Residential mobility trajectories and integration in Douala and Bafoussam,Cameroon

Abstract

This study examines how migrant households relocate their homes in two Cameroonian cities over the course of lifetimes or even generations. The central claim is that homeownership is the ultimate sign of integration into city life. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods (218 interviews, 30 focus groups and a household survey, sample size 686), the study argues that three key factors explain why people move: the quality of housing they can affords, the proximity to a workplace and the potential for homeownership. Three residential model trajectories are identified. The first describes a journey from being a new migrant who is a guest of family or friends in the city centre to being a married family with kids owning a home in the urban periphery. The second model continues that journey by returning back to the city centre in pursuit of more convenient, high-status home location (if finances permit). A third model describes moves to sites all over the city later in life as older individuals seek to maximize family income in the way they use multiple properties. Understanding residential mobility patterns has the potential to lead to a better public policies and more effective private investments in the housing sector.     

城乡融合背景下乡村转型与可持续发展路径探析

探究乡村转型发展规律对于系统认识乡村发展阶段、研判乡村发展趋势、明确乡村可持续路径、促进乡村转型与振兴具有重要意义。首先基于马斯洛需求层次理论、产业结构演变理论、区域空间结构理论等演绎乡村转型发展阶段,然后结合典型乡村发展历程分析进行实证检验,进而探讨对于新时期乡村可持续发展的启示。研究结果：① 乡村转型发展在理论上可分为4个阶段,一是生产力均匀分布下以实现温饱需求为目标的土地整治促增产阶段,二是城乡联系增强下以改善生活水平为目标的农业结构调整促增收阶段,三是区域联系增强下以提升生活质量为目标的产业结构调整促致富阶段,四是城乡互动融合下以城乡等值为目标的公服设施建设促均等阶段。② 典型发达乡村的发展历程在一定程度上印证了乡村转型发展阶段特征。③ 因资源基础、区位条件、市场规模、发展主动性等因素的差异,乡村实际发展过程可能存在阶段的跃迁或并行的现象。根据发展过程中不同主体发挥作用的变化,每个阶段又可细分为初始阶段、过渡阶段和成熟阶段。④ 基于乡村转型发展规律分析,城乡融合背景下不同类型地区乡村可持续发展路径可分为土地整治集聚路径、特色产业发展路径、产业平台集散路径和社区功能集约路径等4类。     

The dynamics of vulnerability: locating coping strategies in Kenya and Tanzania

We investigate how smallholder farmers at two sites in Kenya and Tanzania cope with climate stress and how constraints and opportunities shape variations in coping strategies between households and over time during a drought. On the basis of this analysis, we draw out implications for adaptation and adaptive policy. We find that households where an individual was able to specialize in one favoured activity, such as employment or charcoal burning, in the context of overall diversification by the household, were often less vulnerable than households where each individual is engaged in many activities at low intensity. Many households had limited access to the favoured coping options due to a lack of skill, labour and/or capital. This lack of access was compounded by social relations that led to exclusion of certain groups, especially women, from carrying out favoured activities with sufficient intensity. These households instead carried out a multitude of less favoured and frequently complementary activities, such as collecting indigenous fruit. While characterized by suitability to seasonal environmental variations and low demands on time and cash investments, these strategies often yielded marginal returns. Both the marginalization of local niche products and the commercialization of forest resources exemplify processes leading to differential vulnerability. We suggest that vulnerability can usefully be viewed in terms of the interaction of such processes, following the concept of locality. We argue that coping is a distinct component of vulnerability and that understanding the dynamism of coping and vulnerability is critical to developing adaptation measures that support people as active agents.     

中国乡村生态环境污染现状及重构策略

城乡发展转型进程中的乡村生态环境问题日益突出,已经影响到乡村的生产发展和居民的日常生活。本文梳理了乡村生态环境污染的来源和特点,并从资源、生产和生活方面提出了乡村生态环境的重构策略。主要结论为：①资源利用不当、生产活动加强和生活方式改变造成的污染是乡村土地污损化、水体污染化和空气污浊化的主要原因;②乡村生态环境污染具有来源分散多样、排放随机不均和治理局部低效的特点;③通过资源利用的高效化、生产过程的清洁化和生活方式的集聚化进行乡村生态环境的重构,最终实现乡村地区生产发展、生活富裕和生态良好的目标。     

