浙江方岩丹霞地貌发育的年代、成因与特色研究

方岩丹霞地貌在大地构造上隶属于华南褶皱系构造单元,该单元在燕山运动时期,由于太平洋板块俯冲入欧亚板块之下,促使大陆边缘地壳重新活动.晚侏罗世末至早白垩世,本区构造应力场由晚侏罗世的北西-南东向挤压,转为早白垩世的北东-南西向挤压和北西-南东向的拉张,发育了永康早白垩世断坳盆地,在盆地中沉积了下白垩统永康群馆头组(K1g)、朝川组(K1c)和方岩组(K1f)地层.中生代晚期永康盆地逐渐隆升,结束了红层沉积,遭受侵蚀,方岩地区丹霞地貌密集围谷、密集方山和廊穴等青年期的地貌特点表明该区大规模的抬升发生在较近的地质年代.     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌区岩性特征

对浙江江郎山丹霞地貌区主要岩层方岩组(K1f)的22块岩石标本进行常量元素、氧化物含量的X荧光和薄片偏光显微镜鉴定,分析了江郎山丹霞地貌发育的岩性特征与地貌成因的关系:(1)方岩组(K1f)砾岩中的火山岩砾石和岩屑含量普遍较高,SiO2含量普遍也很高(在44.90%～75.80%之间),表明岩性总体上抗风化能力强,这使江郎山丹霞地貌最具特色的"三爿石"历经沧桑仍能巍然屹立,江郎山也因此成为丹霞地貌发育晚年时期的典型代表.(2)方岩组(K1f)的砂岩抗风化能力相对较弱,其胶结物的主要成分为方解石,粒间孔隙约占20%～25%,局部可见方解石胶结物的溶蚀现象.岩石薄片鉴定可看出,其粒间孔隙很可能是方解石胶结物被溶蚀后的结果,而且构成砂岩的岩体的流纹岩岩屑等其本身就具有气孔构造,这些岩屑在显微镜下可见已经强烈泥化,岩体抗风化程度较低,这是构成该区地貌岩性之一的砂岩被侵蚀和风化程度较高的主要原因.(3)在江郎山丹霞地貌发育过程中方岩组(K1f)岩性对地貌的形成起了基础和决定性的作用.这种岩性的特征及抗风化能力的不同导致的差异风化现象,对该区丹霞地貌后期的微地貌发育具有重要的影响,岩性差异风化是江郎山山体崩塌、扁平状洞穴的形成的重要因素,这也为研究江郎山等丹霞地貌山区地质灾害的岩性特征奠定了基础.     

广丰盆地丹霞地貌遥感影像特征

江西广丰盆地红层发育于早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世,盆地内发育石寨、石峰、峰林和峰丛等丹霞地貌景观.通过遥感影像目视解译,建立丹霞地貌遥感影像解译标志,解译出8处丹霞地貌区,归纳为5种丹霞地貌遥感影像特征.丹霞地貌区节理构造发育,节理走向受边界断裂控制,揭示了断裂构造对丹霞地貌发育特征和发育类型的控制作用.     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌发育的年代与成因

江郎山位于华南褶皱系、江山-绍兴深断裂和保安-峡口-张村断裂带之间.白垩纪早期这两大断裂的拉张断陷导致峡口盆地的形成,随之主要有下白垩统永康群馆头组(K1g)、朝川组(K1c)和方岩组(K1f)在盆地中的沉积.白垩纪晚期上述两大断裂发生强烈挤压活动,峡口盆地逐渐隆升.新生代以来,峡口盆地在构造抬升中,产生大量张断裂和节理,加速了对岩体的切割,以及岩体被切割后的崩塌,导致了丹霞地貌的发育.江郎山丹霞地貌申报世界自然遗产的主要依据是其特有的壮观而独特的老年期孤峰-巷谷以及生动而逼真的象形石丹霞地貌特征、独特的地台活化现象与重要的岩石学科学研究意义以及该区特有的重要事件地层学和古生物学研究的科学意义.本文根据对江郎山亚峰垂直贯穿于丹霞地貌岩层永康群中辉绿岩脉标本K-Ar法的测年,揭示了当地峡口红层盆地抬升的时代为晚白垩世77.89±2.6Ma BP(K2),这也是我国目前丹霞地貌研究中所测得的可靠年代学数据.     

