a time scale of several days had a negative correlation in the summer. This evidence suggests that a warm and less saline water mass, which is considered to be mainly the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW), flowed intermittently through the Tsushima Strait in summer. In late July 2004, a large low-salinity water mass was detected in the Tsushima Strait. At that time, the freshwater transport through the Tsushima Strait transiently reached about 12 × 10⁴ m³s⁻¹, which is estimated from observed acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data along a ferryboat line and inferred salinity profiles. This estimated value is more than double the maximum of the climatological monthly mean of the Changjiang discharge. Furthermore, salinity and surface current data obtained by high frequency ocean radar (HF radar) indicate that water properties at Mitsushima may occasionally represent part of the water flowing through the western channel via a countercurrent, although Mitsushima is geographically located in the eastern channel.