黏性土失水开裂多场耦合离散元数值模拟

黏性土在失水过程中逐渐变形开裂,裂隙相互交错形成网络,这一过程涉及水热力等多场耦合的作用。本文基于南京大学自主研发的三维离散元软件MatDEM,采用紧密堆积离散元模型对土体开裂进行模拟。在此模型中,每个离散元单元代表一定体积的土颗粒、孔隙和孔隙水的集合体。单元具有含水量属性,并采用有限差分思想计算水分运移量,实现了水分场模拟。同时,考虑水分场对土体抗拉强度等力学性质的影响,建立水分场和应力场的耦合。在数值模拟中,假定土体表面水分以一定速率蒸发,根据试验数据由含水量计算单元直径和力学参数,从而实现黏土蒸发失水、收缩和开裂变形过程模拟。数值模拟与前人室内试验结果基本一致,能较好地再现开裂过程中的各个阶段。本文为研究多场作用下土体变形破坏模拟提供了一个新的思路。     

湿干循环作用对压实黏土干裂特性的影响

开展了湿干循环作用下压实黏土的开裂试验和微观结构特性研究,分析了湿干循环作用对黏土开裂和孔隙结构的影响,将压汞试验(MIP)和扫描电镜(SEM)的结果与宏观开裂进行比较。结果表明:湿干循环作用显著影响了压实黏土的开裂,用开裂因子表征黏土的开裂程度,开裂因子随含水率减小而增大并明显大于湿干循环作用前; 随湿干循环次数的增加,黏土孔隙的总体积、中间孔径、平均孔径、平均孔隙率和团粒内孔隙均在增加,而黏土的颗粒内孔隙、颗粒间孔隙和团粒间孔隙却在减小。湿干循环作用使黏土体从大团粒逐渐转化为小颗粒,并增大了土颗粒的凸凹性,分析SEM二值化图像得知土体孔隙率均在增加; 用压汞法和扫描电镜法分析和解释土体开裂是可行的,所得的微观孔隙特征与宏观开裂规律基本相符。     

结构性海洋黏土损伤模型的二次开发及应用

原状土的结构性作为21世纪土力学的核心问题,一直以来受到学者们的广泛关注。软黏土的结构性损伤这一力学行为会对海洋结构物基础造成不可忽略的影响。以海底原状土的结构性特征为研究对象,推导了考虑黏土结构性的SANICLAY模型的数值实现格式。通过子增量步显式算法和有限元的二次开发,实现了结构性多屈服面本构模型在有限元方法中的应用。通过与不同应力路径下的三轴试验结果对比,验证了开发的子程序可准确模拟海洋黏土所具有的结构性。基于不同应力路径试验的数值模拟结果,研究了不同固结和剪切条件下土体塑性势面和屈服面的演化规律,揭示了土体固结可降低结构性损伤程度以及剪切过程中土体产生结构性损伤的机制。将二次开发的子程序应用到具体的边值问题中,开展了可考虑土体结构性影响的海上风电筒型基础静承载力研究,揭示了土体结构性对筒型基础的地基破坏模式、峰值承载力和残余承载力的影响;引入残余衰减比来表征土体结构性破坏后筒型基础的残余承载力,并建立了残余衰减比与结构损伤因子之间的关系。     

多次冻融后格栅加筋黏土路堤工作性能分析

利用多次冻融后加筋黏土路堤相关试验参数对其进行有限元计算, 确定了加筋黏土结构各初始因素对其工作性能的影响规律, 并利用ABAQUS有限元计算软件对各种计算条件下的位移和应力进行求解, 确定了冻融循环后位移和应力的最大值. 结果显示: 增加加筋黏土路堤中的格栅层数可以减小冻融后加筋路堤的竖向和水平位移及土体剪应力最大值, 且格栅层数的增加对土体变形的影响强于对土体剪应力值的影响. 土体压实度的增大可以减小加筋路堤的竖向和水平位移, 同时引起土中剪应力数值的增大; 土体初始含水率的减小可以减小加筋路堤的竖向和水平位移, 同时引起土中剪应力数值的减小.     

