基于个体行为的城市居民医疗服务消费特征及社会分异——以广州中心城区为例

城市公共服务设施的供给事关城市居民生活品质和社会公平,基于微观个体行为的公共服务消费特征探讨,有助于从需求角度审视公共服务设施配置的有效性及公平性。以广州中心城区为例,通过问卷调查数据系统分析转型期城市居民的医疗服务消费及社会分异特征,结果表明:广州中心城区医疗服务设施配置对城市居民购房选择的影响弱于公园绿地、教育和商业设施;费用支出、服务态度及技术设备条件决定城市居民的医疗服务消费选择,空间距离作用较小;医疗服务消费出行时间集中在35 min内,出行方式以步行和公交为主;医疗服务消费支出以自费为主,消费评价总体不高。在社会分异上,高收入群体更重视医疗服务口碑和技术设备条件,对费用支出关注程度较低,高收入群体的消费选择偏好区级及以上高等级医疗服务,对公立医疗设施评价最高;而中低收入群体以"自己处理"及选择低等级医疗设施为主;公立医疗服务空间分布相对均衡,民营医疗设施则与中低收入群体更为接近,这与西方城市公共资源分布格局中的"服务反比例法则"不一致。     

中国城市土地城镇化多层级影响因素分析

土地城镇化是地理学与土地科学交叉的核心研究领域。随着中国城镇化水平不断提升,土地城镇化作为城镇化在空间的具体体现,已经成为学者和政府共同关注的焦点。土地城镇化受到省、市多层面因素影响,单一层面的影响因素并不能完全有效解释中国特殊行政体系下的多层级关系。本文采用熵值法对中国省、市两个层面影响因素的不同指标进行客观赋权,建立两层线性模型,对2005年和2016年全国102个具有代表性的城市土地城镇化影响因素进行实证研究。结果表明：① 市级层面,2005年要素投入和公共服务是影响城市土地城镇化的主要因素,其中以要素投入最重要。2016年经济发展水平成为最关键的影响因素,要素投入、公共服务、人口集聚对土地城镇化的影响程度依次降低。② 省级层面,区域经济发展水平差异是土地城镇化的主要影响因素。政府资源保护态度、生态和农业资源与市级因素以及城市建成区面积呈显著负相关。根据区域所处发展水平的不同,政府开发态度、地理区位与市级因素存在复杂的影响关系。③ 1978年改革开放以来,中国土地城镇化是工业化和城镇化共同作用的结果,土地城镇化进程逐步由政府主导转向经济驱动。多层级土地城镇化研究,可以更好地解析不同层面影响因素对土地城镇化水平影响机制和跨级关系,为更合理精准的城镇化政策制定提供理论依据。     

新疆公共服务资源空间配置与城乡互动耦合协调发展评价

公共服务资源是社会发展的“先行资本”,对于区域社会经济发展与城乡融合发展具有正面外部效应。依据公共服务资源公平性、效益性与协调性原则,结合AHP、熵值与聚类分析方法,建立新疆公共服务资源配置与城乡互动效益评价指标体系,利用协调耦合发展模型,揭示研究区公共服务、城乡互动发展以及两者耦合协调度的总体特征和空间特征。结果表明：（1） 新疆各地不同类型公共服务资源空间配置公平性有所差异,空间非公平性>人口非公平性。（2） 公共服务资源综合效益以及城乡互动发展水平呈现较低、一般（中等）、较高三个类型。（3） 公共服务效益空间分异特征呈现出东南片区>西北片区;城乡互动水平空间差异呈现出天山北坡经济带高于其他区域。（4） 新疆大部分处于城乡互动与公共服务相互影响、相互磨合的过渡发展阶段,导致公共服务损益或城乡互动损益,个别区域处在两个系统相互制约、失调衰退阶段。通过进一步提出加快建立健全城乡互动公共服务体系,构建大、中、小多层次城镇空间格局,继续完善和开拓新的公共服务增长点以满足不断增长的城乡社会发展需求等建议措施,为确保城乡居民生存发展公平与效率,促进公共服务与城乡互动耦合协调发展提供参考借鉴。     