转型期广州市居住迁移影响因素于户籍之间的比较

住房制度改革以来,中国城市居住迁移率大规模增加,成为城市重构和社会空间分异的基础动力。利用生命历程理论,通过家庭问卷调查,本文使用事件史模型动态地模拟了居住迁移,并比较外来人口与本地人口居住迁移影响因素的差异。整体来看,1980年以来年均居住迁移率呈上升趋势,外来人口的年均居住迁移率要比本地人口高。住房性质、婚姻变化、工作变动、居住区位和年份等变量都显著影响居住迁移,反映了住房制度改革、住房市场和分配环境、家庭生命周期等因素对居住迁移的影响;但影响程度户籍间的差异明显,工作地区位的变动导致通勤成本的变化是外来人口居住迁移的最显著影响因子,而家庭生命周期和住房特征变量是本地人口居住迁移的最显著影响变量,反映了两者之间的本质差别。居住区位对本地人口的居住迁移影响显著,内圈层居民的迁移率相对较低,而居住区位变量对外来人口的影响相对较弱。     

农业多功能的地域类型与优化策略——以吉林省为例

中国农业的发展正面临可持续发展、消费者需求变化、全球化的挑战。农业供给侧改革和乡村振兴背景下,应深入研究农业多种功能的空间格局、地域类型和优化策略。论文首先简要探讨了多功能农业的发展过程和农业功能时空差异的理论基础,然后以吉林省为例,构建了农业多功能的评价指标体系,采用聚类分析等方法,对农业多功能的地域类型及优化策略进行了实证研究。研究表明：① 农业多功能具有联合生产和外部性特征,经济社会发展阶段、农业资源禀赋以及两者的组合作用,是导致农业多功能时空分异的关键因素;② 吉林省县域农业各功能的空间分异具有不同特征,农产品供给功能高值县域主要分布在中西部松辽平原,经济发展功能高值县域主要为大农业发达的县域,社会保障功能高值县域主要为东部城镇化水平高且劳均农业产值高的县域,生态服务功能高值县域主要为林地、草地、水域面积占比高的东部和西部县域;③ 吉林省县域农业多功能的地域类型可分为4类,即农产品供给优势区、多种功能并重区、非生态功能弱势区和生态服务优势区;④ 不同农业多功能的地域类型具有不同的功能组合特征和区域发展背景因素的结构性差异,应有针对性地采取差异化的发展策略。     

Climate variability and maize production in Cameroon: Simulating the effects of extreme dry and wet years

The effects of interyear variability of extreme rainfall events on maize yields at locations in Cameroon, in central‐west sub‐Saharan Africa were investigated through a simulation assessment combining a weather generator with a crop growth model. This study analyzes the potential of using dry/wet year predictions to reduce risk in subsistence agricultural production associated with climate variability at the site level. Weather data sets from eight provincial study localities were classified into three precipitation scenarios – dry (lower threshold), normal and wet (upper threshold) years. According to the modelling results, there is a less than 12 per cent variance in mean maize yields across six out of the eight localities when planting occurs in March, May and August. The variance is equivalent to approximately 100–300 kg per ha, which represents a significant amount of food in the household security of the majority impoverished sectors of rural and urban society, and which could greatly impact the socioeconomic activities of the entire populace. The results lead to the conclusion that all extreme dry and wet years are not equal in terms of their regional manifestation. This calls for precise monthly and sub‐seasonal local level forecasts and the effective dissemination of this information to farming communities in Cameroon, thereby facilitating the adaptive management of indigenous cropping practices and reducing their vulnerability to climate related disasters.     

秦巴山特困区农户生计资本及生计策略研究——以商洛市为例

基于秦巴山商洛地区农户问卷调查数据,在可持续生计框架下,聚焦不同群体之间生计资本状况,并探讨其农户生计资本对生计策略选择的影响以及生计资本的耦合性。结果表明:(1)山区农户生计策略出现明显分化,依据非农收入比重分为纯务工型、务工主导型、兼业型和纯农型4种类型。(2)调研样本中农户生计资本有限和不均衡,呈现金融资本和社会资本相对较高,自然资本、人力资本偏低的特征。非贫困户中兼业型生计资本总值最高,务工主导型、纯务工型次之,纯农型最低;贫困户中务工主导型生计资本总值最高,纯务工型、兼业型次之,纯农型最低。(3)非贫困户中人均耕地面积、人均林地面积、耕地质量、职业技能水平、政治资源、就业网络对纯务工型农户向务工主导型、兼业型转变有着积极影响,家庭人均收入、男性劳动力比例则具有负向影响;家庭人均收入和职业技能水平对于纯务工型向纯农型转变有负向影响。贫困户中人均耕地面积、人均林地面积、政治资源对纯务工型农户向务工主导型、兼业型和纯农型转变具有正向影响,家庭人均收入、劳动力教育水平、职业技能水平、联系成本则具有负向影响。(4)非贫困农户生计资本耦合度依次为兼业型>务工主导型>纯务工型&...     