不同应力路径下剪切带的数值模拟

采用回映应力更新算法,编写了基于伏斯列夫面的超固结黏土本构关系模型子程序,嵌入非线性有限元软件ABAQUS。通过对单元试验进行三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变等问题的模型预测,再现了超固结黏土在不同初始超固结比和应力路径时的变形和强度特性,从而验证了子程序的正确性。借助该本构模型,对三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变应力路径下超固结黏土体变形局部化问题,进行了三维数值模拟。分析结果表明：超固结黏土在三轴压缩及伸长状态时,土体变形局部化在应力-应变关系软化时出现,而平面应变状态时,在应力-应变关系硬化阶段出现,其超固结黏土的剪胀特性在剪切带的形成过程中起重要作用。     

黏土的张拉-剪切耦合强度研究

现有的土体强度研究主要集中在土体受到压缩剪切作用,而针对单轴拉伸、拉剪耦合或多向拉伸作用的研究较少。当前土的联合强度理论仍建立在土体受压缩剪切作用的基础上,不适用于分析土的抗拉强度和拉剪耦合强度。针对饱和黏土中的拉剪联合作用,建立了饱和黏土的张拉-剪切耦合强度模型,给出了饱和黏土张拉-剪切耦合强度公式以及多向拉伸作用下的强度公式;基于已有的饱和黏土试验数据以及所做的饱和黏土室内试验数据对所建立的强度模型预测能力进行了验证,并与其他联合强度模型进行对比分析,检验了强度模型的适用性和准确性;强度模型全面、合理地描述了饱和黏土的压剪强度、张拉-剪切耦合强度及多向拉伸强度特征,为饱和黏土张拉-剪切耦合问题的解决奠定了理论基础。     

呼和浩特地区压实红黏土收缩开裂特性研究

红黏土在工程应用中易随环境温、湿度的变化产生收缩变形甚至开裂现象,从而诱发产生诸多工程问题。在工程应用中掌握红黏土的收缩与开裂性能,才能及时做出有效的防治措施。为此,以内蒙古地区典型红黏土为研究对象,在明确其击实特性的基础上,分析了红黏土在不同击实次数条件下的收缩特性并结合图像处理技术进一步阐释了压实红黏土裂缝形态的发展规律。试验结果表明:红黏土的最大干密度随着击实次数的增加呈线性增加,最佳含水率随着击实次数的增加呈线性减小的特征;红黏土失水率曲线随干燥时间呈指数规律变化,干燥初期,试样水分迅速蒸发呈线性变化,随着干燥时间的延续水分蒸发量逐渐减少,失水率曲线趋于稳定;随着击实次数的增加试样收缩率增大,收缩指标（径向线缩率、轴向线缩率以及体积收缩率）随干燥时间呈指数规律变化。红黏土收缩几何因子小于3,表明其轴向收缩大于径向收缩,红黏土收缩具有各向异性的特点;红黏土的裂缝特征参数（平均裂缝宽度、裂缝总长度、裂隙率）也随击实次数的增加而增大。试样击实次数的增加破坏了土体的黏粒结构,导致土体对结合水最大吸附能力减弱,降低了土体的持水能力,从而使土体的失水率、收缩率以及裂隙率增大。因此,在工程应用中增加击实次数以期改善红黏土的收缩与抗裂性是低效不经济的。     

荷载作用引起砂土渗透性变化的试验研究

模拟路基填土与开挖卸载的实际情况,研制了压力变化条件下砂土和黏土渗透性变化的室内试验装置与试验方法。通过测定砂土在加载与卸载过程下,不同压实度（与初始孔隙比对应）土样的渗透系数变化特点,得出了荷载、压实度（或初始孔隙比）与土体渗透系数的相互关系,探讨了荷载压力的变化引起土体渗透系数变化的原因,结果表明,荷载与初始孔隙比对渗透系数均有很大影响,其中荷载对低压实度的土体渗透性影响最大,而对高压实度的土体渗透性影响较小,以此为依据探讨了路基填土与开挖对地基渗流的影响特点。     

黏土失水干缩裂缝发育动态试验研究

饱和黏土中水分的丧失会引起土体基质吸力和表面收缩率的变化,并导致其表面开裂。在室内对黏土干裂过程中土体的失水率、裂缝面积率等开裂特征参数随时间变化的关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)根据表面开裂率、裂缝节点和开裂块数特征随失水率和时间变化,可划分为开裂前、快速开裂、开裂停滞三个阶段,在快速开裂阶段,土体的失水率和表面裂隙发育率呈现为显著的正相关关系;(2)开裂后土体裂缝呈现为多个期次性,1、2期次裂缝之间夹角大都大于90°,第3期次(或更高期次)裂缝大都近似垂直于器壁(或第2期次裂缝)平行发育,且有等间隔发育倾向。第1、2期次裂缝的长度和宽度都远大于第3期次裂缝。     