Geographic Variation in Services under Different Providers: The Case of Formal Child Care in Ontario

This study concerns geographic variation in levels of formal child care provision in the province of Ontario, Canada. The historical development of the decentralized service system is described, highlighting the emergence of public nonprofit, private nonprofit, and private proprietary service providers. Several policy measures in the recent past have attempted to restrict development of proprietary services, and this study examines in detail the geographic distribution of services prior to a number of these initiatives. Correlation analysis shows that service levels are related to measures of socioeconomic status, service need, and size and distribution of area populations. A regression model accounting for service levels in terms of socioeconomic status, single-parent families, and regional effects is described. Results differ by provider sector. Private nonprofit service levels are related to all three factors. Private proprietary services respond to socioeconomic status and to regional effects, but not to need measures. Service levels in the public nonprofit sector are not related to the model of service provision described here.     

Estimating spatial efficiency using cyber search,GIS, and spatial optimization: a case study of fire service deployment in Los Angeles County

ABSTRACT

The efficiency of public investments and services has been of interest to geographic researchers for several decades. While in the private sector inefficiency often leads to higher prices, loss of competitiveness, and loss of business, in the public sector inefficiency in service provision does not necessarily lead to immediate changes. In many cases, it is not an entirely easy task to analyze a particular service as appropriate data may be difficult to obtain and hidden in detailed budgets. In this paper, we develop an integrative approach that uses cyber search, Geographic Information System (GIS), and spatial optimization to estimate the spatial efficiency of fire protection services in Los Angeles (LA) County. We develop a cyber-search process to identify current deployment patterns of fire stations across the major urban region of LA County. We compare the results of our search to existing databases. Using spatial optimization, we estimate the level of deployment that is needed to meet desired coverage levels based upon the location of an ideal fire station pattern, and then compare this ideal level of deployment to the existing system as a means of estimating spatial efficiency. GIS is adopted throughout the paper to simulate the demand locations, to conduct location-based spatial analysis, to visualize fire station data, and to map model simulation results. Finally, we show that the existing system in LA County has considerable room for improvement. The methodology presented in this paper is both novel and groundbreaking, and the automated assessments are readily transferable to other counties and jurisdictions.     

中国城镇化与基本公共服务时空交互耦合关系及其驱动力分析

基本公共服务是实现城镇化高质量发展的关键支撑。该文通过构建评价指标体系,运用熵值法、耦合协调模型、面板数据模型对2005-2018年我国285个地级以上城市的城镇化与基本公共服务协调发展的时空演变规律及驱动力进行分析。结果表明:1)城镇化与基本公共服务协调发展水平总体呈波动上升趋势,二者协调度指数均值由0.296升至0.319,年均增长率为0.577%。2005-2010年、2011-2014年、2015-2018年二者协调度分别表现为“倒V形”“V形”“N形”演变趋势,3个阶段协调度高低值差异进一步收敛,城镇化与基本公共服务协调发展的韧性增强。2)各地市的协调度极差由0.557降至0.523,全国尺度的空间均衡趋势明显,高水平协调向西、向南转移;东部三大城市群中心城市溢出效应明显,边缘城市及中、西部主要城市群中心城市表现为虹吸效应。3)城镇化与基本公共服务的交互响应均呈现“正向—负向—正向—稳定”的特征,与“N形”演变规律吻合;经济实力、政策支持、城市层级共同作用于城镇化与基本公共服务的协调发展。     