跨地区生计及其变迁视角下流动人口城镇住房分层的特征及其影响因素

在跨地区生计及其变迁的视角下,将流动人口在流入地和流出地城镇的住房状况有机结合,借助2016年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据和相匹配的城市特征数据,运用描述统计和多层次回归模型,探究流动人口城镇住房分层的特征及其影响因素。结果发现,流动人口的城镇住房已形成了一个从低到高依次由无城镇产权房、有城镇产权房（流出地或流入地城镇产权房）和多区域城镇产权房构成的“三阶四级式”的“金字塔型”结构。模型结果显示,流动人口个体及家庭的社会经济条件和流出地的区位禀赋是其实现城镇住房自有的重要基础和财务支撑,流入城市的经济发展水平、房价和城市规模仅对流入地和多区域城镇产权房有显著影响。因此,本文挑战了流动人口住房条件差的刻板印象,并吸引人们关注流动人口跨地区生计及其变迁对其城镇住房的影响,拓展了当代中国城镇住房分层研究的视角。     

Soil quality and sustainable land use in urban-rural marginal area: a case study of Kaifeng

Soil quality is closely related to the sustainability of environment and development[1], hence people have paid more and more attention to soil quality research in recent years, and have made a thorough inquiry of the definition of soil quality as well as the method and theory of its expression[2-4]. As a zone devoting to most intensive modern agricultural land use, urban-rural marginal area has become a region where intensity of soil quality change is most remarkable. Moreover, with the devel…     

Perceptions of water in a changing hydrological and ecological context: the case of the Logone flood plains in Cameroon

We look at the beliefs of the population in North Cameroon concerning water, fish and water spirits in the context of the construction of a dam (1979) and of a flood embankment for a rice irrigation scheme financed by the World Bank. These operations caused a drought that had severe effects on the environment and the inhabitants' economic activities. Acknowledging the new approaches within development and ecological development thinking, we emphasize that local people are part of their environment, and that the environment and people's use of the ecosystem ought to be regarded as a functional unit. Our main argument is that the success of environmental strategies requires that the unequal power relations between the different actors and agencies and the perceptions of policymakers and NGOs be analysed and examined regularly in the course of a project to test their aims and integrity. In addition, the positions of beings and cosmological entities, which in the eyes of the population are 'actors of power to be reckoned with', like the water spirit, should also be included. The hidden agendas of all actors can be as difficult as the water spirit ( Maama Waata ) itself, by which we mean that hidden agendas are equally a part of reality as is the water spirit, even if they are not visible at first.     

新疆典型绿洲城乡聚落规模体系特征及空间重构 ——以渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲为例

随着乡村振兴战略的提出及实施,城乡关系也进入融合发展新时期,厘清典型地域城乡聚落规模体系的演变过程及现状特征并探明其空间重构与优化路径对实现农业农村现代化具有重要的现实意义。本文以新疆塔里木盆地北缘渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲（简称“渭库绿洲”）为例,利用2009—2018年土地利用数据,采用GIS空间分析及位序—规模法则等方法,刻画了渭库绿洲城乡聚落规模体系特征;依据乡村振兴多级目标的理论内涵,探讨了渭库绿洲城乡聚落体系空间重构模式及优化路径。结果表明：① 渭库绿洲城镇村体系建设过程中城镇主导作用较弱,城乡聚落规模总体扩张较快,城乡人口与聚落增长反差较大,乡村人地关系失调特征明显;② 渭库绿洲城乡聚落规模分布整体服从位序—规模法则,零星聚落“摆尾”现象加剧且空间无序扩张特征显著,城乡聚落空间分布特征具有明显的县城、中心乡镇、干渠及道路指向性,但向中心乡镇空间集聚趋势不明显;③ 渭库绿洲城乡聚落规模体系空间重构的首要举措是整治零星斑块,对典型样区设定了3个优化目标并对空间重构路径进行了逻辑解析,提出了5种整治方向。基于乡村振兴多级目标,构建以土地要素流动为关键的空间重构方案,对促进渭库绿洲城乡聚落规模体系结构优化与功能协调、实现乡村振兴具有重要现实意义。     