干湿循环对填埋场压实黏土盖层渗透系数影响研究

针对干湿循环作用下填埋场封场覆盖系统压实黏土防渗失效等问题,系统开展了干湿循环作用下（室内模拟填埋场气候环境）压实黏土渗透特性及微观结构特征试验研究,探讨了干湿循环次数、压实度、试样尺寸对压实黏土渗透系数影响并从微观层次揭示其防渗失效内在本质。研究结果表明：干湿循环前,相同压实度的大、小两种尺寸渗透试样所测渗透系数基本相同,经3次干湿循环后,不同尺寸、不同压实度黏土渗透系数增加量却存在明显差异。干湿循环作用下,小尺寸高、低两压实黏土试样均只收缩不开裂,并且高压实黏土微观结构损伤大于低压缩黏土,其渗透系数的增加量也大于小尺寸低压实黏土。而大尺寸试样裂隙发育与现场压实黏土裂隙发育相似,高压实黏土内部裂隙体积小于低压实黏土,其渗透系数的增加量也小于低压实黏土。同时,大尺寸试样内部大量未闭合宏观裂隙致使其渗透系数增加量大于同等压实度条件下小尺寸试样渗透系数增加量。室内小尺寸试样无法体现干湿循环作用下压实黏土层内部干缩裂隙对其渗透性能的影响,因此,其渗透试验结果不宜作为评价压实黏土长期防渗性能的评价指标。     

A relationship between tensile strength and loading stress governing the onset of mode I crack propagation obtained via numerical investigations using a bonded particle model

Numerical models based on the discrete element method are used to study the fracturing process in brittle rock‐like materials under direct and indirect tension. The results demonstrate the capacity of the model to capture the essential characteristics of fracture including the onset of crack propagation, stable and unstable crack growth, arrest and reinitiation of fracturing, and crack branching. Simulations of Brazilian indirect tension tests serve to calibrate the numerical model, relating macroscopic tensile strength of specimens to their micromechanical breakage parameters. A second suite of simulations reveals a linear relationship between the tensile strength of specimens and the loading stress for which mode I tensile crack propagation ensues. Based on these results, a crack initiation criterion for brittle materials is proposed, prescribing the stressing conditions required to induce tensile failure. Such a criterion, if broadly applicable, provides a practical means to rapidly assess the failure potential of brittle materials under tensile loads.     

含有硬包裹体分布的非均质岩石水力压裂特性研究

基于完全流-固耦合的弹塑性理论给出了水力压裂数值计算的弥散裂缝模型,其中材料的弹性部分采用线弹性本构关系,塑性部分采用摩尔-库仑破坏准则及强化准则。依据当前的有效应力状态修正渗透系数来模拟压裂液在裂缝中的流动。渗透系数的修改使用双曲正切函数,并采用平均有效应力作为水力裂缝的起裂判据。在ABAQUS软件中通过用户自定义程序添加了该模型。根据岩石的切面照片建立了含有硬包裹体分布的非均质岩石的有限元计算模型,模拟了中心点注水条件下的水力压裂传播过程,讨论了在常应力状态下非均质岩石中开裂区域、典型位置的应力路径变化和裂缝传播范围随时间变化的特点。进行了多种条件下含有硬包裹体分布的岩石材料的数值试验,得出了基岩材料的弹性模量、凝聚力和渗透系数以及注水速率对峰值注水压力、平均注水压力和裂缝开度的影响规律。     

Computational model coupling mode II discrete fracture propagation with continuum damage zone evolution

We propose a numerical method that couples a cohesive zone model (CZM) and a finite element‐based continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model. The CZM represents a mode II macro‐fracture, and CDM finite elements (FE) represent the damage zone of the CZM. The coupled CZM/CDM model can capture the flow of energy that takes place between the bulk material that forms the matrix and the macroscopic fracture surfaces. The CDM model, which does not account for micro‐crack interaction, is calibrated against triaxial compression tests performed on Bakken shale, so as to reproduce the stress/strain curve before the failure peak. Based on a comparison with Kachanov's micro‐mechanical model, we confirm that the critical micro‐crack density value equal to 0.3 reflects the point at which crack interaction cannot be neglected. The CZM is assigned a pure mode II cohesive law that accounts for the dependence of the shear strength and energy release rate on confining pressure. The cohesive shear strength of the CZM is calibrated by calculating the shear stress necessary to reach a CDM damage of 0.3 during a direct shear test. We find that the shear cohesive strength of the CZM depends linearly on the confining pressure. Triaxial compression tests are simulated, in which the shale sample is modeled as an FE CDM continuum that contains a predefined thin cohesive zone representing the idealized shear fracture plane. The shear energy release rate of the CZM is fitted in order to match to the post‐peak stress/strain curves obtained during experimental tests performed on Bakken shale. We find that the energy release rate depends linearly on the shear cohesive strength. We then use the calibrated shale rheology to simulate the propagation of a meter‐scale mode II fracture. Under low confining pressure, the macroscopic crack (CZM) and its damaged zone (CDM) propagate simultaneously (i.e., during the same loading increments). Under high confining pressure, the fracture propagates in slip‐friction, that is, the debonding of the cohesive zone alternates with the propagation of continuum damage. The computational method is applicable to a range of geological injection problems including hydraulic fracturing and fluid storage and should be further enhanced by the addition of mode I and mixed mode (I+II+III) propagation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