基于改进区位配置模型的农村就医空间优化布局研究——以湖北省仙桃市为例

以湖北省仙桃市为研究区域,运用改进区位配置模型,通过调整设施数量和规模实验,研究农村就医空间优化布局。首先对比分析传统区位配置模型（LA模型）,引入等级规模偏好系数,构建改进区位配置模型。然后基于ArcGIS10.2 Geoprocessing 框架,整合GIS网络分析,运用程序设计语言Python和线性规划建模工具PuLP实现模型构建,运用线性规划软件Cplex实现模型求解,运用ArcGIS10.2进行地理空间可视化表达。最后通过调整设施数量和规模对比实验发现：医疗机构布局调整后更加合理,居民就医效率明显提高,居民获得医疗服务时间成本减少,且15 min内满足更多医疗需求,验证了改进区位配置模型在农村就医空间优化布局的实用性。     

A Typology of Shared Service Provision in Australian Local Government

Disappointment with the results of forced amalgamation programs across almost all Australian local government jurisdictions has created great interest in shared service models as an alternative method of improving the operational efficiency of local councils, while at the same time preserving local democracy and local autonomy. While an embryonic literature on shared service provision in the Australian municipal milieu does exist, much remains to be done. This paper seeks to contribute to this nascent literature in two main ways: (a) to locate shared services in local government within broader global trends and theoretical disputations on devolution and local economic development, highlighting the importance of political geography in these debates; and (b) in the light of this complexity and ambiguity, develop a new typology of local government shared service provision to inform public policy making on real-world problems in Australian local government.     

Archipelagos and networks: urbanization and water privatization in the South

This paper examines the interrelationship between urbanization and water supply privatization in cities in the global South. The purpose of the paper is not to evaluate the impacts of privatization; rather, the paper analyses the differences in pathways and modes of water supply privatization, focusing on urban and contrasting with rural areas. A distinction is drawn between privatization (organizational change) and commercialization (institutional change) of water supply. Emphasis is placed upon the interrelationship between regulatory change (a shift from public to private management of water supply systems), human use of and access to water, and urban waterscapes. In contrast to metaphors of 'networks' so often applied in analyses of water management, the 'archipelago' is posited as a metaphor which better captures the complex overlapping strategies of water supply provision in urban areas in the South. Building on this metaphor, and in response to the 'public–private' dualism often invoked in studies of privatization, the paper outlines an alternative typology of water management in urban areas in the South. This typology foregrounds the concepts of the territorialization of corporate power as a means of understanding the articulation between privatization and urbanization processes in the South.     

西方国家城市公共服务设施供给理论及研究进展

城市公共服务设施是城市社会性服务业的依托载体,是指城市中呈点状分布并服务于社会大众的教育、医疗、文体、商业等社会性基础设施。西方国家城市公共服务设施供给理论及研究主题可以分为三个阶段。二战后至20世纪70年代,基于公共物品理论,确立社会公共服务的政府单中心供给模式,城市公共服务设施的布局区位、供给效率是研究重点：70年代至90年代,从公共服务的双主体联合供给理论出发,探讨城市公共服务设施供给的空间公平;90年代以来,在公共服务多元化供给理论基础上,从社会结构视角深层次研究公共服务设施供给的空间可达性差异及社会空间分异。     

Evaluating the Temporal Organization of Public Service Provision Using Space-Time Accessibility Analysis

In recent years, there has been increasing awareness about the impact of urban time policies on the quality of people's everyday lives. However, within the urban planning field, evaluations of public service delivery have primarily focused on the spatial rather than the temporal organization of public service facilities. This study tries to fill this gap by using space-time accessibility analysis to explore the extent to which changes in open hours affect the social equity of service provision. To this end an accessibility model is implemented and employed in a case study of public service provision in the urban area of Ghent, Belgium. Our analysis not only demonstrates that access to public services exhibits substantial hour-to-hour and day-to-day variations, but it also shows that individuals with certain personal and household attributes are affected differently by changes to the temporal regime of public service facilities.     

