EXCITATION ENERGY TRANSFER IN VITRO BETWEEN PHYCOBILIPROTEINS AND THYLAKOID PHOTOSYSTEM Ⅱ OF HIGHER PLANTS

The excitation energy transfer from phycobiliproteins to thylakoid PSII of higher plants was investigated. When incubated with spinach thylakoids, phycobiliproteins isolated from red and blue- green algae transferred light energy absorbed to spinach PSII. The efficiency of energy transfer was dependent on the kind of phycobiliproteins used. If spinach thylakoids were replaced by the thylakoids of Brassica chinensis, R phycoerythin or C- phycocyanin did not transfer their excitation energy to PSII of Brassica chinensis unless allophycocyanin was present.     

Responses of maximum photosystem II photochemical efficiency of phytoplankton communities to nutrient limitation in the coastal sea of Qingdao,China

Nutrient enrichment experiments with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were conducted with samples from two stations in the coastal waters of Qingdao, China, during summer to identify limiting nutrients. In late July of 2009, low P concentrations and the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F _v /F _m ) in the initial samples together with F _v /F _m and chlorophyll a (Chl a) responses to P addition indicated P limitation at the two stations. In early August, low P levels still limited phytoplankton growth at station A. F _v /F _m and Chl a were the highest in the NP treatments at station B, suggesting an N/P co-limitation. In mid-September, nutrient concentrations and F _v /F _m were elevated and phytoplankton communities were healthy. Greater F _v /F _m and Chl a in the treatments with added P than those without the addition suggested potential P limitation at station A. Lack of F _v /F _m and Chl a responses following nutrient additions indicated N and P repletion at station B. At the end of July 2010, neither N nor P was limited at station B. Additionally, F _v /F _m coupled with 24-h-long nutrient enrichment experiments can be used to detect P limitation and N/P co-limitation to natural populations. This method can be more accurate for assessing co-limitation than the use of criteria of nutrient concentrations and ratios as indicators, and can provide more rapid results than nutrient addition bioassays using chlorophyll response as an indicator, when a population is potentially limited. Compared with the two conventional methods, the results based on F _v /F _m can also provide more detailed information about physiological states of the populations.     

经济发展与高等教育学科结构关系的模型研究

在筛选因子与资料整理的基础上,运用定性与定量分析的方法,构筑出四川经济发展与四川高等教育学科结构关系的模型,推导出四川经济与高教两者发展的正相关关系,概括出大力发展四川高等教育的3点建议。     

Interannual variations in energy conversion and interaction between the mesoscale eddy field and mean flow in the Kuroshio south of Japan

Using 19-year satellite altimetric data, variations in the eddy kinetic energy, energy exchanges and interaction between the eddy field and mean flow are discussed for the Kuroshio south of Japan. In the seasonal cycle, the eddy kinetic energy level is a minimum in December/January and a maximum in April/May. In addition to seasonal variations, the eddy kinetic energy undergoes interannual changes. The energy transfers mainly from the mean flow to the eddy field in the Kuroshio south of Japan, and dominant energy exchanges mainly occur along the Kuroshio path south of Japan in each year from 1993 to 2011. In addition, there is often barotropic instability south of Honshu. Regarding interactions between the eddy field and mean flow, cyclonic and anticyclonic accelerations are also found along the Kuroshio path and they flank each other. There is cyclonic acceleration always imposed on southeast of Kyushu, and anticyclonic acceleration dominates south of Honshu from 2001 to mid-2005. Reynolds stress is used to explain the dynamic process of energy exchange. Furthermore, lag-correlation and linear regression analysis show that variability of the energy conversion rate and Reynolds stress involve responses to eddy acceleration at two time scales. The enhanced eddy acceleration induces large Reynolds stress, and enhanced Reynolds stress or barotropic instability further enforces energy transfer from the mean flow to the eddy field.     

热力学系统边界热质传递过程的促进传递过程分析及机理

热力学边界热质传递过程的促进传递(Facilitated Transport)可以强化热力学系统与外界的物量传递,进而影响系统内部的物量变化.提出热力学边界热质传递过程的促进传递和促进因子等概念,拓展边界热质传递过程的内涵,即促进传递过程是在边界内伴有可逆化学反应的强化传递过程,通过多个过程的耦合作用实现;讨论边界促进传递的分类和机理,并以质量促进传递过程为例分析促进传递过程.在传热学和热力学领域对促进传递过程研究应从传递机理、分析模型和应用等方面进行.     

玻璃基质表面的气体润湿性与其表面自由能关系

针对气相中憎液表面的气体润湿性常常被忽略,但理论和实验证实气体的润湿性并不总是可以被忽略,凝析气藏气体润湿程度对气井产能具有重要影响,根据Owens双液法建立固体表面自由能计算模型,并且结合自定义的气体润湿性参数实现定量表征气体润湿性的大小,导出固体表面的气体润湿性与表面自由能的数学关系式.采用氟碳聚合物(Zonyl8740)实现空气中"空气/水/载玻片"体系载玻片表面的优先气湿,随Zonyl8740质量分数的增大"正十六烷/空气/载玻片"体系载玻片表面的气湿性增强.     