层理面特性对砂岩断裂力学行为的影响研究

层理弱面对层状岩石的力学特性影响较显著,为了研究层理面特性对岩石断裂力学特性的影响,开展了具有不同层理方向的砂岩试样三点弯试验,探讨了砂岩断裂韧度及断裂模式的各向异性。之后基于有限元中的黏聚单元建立了数值模型,采用数值模拟方法研究了层理面强度对各层理角度试样断裂力学行为的影响规律。结果表明:层理方向影响下砂岩的断裂韧度及模式存在各向异性;同一层理方向试样的断裂韧度随层理面强度的增大而增大,且试样的层理面与加载方向夹角越小,断裂韧度受层理面强度变化影响越明显;试样的断裂模式不仅与层理面强度有关,还受层理倾角的控制,层理面与加载方向夹角θ=0o试样断裂模式基本不受层理面强度影响,θ=30o试样主要沿层理面张拉或剪切破坏,且沿层理面的破裂长度随层理面强度的降低逐渐增大;层理面强度较大时,θ=45o试样主要沿层理面张拉破坏,θ=60o～90o试样主要以贯穿层理的张拉破坏为主;层理面强度较小时,θ=45o～90o试样均以沿层理面的剪切破坏为主,其中θ=45o试样沿层理剪切长度最大。另外,通过数值模拟结果分析了层理面强度及方向对试样的起裂角及裂纹扩展路径产生的影响。该研究成果可作为层状岩石断裂力学...     

基于流体体积法的劈裂注浆有限元分析

劈裂注浆作为一种有效的土体加固方法,其理论研究落后于工程实践。提出了基于弥散裂缝模型和流体体积法的劈裂注浆有限元分析方法,并通过ABAQUS二次开发编写劈裂注浆有限元程序。数值分析结果能与室内试验较好吻合,验证了有限元算法的合理性。在此基础上研究了注浆孔埋深和注浆流量对劈裂浆脉形状的影响。结果表明,劈裂注浆过程可分为起劈和劈裂发展两个阶段。当劈裂浆脉扩展到模型边界后,继续注浆会引起注浆压力的大幅提高和已有浆脉宽度的增加。随着注浆孔埋深的增加,浆脉分支减少,长度减小,宽度增加,劈裂浆脉形状的主要控制因素从土体参数的随机性变成大小主应力值的差异。注浆量一定的情况下,注浆速率越大,劈裂浆脉长度越短,宽度越大,注浆终压也越大。研究为劈裂注浆的工程应用提供理论支撑。     

Modeling of dynamic cohesive fracture propagation in porous saturated media

In this paper, a mathematical model is presented for the analysis of dynamic fracture propagation in the saturated porous media. The solid behavior incorporates a discrete cohesive fracture model, coupled with the flow in porous media through the fracture network. The double‐nodded zero‐thickness cohesive interface element is employed for the mixed mode fracture behavior in tension and contact behavior in compression. The crack is automatically detected and propagated perpendicular to the maximum effective stress. The spatial discretization is continuously updated during the crack propagation. Numerical examples from the hydraulic fracturing test and the concrete gravity dam show the capability of the model to simulate dynamic fracture propagation. The comparison is performed between the quasi‐static and fully dynamic solutions, and the performance of two analyses is investigated on the values of crack length and crack mouth opening. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lagrangian meshfree particles method (SPH) for large deformation and failure flows of geomaterial using elastic–plastic soil constitutive model