信江盆地丹霞地貌特征及其景观类型

信江盆地是我国丹霞地貌发育典型代表区域之一.通过对该盆地红层分布区遥感影像解译,并结合野外调查分析,总结出丹霞地貌遥感影像具有网格状、脑状、栅栏状、斑点状、斑块状和圆丘状6种影纹特征,表征不同的丹霞地貌景观类型,并在盆地内圈划出15个丹霞地貌集中分布区.野外调查识别出信江盆地丹霞地貌共8大类23种单体景观类型、4种组合类型.其在盆地内分布呈一定的规律性变化:盆地边缘,遥感影像成网格状的,网格的密度较大,以顶斜的峰林、峰从景观组合为特征,其演化处于壮年末期至老年早期阶段;盆地中央沿河流两岸,遥感影像上呈现大片红色,以圆丘状低矮的小石峰为特征,山顶植被稀少,岩石裸露,地貌演化处于幼年至青年阶段;中间过渡地带一般丹霞地貌不发育或成圆丘型丹霞地貌组合,只在少数地区由于发育断层或有信江支流流经之处发育,也以石寨、巷谷(一线天)岩崖等景观为特征,遥感影像上呈现条块状,崖壁延升较远,嶂谷发育,反映其发育处于青年晚期至壮年早期阶段.     

广西环江锥状峰丛喀斯特景观演化机制

广西环江喀斯特世界自然遗产提名地是贵州荔波喀斯特世界自然遗产地的拓展地。环江喀斯特地貌发育演化受岩性、地质构造、断层、节理、裂隙和地下水文系统等因素影响。岩层由纯度较高的石灰岩和白云岩等可溶性碳酸盐岩构成,地壳运动使该地抬升,岩层受力发生褶皱并隆起断裂,断层节理发育;降雨、较高的温度以及地表-地下水对可溶性岩石进行侵蚀-溶蚀作用,使侵蚀基准面下降,河流下切,地表因长时间受剥蚀和溶蚀,地貌演化由幼年期经青年期进入壮年晚期。发育成峰丛谷地、洼地、峡谷及峰林洼地、谷地、盆地和多层洞穴等为主的形态多样的锥状喀斯特地貌景观。环江喀斯特自寒武纪以来经历了形成山间盆地和石炭系巨厚碳酸盐岩的沉积成岩阶段及喀斯特化作用,地貌发育演化经过3个主要阶段,即褶皱断块山地―盆地形成阶段、喀斯特峰丛―峰林发育阶段和喀斯特峡谷形成阶段。演化模式遵循峰丛洼地→峰丛谷地→峰丛峡谷→峰林洼地→峰林谷地地有序正向演替规律。揭示了热带-亚热带锥状喀斯特地貌发育主要阶段及演化过程。     

新疆阿克苏温宿大峡谷丹霞地貌特征及成因分析

由于造景岩石普遍为钙质和铁质胶结的砂岩和砾岩,丹霞地貌具有独特的景观特征和成因机制,同时因具有较高的科学和观赏价值而成为备受关注的旅游资源。东南湿润区丹霞地貌的研究程度较高,但是对西北干旱气候区丹霞地貌的研究还比较少见。以新疆阿克苏温宿大峡谷为研究对象,通过野外调查、样品显微镜观察、盐化学和元素地球化学实验以及ArcGIS面积高程积分（Hypsometric integral,HI）方法,探讨该地区丹霞地貌的特征和成因。结果显示：（1）研究区呈现峡谷、山峰及峰林景观,以发育陡崖泥流林和顶盖型石柱为特色,其造景岩石主要为新近纪河流相红色砾岩和砂岩,硬度较高的砾岩层为形成顶盖型石柱提供了有利保障。（2）红层位于温宿盐丘附近,岩石含盐量较高,主要的盐类型为氯化物、硫酸盐和硝酸盐。陡崖洞穴风化碎屑物样品中的大部分主量元素相对于表岩迁出,说明干旱气候下化学风化仍较活跃。（3）面积高程积分显示研究区南部HI值为0.61,处于幼年期,而北部HI值为0.38,处于老年期,整体地貌演化发育阶段差别较大。研究区虽然降水量较低,但河流侵蚀作用明显,同时构造也是影响丹霞地貌演化的主要因素。     

龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌特征及与国内其他丹霞地貌的对比

江西龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌景观发育于信江盆地中生代红层中,以发育老年早期孤峰、峰林、残丘类地貌景观为特征,是我国丹霞地貌发育最好的地区之一。断裂切割、岩性差异、流水侵蚀和重力崩塌作用,是造成丹霞地貌景观差异的主要原因,同时由于所处盆地内位置、出露的红层性质以及构造发育特征的不同,也影响地貌发育的特色。目前国内所发现的丹霞地貌主要分布于东南、西南和西北地区。由于它们所处的大地构造位置、地壳活动特征、自然地理条件的不同,丹霞地貌的成因机制也不相同。阐述了龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌景观类型及其特色,并着重研究丹霞地貌景观的成因机制,以及与其他地质公园、遗产地进行比较研究。     

龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌成景系统特征及其演化

龙虎山世界地质公园内分布着大量以石寨、石墙、巷谷、峰林、石峰、石柱、石崖、巷谷、一线天、造型石等景观类型,它们形成于晚白垩系龟峰群,是我国典型的丹霞地貌分布区之一.其形成不仅与红层、构造及流水等外营力等构成了丹霞地貌的成景系统因素有关,而且也与它们在信江盆地内的空间位置相关,共同制约着不同位置上丹霞地貌的演化进程及其景观总体特征.     

江西信江盆地丹霞地貌形成机制分析

信江盆地是我国丹霞地貌发育最典型的区域之一。由于影响丹霞地貌演化的成景系统诸要素具有不同特征,信江盆地内不同部位丹霞地貌经历了不同的演化进程,不同发育阶段的丹霞地貌在盆地内成带状分布。盆地边缘由于受红层岩性、断裂构造及信江支流等因素影响,地表剥蚀速率快,丹霞地貌演化已步入壮年晚期至老年早期阶段,以丹霞石林、峰林、峰丛、崖壁以及各种类型的造型石为特征;盆地中部虽然断裂构造发育程度较弱,但受信江流水侵蚀,丹霞地貌演化也步入青年期至壮年早期阶段,以低矮的圆丘状丹霞石峰及岩洞为特征;而中部过渡地带,由于构造、水系发育均较弱,地貌演化速率慢,丹霞地貌演化处于幼年期至青年早期阶段,以石寨、巷谷、岩崖等景观为特征。     

Types and spatial combinations of Danxia landform of Fangyan in Zhejiang Province

The prominent types of Danxia landform in Fangyan include enclosed valleys, mesas, peaks, stone columns and grooves etc. Their spatial combinations have regular configurations along the northwest-southeast direction: typical grooves and caves are located in the northwestern Wufengshuyuan mainly; abundant fresh collapsed stones may be observed in central Jimingfeng and Taohuafeng; stone drums and stone columns are in the southeastern Shiguliao particularly; enclosed valleys are encircling joints of peaks and plains from three directions east, west, and south. Their spatial combinations reflect that the developments of Danxia landform have undergone stages of geomorphic cyclical erosion in the form of weathering, collapse, transportation, sedimentation and other processes, together with the “sculpture” of external forces mainly as tectonic uplift. The picturesque Danxia landform began its formation at that point. Danxia landform developed mainly in the strata of Fangyan Formation (K₁ f) caused by the alluvial fan-braided river phase of anterior fan in the late period of the Early Cretaceous. Regular patterns of weathering of stones and features of braided alluvial phase sediments may be verified by the analysis of three groups of experimental data. Danxia landform of Fangyan is a unique representative of the “adolescent” development type in the application of the World Natural Heritages status in China, by virtue of its outstanding universal aesthetic and scientific value.     