中国城乡基本公共服务均等化及其空间格局分析

以中国31个省级行政单位为研究对象,从教育服务、文化服务、医疗卫生服务、基础设施服务、社会保障服务和信息化服务6个方面构建指标体系,综合测度各省份城市和农村基本公共服务水平;利用信息熵原理构建基本公共服务均等化指数,测度各省份城乡基本公共服务均等化程度,并用探索性空间数据分析方法对城乡基本公共服务均等化指数的空间格局进行研究。研究表明：① 各省份城市和农村基本公共服务水平的差异均十分显著。城市基本公共服务水平的空间分布为“T”字型格局,并呈“东—中—西”阶梯状递减;农村基本公共服务水平的空间分布与城市存在很大的不一致性,呈“东—西—中”阶梯状递减的格局。② 31个省份的城乡基本公共服务均等化指数偏低,其空间分布存在着显著的全局空间自相关特征。③ 各省份农村基本公共服务水平对均等化指数的影响大于城市,城乡基本公共服务均等化指数与农村基本公共服务水平的关系类似马太效应。     

Capital and conscience: poverty management and the financialization of good intentions in the San Francisco Bay Area

Social impact investing differentiates itself from traditional investing by claiming to create public social benefits alongside private profits. Globally, municipal governments are increasingly looking to this model to fund urban social services and poverty management. Through a case study of social impact investing in affordable housing in the San Francisco Bay Area, I deconstruct the financial and ideological underpinnings of this model to understand how private profits are drawn from local geographies of impoverishment. Analyzing social impact investing as a poverty politics reveals how it places preexisting, state-subsidized systems of poverty management into social impact investing portfolios, dividing impoverished spaces into new hierarchies of deservingness by incorporating private investors’ visions of what will help low-income tenants. But these processes also fail to subsume social life within housing financed in this manner, as tenant practices subverting those idealized by the state and investors persist alongside the generation of private profits.     

转型时期广州城市公共服务设施空间分析

通过构建城市公共服务设施空间分布综合公平指数模型,借助三维模拟及GIS空间自相关技术,探讨了广州城市公共服务设施空间分布格局、公平性特征及其形成机制.结果表明:广州城市公共服务设施空间分布呈核心-边缘格局,区域供给规模差异大且与人口分布不相协调,区际及不同类型设施的空间聚集水平差异显著;城市公共服务设施空间分布综合公平...     

转型期城市居住用地更新的空间加密化研究——广州市金花街改造再考

选择具有代表性的广州市金花街改造项目（1988~2003年）为案例研究对象,分析了政府主导下改造方案的调整过程和改造空间特征,探讨居民诉求和政府旧改政策对旧城空间的影响。研究表明：金花街居民的原地安置诉求和城市政府依此设计的以民生为导向的改造安排,乃是影响旧城空间的重要原因;在准市场化融资方式和福利化拆迁安置方式下,城市政府提出的有关提供公共服务设施、解决居民临时安置问题和让居民原地安置的要求,使改造规划多次提高改造容积率,以保持改造经济平衡;改造后的金花街在房屋和人口两个维度呈现空间加密化的态势,即存在原地安置房叠加融资商品房、原地安置居民叠加购房迁入居民的社会空间现象,金花街改造并未出现以外来中产人口大规模替代原住低收入人口为基本特征的绅士化过程。最后,从引入转让开发权和鼓励微改造两方面对当前广州的旧城改造提出政策建议。     

Commentary: Neoliberal Landscapes of Deception: Detroit,Ford Field,and the Ford Motor Company

Microfinance is often presented as a solution to rural poverty. However, increasingly, many countries across the world are turning to it as a mechanism for dealing with the contingencies arising from the marketization of basic services and shrinking welfare provisions. Using examples of urban microfinance from India, this essay shows how, through microfinance, market rationalities are increasingly finding their way into food and housing provision for the urban poor and are displacing social relations that have traditionally sustained them.     