Ethnobotanical study towards conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants in upper catchments of Dhauli Ganga in the central Himalaya

The present study broadly focused on medicinal plant species collected from wild by the villagers for different purposes in the upper catchment of Dhauli Ganga in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve(NDBR),in the central Himalaya.A schedule based survey was conducted during the years 2003-2005 in 15 villages of Chamoli district part of the NDBR.Information was collected from collectors, vaidya(medicine man)and those dealing with domestication and marketing of the medicinal plants. The aim of the study was to understand the prioritiesed medicinal plants,their mode of collection and document their ethnobotanical uses by the Bhotiya tribal communities,in this world heritage site. During the survey,50 medicinal plants belonging to 31 families and 44 genera were documented.Out of these,70% were harvested from the wild,22% were cultivated and 8% were cultivated as well as wild harvested.Of the cultivated species,8% were found growing in the kitchen gardens and 14%in the agricultural fields.However,42%of the plants had their roots and rhizomes used followed by leaves (26%),seeds(10%),seed and leaf(8%),bark and whole plant(6%)and flower(1%).Most plants were reported to be used for rheumatism(16),followed by stomach disorder(14),cold and cough(11),and jaundice(9).Thirty three plants species were reported to have more than one therapeutic uses,while 17 species were reported to be used against single ailment.The distance of villages from road head was one of the factors contributing to the decline in the medicinal plant population in their natural habitats. The availability of medicinal plants increased with increase in distance from road head and also the peoples’dependence on them.Documentation of the traditional knowledge will help in conservation of knowledge and also opportunity for using it for future training and use.The result of this study will help in promoting sustainable cultivation and implementation in conservation protocol of those species,which are in the verge of extinction in this region.     

Developments, expectations of wave energy converters and mooring anchors in the UK

The paper introduces the important developments of Wave Energy Converters （WECs） in the UK, and the generic anchor types for WECs and similar structures. Several WECs and their characteristics are introduced to explain the development direction. The anchors are discussed in relation to the behaviour and performance of WECs, and comparisons are made with similar aspects of the offshore industry. Typical and desirable features of anchors for WECs are summarized. Additionally, expectations and research suggestions for WECs and their anchor design are presented.     

Stakeholder perspectives on use, trade, and conservation of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa district of central Nepal

People’s livelihood in several Himalayan regions largely depends on collection, use, and trade of medicinal plants. Traditional use is generally not a problem, but commercial gathering of selected species to meet increasing national and international demand can result in over-exploitation. Sustainable management of medicinal plants requires a clear understanding of the respective roles, responsibilities and viewpoints of the various stakeholders involved. Through personal interviews and group discussions, this study aimed at investigating the views of two stakeholder groups on use, trade and conservation of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa district of Nepal. Local people and district and national organizations agreed that medicinal plants are collected for a combination of commercial and personal uses. Perceptions on market availability differed significantly: 100 % of the respondents from district and national organizations saw markets as easily available, against only 36 % for local people. This could explain why medicinal plants were perceived by local people to contribute less to income generation than to livelihood improvement. Different viewpoints were also expressed concerning the status of medicinal plants in the district: 81 % of the respondents from district and national organizations considered that medicinal plants were threatened, compared to only 28 % for local people. Despite this disparity, both stakeholder groups agreed upon potential threats to medicinal plants: over-harvesting; habitat loss due to land-use change and deforestation; and over-grazing by livestock. Several challenges were identified regarding sustainable management of medicinal plants, such as ambiguous policies; lack of resources, information and infrastructures; habitat degradation; and over-exploitation. Despite these challenges, respondents agreed that the medicinal plants sector offers huge opportunities in the Rasuwa district, given resource availability, community awareness and motivation, and the priority given to the sector by governments and other agencies. Proper collaboration, communication and coordination among stakeholders are needed to grab these opportunities.     

鲁西地区浅层地温能地热地质条件与开发利用适宜性评价

在查明区域地热地质条件的基础上,采用层次分析法,对鲁西地区地埋管地源热泵和地下水地源热泵两种方式的开发利用进行了适宜性评价,并按不同类别,将鲁西地区浅层地温能开发划分为适宜区、较适宜区和不适宜区等3个区。该项目对制定长远能源区划,指导浅层地热资源开发利用工作,促进鲁西地区新兴接替能源开发利用具有非常重要的意义。     

Influence of stocking density on growth,body composition and energy budget of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in recirculating aquaculture systems

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were reared at four stocking densities—high density D 1(final density ~39 kg/m 3), medium densities D 2(~29 kg/m 3) and D 3(~19 kg/m 3), and low density D 4(~12 kg/m 3)—for 40 days to investigate the effect of stocking density on their growth performance, body composition and energy budgets. Stocking density did not significantly affect specific growth rate in terms of weight(SGR w) but did affect specific growth rate in terms of energy(SGR e). Stocking density significantly influenced the ration level(RL w and RL e), feed conversion ratio(FCR w and FCR e) and apparent digestibility rate(ADR). Ration level and FCR w tended to increase with increasing density. Fish at the highest density D 1 and lowest density D 4 showed lower FCR e and higher ADR than at medium densities. Stocking density significantly affected protein and energy contents of the body but did not affect its moisture, lipid, or ash contents. The expenditure of energy for metabolism in the low-density and high-density groups was lower than that in the medium-density groups. Stocking density affected energy utilization from the feces but had no effect on excretion rate. The greater energy allocation to growth at high density and low density may be attributed to reduced metabolic rate and increased apparent digestibility rate. These findings provide information that will assist selection of suitable stocking densities in the Atlantic-salmon-farming industry.     

Study on the isotherms of the interaction between suspended particles and Cu (II) in the Huanghe River

The isotherms of the interaction between the suspended particles and Cu²⁺, and the effects of lysine and asparaginic acid on the isotherms in the Huanghe (Yellow) River were studied by applying the theory and method of interfacial stepwise ion/coordination particle exchange. We obtained a new stepped river isotherm, formed by two curves joined together with a “plateau” in the middle. The adsorption equilibrium constantsK ₁ andK ₂ were calculated by using the isothermal equation of surface stepwise ion exchange. Amino acid in small amount promotes exchange adsorption of the suspended particles with Cu²⁺. The degree of promotive action relates to the isoelectric point of amino acid. The promotive effect of lysine is bigger than that of asparaginic acid. Project 29361001 supported by NSFC.