Types and spatial combinations of Danxia landform of Fangyan in Zhejiang Province

The prominent types of Danxia landform in Fangyan include enclosed valleys, mesas, peaks, stone columns and grooves etc. Their spatial combinations have regular configurations along the northwest–southeast direction: typical grooves and caves are located in the northwestern Wufengshuyuan mainly; abundant fresh collapsed stones may be observed in central Jimingfeng and Taohuafeng; stone drums and stone columns are in the southeastern Shiguliao particularly; enclosed valleys are encircling joints of peaks and plains from three directions east, west, and south. Their spatial combinations reflect that the developments of Danxia landform have undergone stages of geomorphic cyclical erosion in the form of weathering, collapse, transportation, sedimentation and other processes, together with the “sculpture” of external forces mainly as tectonic uplift. The picturesque Danxia landform began its formation at that point. Danxia landform developed mainly in the strata of Fangyan Formation (K1f) caused by the alluvial fan-braided river phase of anterior fan in the late period of the Early Cretaceous. Regular patterns of weathering of stones and features of braided alluvial phase sediments may be verified by the analysis of three groups of experimental data. Danxia landform of Fangyan is a unique representative of the “adolescent” development type in the application of the World Natural Heritages status in China, by virtue of its outstanding universal aesthetic and scientific value.     

西樵山地质公园旅游景观形成、分类及其综合评价

西樵山是广东的名山、国家级风景名胜区,最近被批准建设国家地质公园.西樵山位于华夏板块新生代北东向伸展盆地--三水盆地的西南端,是新生代盆地内粗面质火山,火山机构保存完整.经后期的构造切割和各种侵蚀风化作用,西樵山火山形成了诸多俊秀的山峰,幽深的峡谷、瀑布.西樵山古石器制造场是省级重点文物保护单位,反映了悠久的历史文化,被考古学家誉为"珠江文明的灯塔".总体判断,遗迹具有极高的科考价值,西樵山地质旅游景观具有优美的观赏价值,可以建成具有重要影响力的珠江三角洲地区国家地质公园.     

Proglacial Lake-ice Conveyors: A New Mechanism for Deposition of Drift in Polar Environments

Interpretation of sediments in the floors of valleys opening into western McMurdo Sound has been so problematic that it has hindered understanding of the late Quaternary history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Lateral moraines and enclosed drift sheets so clearly exposed on the headlands are generally absent within the valleys themselves. Instead, valley-floor sediments and landforms consist of hummocky, stratified fine sediment generally capped by coarser, poorly sorted material, small cross-valley and longitudinal ridges, and lateral ridges that superficially resemble shorelines. One clue as to the origin of these deposits is that at least some of the valleys were occupied by large proglacial lakes during the last glacial maximum (e.g. Glacial Lakes Trowbridge and Washburn in Miers and Taylor Valleys, respectively). This paper describes a new mechanism observed in a modern perennially ice-covered proglacial lake that documents the movement of glacial debris beyond the grounding line across the surface of the lake. This mechanism accounts for the absence of moraines and other ice-contact features on the valley floors, as well as for the presence of the other deposits and landforms mentioned above.     

新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读问题

新疆的黄土地貌及其遥感判读具有不同于我国黄土高原地区的一些特点。根据参与“中国1∶1 000 000数字地貌制图（新疆片）”项目工作的实践和体会,从黄土地貌区的位置、色调与色彩、大小、形状、阴影、水系和纹理、植被和土壤、相关体、相关资料和野外经验等方面总结了7项关于新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读依据,并归纳了新疆黄土地貌与风沙、干燥、流水、冰缘、雅丹等地貌类型之间以及与部分特殊情况之间的一些鉴别特征。结果可为新疆未来的地貌制图及相关的科研与教学工作提供参考。     

