接地线的横截面积和长度在弱电设备防雷装置中的作用

弱电设备防雷装置接地线即各种线路，设备，用户终端设备与接地体之间的连线，它在弱电设备防雷装置中起着至关重要的作用，分析可知，通过缩短接地线的长度和增大接地线的横截面积,使电流流经接地线时所产生的热量减小，从而使弱电设备防雷装置接地线得到保护。     

风电场雷电防御的特殊性及应对措施

研究了风电场需要特别考虑的不同于一般地面建筑物的特殊防雷问题,包括建构物位置的特殊要求导致所在位置土壤电阻率高,大地导电性低;机组越来越高容易引发上行先导,雷击概率显著提高;因叶片多采用复合材料制造,耐受雷击能力和导电性能低;叶片旋转中,存在雷击旋转叶片的多点甚至雷击多个叶片的可能。然后提出通过在整个叶片上设置多个接闪器来增大整个叶片的接闪面积,提高拦截能力;为了保证接地系统的合理、有效,对接地系统的设置和用材进行研究,认为增加人工地网并加装降阻模块,提高接地装置的材料规格、防腐防锈及焊接要求,建议人工地网水平接地体采用铜环,垂直接地体采用铜包钢接地棒,所有连接点均采用放热焊接。     

土壤电阻率的影响因素及测量方法的研究

接地电阻是直接反映接地情况是否符合规范：要求的一个重要指标。对于接地装置而言,要求其接地电阻越小越好,接地电阻越小．散流越快,跨步电压、接触电压也越小。影响接地电阻的主要因素有土壤电阻率．接地体的尺寸、形状及埋入深度,接地线与接地体的连接等。其中土壤电阻率对接地电阻的大小起着决定性作用。因此,研究影响土壤电阻率的主要因...     

论建筑物电子设备的接地技术

针对电子设备接地的要求,具体分析了电子设备防雷地、信号地、功率地、屏蔽地及保护接地的类型及各自的作用,指出了应合理地根据电子设备的接地线长度及工作频率来选择正确的接地形式,通过对共用接地及独立接地的探讨,等电位连接的实施方法及产生的作用,探索研究电子设备接地的合理方案.     

浅谈防雷接地系统的制作

主要介绍了防雷接地系统接地材料的选择,一般降低接地电阻的方法及特殊地理环境下接地系统的制作工艺。为今后在制作防雷接地系统,特别是难度较高的接地系统时,采用几种不同的施工工艺,能取得更好的效果。     

接地装置的防雷检测

目前,雷电系统防护有7种基本措施：躲避、接闪、分流、接地、屏蔽、均压和综合布线。其中接地是一个比较关键的环节。接地体和接地线的总和称为接地装置。它有许多种,按其作用分为两类,一类是保护性接地：保护接地、防雷接地、防静电接地、防电蚀接地;二类是功能性接地：交流工作接地、直流（逻辑）接地、屏蔽接地、信号接地。     

高土壤电阻率地质条件下接地技术探讨

分析了高土壤电阻率环境条件下降低接地电阻的技术思路,指出高土壤电阻率环境条件下仅依靠扩大地网面积及增加普通垂直接地体、加密均压网格来达到接地电阻要求是十分困难的.接地电阻的大部分在电极附近.在接地体等值半径2倍范围内的土层占接地电阻的一半,如果将接地体等值半径2倍范围内的土壤电阻率降低,就可以使接地体的接地电阻大大降低,取得费用省效果好的结果.新型ALG离子接地系统管内填充剂采用低电阻、高渗透扩展的高能回填料,可形成枝状低阻通道,在ALG防腐离子接地极和大地之间建立电气连接,改善了接地体有效电阻区域介质电阻率,从而大大降低了接地电阻值.工程实践中应用深井离子接地系统成功地解决了高土壤电阻率地区接地难题.     

现行测量接地电阻存在的问题及解决办法

4102接地电阻测试仪作为传统接地电阻测量的常用检测工具,它的工作方式及使用方法使它有时满足不了测量接地电阻时的要求,在测量接地电阻存在一定的局限性.而钳形接地电阻仪作为传统接地电阻测量技术的一大突破,用来测量任何有回路系统的接地电阻,可应用多处并联接地系统,而不需中断待测设备的接地.只要用钳头夹住接地线或接地棒,就能安全、快速测量出对地电阻的特点,很好弥补了4102接地电阻测试仪的缺陷,两者联合起来使用,就会很好解决现行测量接地电阻存在的问题.     

高土壤电阻率地域降阻工程的若干问题探析

接地电阻是接地系统的一项重要技术指标,电阻值是衡量接地系统有效性、安全性的重要参数之一.但是在一些高土壤电阻率地域,如何设计、改造接地装置并有效地降低接地电阻值,一直是广大工程技术人员不断探索、研究的问题.现以已实施的一个高土壤电阻率地域接地装置改造工程为例,从土壤的水平分层结构、土壤的含水量及电解质、接地体之间的屏蔽效应、测试方法与测试设备等几大因素探讨分析了其对接地装置接地电阻的影响,归纳和总结了各种降阻措施在不同情形下的利弊特点;阐明在高土壤电阻率地域进行接地系统改造工程应掌握现场实况,保证人身和设备安全的前提下,采用科学、经济合理的用材、降阻措施和接地结构组合方式来实现预期设计目的.     

浅谈防雷接地系统的制作

主要介绍了防雷接地系统接地材料的选择，一般降低接地电阻的方法及特殊地理环境下接地系统的制作工艺。为今后在制作防雷接地系统，特别是难度较高的接地系统时，采用几种不同的施工工艺，能取得更好的效果。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.