Simulation of large deformation and post‐failure of geomaterial in the framework of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) are presented in this study. The Drucker–Prager model with associated and non‐associated plastic flow rules is implemented into the SPH code to describe elastic–plastic soil behavior. In contrast to previous work on SPH for solids, where the hydrostatic pressure is often estimated from density by an equation of state, this study proposes to calculate the hydrostatic pressure of soil directly from constitutive models. Results obtained in this paper show that the original SPH method, which has been successfully applied to a vast range of problems, is unable to directly solve elastic–plastic flows of soil because of the so‐called SPH tensile instability. This numerical instability may result in unrealistic fracture and particles clustering in SPH simulation. For non‐cohesive soil, the instability is not serious and can be completely removed by using a tension cracking treatment from soil constitutive model and thereby give realistic soil behavior. However, the serious tensile instability that is found in SPH application for cohesive soil requires a special treatment to overcome this problem. In this paper, an artificial stress method is applied to remove the SPH numerical instability in cohesive soil. A number of numerical tests are carried out to check the capability of SPH in the current application. Numerical results are then compared with experimental and finite element method solutions. The good agreement obtained from these comparisons suggests that SPH can be extended to general geotechnical problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of fracture propagation in a rock mass surrounding a tunnel under high internal pressure by the element-free Galerkin method

Fractures developed around high pressurized gas or air storage tunnels can progressively extend to the ground surface, eventually leading to an uplift failure. A tool reasonably reproducing the failure patterns is necessary for stability assessment. In this study, a numerical method based on the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method with a cohesive crack model is developed to simulate fracture propagation patterns in the rock mass around a tunnel under high internal pressure. A series of physical model tests was also conducted to validate the reliability of the developed method. A qualitative agreement between physical model tests and numerical results can be obtained. The in situ stress ratio, k, has a strong influence on both the position of crack initiation and the propagation direction. The numerical analyses were extended to full-scale problems. Numerical tests were performed to investigate the prime influencing factors on the failure patterns of a high pressurized gas circular tunnel with varying parameters. The results suggest that initial in situ stress conditions with a high k (larger than 1) is favorable for construction of pressurized gas or air storage tunnels.     

土体龟裂力学机理及理论模型研究进展

土体龟裂是一种常见的自然现象,它对土体的物理力学性质有重要影响,是许多工程地质及环境地质问题的重要诱因。开展土体龟裂研究,探讨其形成机理并构建相应的理论模型,一直是本课题的研究重点和难点。根据近年来国内外围绕土体龟裂所取得的研究成果,着重对土体龟裂的力学机理及相关理论模型研究进展进行了归纳和总结,并依据各模型的理论基础及其特点进行了分类和评价,得到如下主要认识:学界关于龟裂的形成机理尚未有统一认识,主流观点认为龟裂是土体张拉破坏的一种表现形式,张拉应力和抗拉强度是控制龟裂形成的两个关键力学指标,但上述力学机理不能解释所有的土体龟裂现象。与土体龟裂相关的理论模型总体上可以分为4大类:（1）以断裂力学为理论基础的模型:代表性的有线弹性断裂力学模型、弹塑性断裂力学模型和基于线弹性断裂力学的有限元模型;（2）以张拉破坏为理论基础的模型:代表性的有线弹性力学模型、剪切破坏模型、弹性力学模型和黏性开裂模型;（3）以土体干缩变形过程为基础的含水率-体积变化模型;（4）以土体固结理论为基础的应力路径分析模型。在此基础上,进一步对各模型的适用条件及不足之处进行了评价。最后,笔者对该课题今后的研究重点和方向提出了建议,包括:蒸发过程中土体微观结构变化及微观力学分析;蒸发过程中孔隙水的迁移过程、分布特征及赋存状态研究;土体收缩研究;土体抗拉强度研究;裂隙发育宽度及深度预测理论模型研究;龟裂发育几何形态特征预测理论模型研究。     

Modeling soil desiccation cracking by analytical and numerical approaches

An energy approach is proposed as a complement to the stress approach commonly considered for investigating soil desiccation cracking. The elastic strain energies before and after crack initiation are estimated by both numerical and analytical solutions. The energy released by cracking is then compared with the fracture energy to discuss crack initiation conditions. This leads to combined energy and stress conditions for crack initiation following Leguillon's theory. An approximate analytical solution is derived from a variational formulation of the porous elastic body equations. A cohesive zone model and finite element code are used to simulate crack propagation in an unsaturated porous body. This analysis shows that the energy criterion is reached before the stress criterion, and this can explain unstable crack propagation at the beginning. The approximate analytical solution allows predicting correctly the crack depth and opening in its initiation stage.