福建丹霞地貌旅游景区客流时间分布特性及其影响因素

地处闽西的武夷山、泰宁金湖、连城冠豸山、永安桃源洞等国家重点风景名胜区均属典型的丹霞地貌类型景区,距离较近,开展它们客流时间分布比较研究对各景区旅游业发展具有指导意义。运用小波分析、季节性强度指数、旅游气候舒适度模型等方法,对这4个旅游景区客流时间分布特性及其影响因素进行分析比较。结果表明,2001~2008年每个景区接待游客数量总体上是增加的,武夷山年游客数量最大,泰宁金湖景区客流年际波动辐度较大;武夷山景区客流年内变化曲线为"三峰三谷",泰宁金湖景区为"驼峰",冠豸山、桃源洞景区为"两高峰、两中峰、四低谷",泰宁金湖客流年内变化最大,冠豸山、桃源洞次之,武夷山最小;冠豸山和桃源洞景区客流月内波动要比武夷山、泰宁金湖景区大一些;连城冠豸山周内客流峰值分布在周日,其他景区客流峰值在周六,武夷山黄金周游客接待量最大。并对气候因素、社会因素、景区知名度、对外交通条件、旅游管理体制与管理水平等影响因素进行了分析。     

Spatial estimation of long-term seasonal and annual groundwater resources: application of WetSpass model in the Werii watershed of the Tekeze River Basin,Ethiopia

Treelines are widely studied worldwide in relation to climate changes because they are hypothesized to be sensitive climate proxies. However, forest treeline expansion toward higher altitudes may be influenced both by a warming climate and by other factors, such as surface morphology and, in the European Alps, the decline in alpine farming. Our results from five valleys in the inner and peripheral regions of the Alps show that present-day treeline altitudes mostly depend on anthropogenic and orographicgeomorphologic factors. Climatic treelines are limited to steep and inaccessible slopes, and occur at higher altitudes and farther from mountain peaks in the inner regions than in the peripheral regions of the mountain range. Looking for sites in which to study treeline responses to climate change, we recommend investigating the inner regions of the Alps where treelines are farther from human disturbances and from geomorphologic constraints, potentially resulting in freer upward shifts under warmer temperature conditions. We also found that, in the valleys selected, human disturbance is mainly concentrated about 165 m below non-climatic treelines, suggesting a homogeneous influence on treelines, regardless of geographic position.     

Simulating the development of Martian highland landscapes through the interaction of impact cratering, fluvial erosion, and variable hydrologic forcing

On the highlands of Mars early in the history of the planet precipitation-driven fluvial erosion competed with ongoing impact cratering. This disruption, and the multiple enclosed basins produced by impacts, is partially responsible for a long debate concerning the processes and effectiveness of fluvial erosion. The role of fluvial erosion in sculpting the early Martian landscape is explored here using a simulation model that incorporates formation of impact craters, erosion by fluvial and slope processes, deposition in basins, and flow routing through depressions. Under assumed arid hydrologic conditions, enclosed basins created by cratering do not overflow, drainage networks are short, and fluvial bajadas infill crater basins with sediment supplied from erosion of interior crater slopes and, occasionally from adjacent steep slopes. Even under arid conditions adjacent crater basins can become integrated into larger basins through lateral erosion of crater rims or by rim burial by sediment infilling. Fluvial erosion on early Mars was sufficient to infill craters of 10 km or more in diameter with 500–1500 m of sediment. When the amount of runoff relative to evaporation is assumed to be larger, enclosed basins overflow and deeply incised valleys interconnect basins. Examples of such overflow and interconnection on the Martian highlands suggest an active hydrological cycle on early Mars, at least episodically. When fluvial erosion and cratering occur together, the drainage network is often disrupted and fragmented, but it reintegrates quickly from smaller impacts. Even when rates of impact are high, a subtle fluvial signature is retained on the landscape as broad, smooth intercrater plains that feature craters with variable amounts of infilling and rim erosion, including nearly buried “ghost” craters. The widespread occurrence of such intercrater plains on Mars suggests a strong fluvial imprint on the landscape despite the absence of deep, integrated valley networks. Indisputable deltas and alluvial fans are rare in the crater basins on Mars, in part because of subsequent destruction of surficial fluvial features by impact gardening and eolian processes. Simulations, however, suggest that temporally-varying lake levels and a high percentage of suspended to bedload supplied to the basins could also result in poor definition of fan–delta complexes.     

浙江方岩丹霞地貌类型及其空间组合

andform of Fangyan is a unique representative of the "adolescent" development type in the application of the World Natural Heritages status in China, by virtue of its outstanding universal aesthetic and scientific value.