宁波市城市化发展对区域生态系统服务价值的影响

采用城市化综合水平测度模型、生态系统服务价值评价模型及Pearson相关分析方法,在GIS技术支持下,以宁波市1991—2014年城市化相关数据和土地利用变更调查成果为基础数据,定量评价和分析区域城市化发展水平、生态系统服务价值以及二者之间的关系。结果表明:(1)宁波市各项城市化指数均呈逐渐递增趋势,城市化发展进程呈阶段化特征。快速城市化水平驱动区域经济高速发展,同时导致建设用地面积大幅度增加。(2)宁波市生态系统服务价值总体变化呈先增后减趋势,各县(市、区)生态系统服务价值空间分布差异显著,区域城市化水平越高其所贡献的生态系统服务价值越低。(3)当前城市化发展水平与生态系统服务价值演变之间呈显著负相关,经济城市化和土地城市化对生态系统服务功能产生的负面影响较为显著。快速城市化引起区域土地利用的剧烈变化,导致生态景观格局转变,城市人口集聚与工业化导致过度消耗资源与废物排放,对生态系统服务功能产生负面影响。建议提高宁波市城市化发展质量,注重与经济和社会的协同发展。     

中国新型城镇化与城市医疗资源空间适配性研究

为探究中国城市医疗资源配置的演化动向及与新型城镇化发展适配的影响机制,运用标准差椭圆、经济重心、泰尔指数、探索性数据分析、耦合协调度模型及动态空间杜宾模型展开研究,发现:①医疗资源分布空间异质性明显,医疗资源配置优化和空间再组织使得城市群成为医疗资源区块式聚集形态载体.②医疗资源空间错配现象逐渐改善,适配呈逐步均衡化,...     

The population factor in public service provision in Nigeria

"This paper is concerned with ascertaining the impact of population on the spatial pattern of public service provision in Nigeria....Using a set of population and revenue variables as explanatory variables, a step-wise multiple regression model was employed to determine the impact of these variables on the provision of selected public services. The results of the analyses show that urban population is generally more important than total population in explaining the spatial pattern of public services. Generally speaking, the revenue variables are even more important in this regard, especially the internal revenue of states....One implication of these results is that ability to pay, rather than need, is the basis for public service provision in Nigeria. Thus, the richer and more developed states are better off than the less developed ones, irrespective of population size."     

中国新型城镇化高质量发展的规律性与重点方向

中国新型城镇化高质量发展是一种人地和谐、高效低碳、生态环保、节约创新、智慧平安的质量提升型城镇化,是高质量的城市建设、高质量的基础设施、高质量的公共服务、高质量的人居环境、高质量的城市管理和高质量的市民化的有机统一。高质量推进新型城镇化发展需要遵循城镇化发展的四阶段性规律和渐进式规律,实现新型城镇化由数量型向质量型、由“一步到位”向“分步到位”、由激进式向渐进式、由诱发“负效应”向释放“正能量”、由被动性向主动型、由“地为本”向“人为本”的战略转型。考虑到中国新型城镇化发展的地域差异显著,新型城镇化高质量发展客观上要因地制宜、因类指导,可将全国新型城镇化高质量发展区域划分为城市群地区（Ⅰ）、粮食主产区（Ⅱ）、农林牧地区（Ⅲ）、连片扶贫区（Ⅳ）、民族自治区（Ⅴ）共5大高质量发展类型区和47个亚区。未来推进中国新型城镇化高质量发展的重点路径包括：增强新型城镇化高质量发展的整体协同性,提高城市群发展质量;推动产城深度融合发展,加快实现基本公共服务均等化,提升城市发展品质与质量;推动城乡深度融合发展,在新型城镇化高质量发展中实现乡村振兴;突出因地制宜,明确不同类型地区城镇化高质量发展的主体功能;创新体制机制,全过程推进城镇化高质量发展;量力而行,以特取胜,规范建设特色小镇,夯实新型城镇化高质量发展的基石;把新型城镇化高质量发展与区域资源环境承载力及高质量保护有机结合起来。