城乡融合背景下半城市化地区识别与演变研究——以苏州市为例

半城市化地区作为城乡景观混杂交错、城乡功能相互渗透的过渡性地域,推进这类地区的良性发展是促进城乡融合发展的关键。对半城市化地区空间范围的精确识别是对其实施精准管控的基础前提,对半城市化地区演变规律的科学把脉可为其未来的发展规划提供重要参考。然而,由于半城市化地区的复杂性、动态性和模糊性,目前对该类地区的精细尺度定量识别研究不多。基于此,论文综合考虑半城市化地区的复杂多维特征,在多源遥感数据支持下,建立了一种高精度的半城市化地区识别方法体系：① 构建了一套覆盖社会经济和空间格局2大维度的半城市化地区识别综合指标体系;② 运用空间网格化技术和线性加权建立了半城市化特征值的计算方法; ③ 结合滑动t检验与概率密度分析实现了半城市化特征临界值的确定。最后以苏州市为实例,运用建立好的方法体系,在1 km×1 km尺度下识别出了该市2010、2015和2018年的半城市化地区空间范围,并在此基础上进一步探讨了其时空演变规律,以期为苏州市以及其他地区未来的城市化进程提供参考。实证结果显示,苏州市的半城市化地区在空间上围绕中心城区不连续分布,在时间上总体呈现减少趋势,尤其是2015—2018年间下降幅度明显,表明苏州市城镇化发展趋于有序,乡村工业化与城市的无序蔓延有所放缓。     

Spatial and social transformations in a secondary city: the role of mobility in Sekondi-Takoradi,Ghana

Abstract

Existing research on urban Ghana mainly focuses on processes occurring within the country’s major cities, thereby reproducing a trend within the social sciences to overlook the role of intermediate and secondary cities. This paper aims to address this shortcoming by exploring spatial and social transformations in Sekondi–Takoradi, one of Ghana’s secondary cities and the metropolitan area serving the region’s emerging rubber industries as well as the country’s oil and gas economy. Using qualitative interviews conducted with residents in five of the city’s neighbourhoods, and a modified version of Kaufmann’s typology of mobility, we examine migration into Sekondi–Takoradi, residential mobility within the city and the daily mobility of the city’s residents. The paper highlights how these diverse forms of mobility interact with processes taking place both within and outside Sekondi–Takoradi, most notably influencing and being influenced by livelihood strategies. It is argued that the city and its hinterlands can best be envisaged as a mobile networked whole, rather than consisting of disconnected and compartmentalized locales. The paper thus contributes to broader debates on how mobility shapes urbanization by providing new empirical data on events unfolding in Africa’s secondary cities, and extends existing research by providing a counter-narrative to literature that examines the city and its surrounding rural areas separately.     

Gender,Work, and Household Survival in South Indian Fishing Communities: A Preliminary Analysis

This article examines the interplay of gender, caste‐religion, and household survival strategy formation among Christian and Muslim fisher folk in the south Indian state of Kerala. The methodology consisted of surveys of forty‐one households in two villages in which data pertaining to male and female work patterns and other household level data were collected in the summer of 1999. My analysis demonstrates how particular ideologies of gender and work associated with different caste‐religion communities influence the strategies individual households adopt. I discuss intersections between gender and caste‐religion with other socioeconomic factors and illustrate the manner in which gender then gets reworked in particular ways in the course of economic transformation.     

Gender,Work, and Household Survival in South Indian Fishing Communities: A Preliminary Analysis

This article examines the interplay of gender, caste-religion, and household survival strategy formation among Christian and Muslim fisher folk in the south Indian state of Kerala. The methodology consisted of surveys of forty-one households in two villages in which data pertaining to male and female work patterns and other household level data were collected in the summer of 1999. My analysis demonstrates how particular ideologies of gender and work associated with different caste-religion communities influence the strategies individual households adopt. I discuss intersections between gender and caste-religion with other socioeconomic factors and illustrate the manner in which gender then gets reworked in particular ways in the course of economic transformation.     

大都市郊区农户生计多样化及对土地利用的影响——以北京市大兴区为例

以北京市大兴区为例,采用农户调查数据,设计不同资源群体农户分类评价指标体系,利用非系统聚类方法将农户划分为5类(①中等资源禀赋,中等非农收入;②高等资源禀赋,中等非农收入;③中等资源禀赋,低等非农收入;④纯农户;⑤非农户),进而分析了不同资源群体农户的生计多样化特点及对土地利用的影响。研究表明:(1)在大都市郊区,农户类型1～3、纯农户和非农户分别采取了农业和非农兼顾、留在农业和脱离农业的生计策略。(2)农户类型1～3和纯农户中,70%农户生计多样化指数分布在2～3之间,且依然呈现粮食作物播种面积较大,选择比例最高,其次是经济作物。(3)农户类型1～3和非农户中,以就地转移方式非农就业是农户家庭劳动力安排的主要选择,且非农就业劳动力年龄最轻和教育水平最高。(4)大都市郊区土地非农化的转型特点促使农户从类型1～4被动地向类型5转化,土地利用效益低下也持续推动了农户生计多样化,同时,农户生计多样化会引发粮食生产能力停滞不前、土地流转和产权调整大规模顺势而生、土壤养分富集等土地利用现象。     

内蒙古半农半牧区农户生计资产与生计方式研究——以科右中旗双榆树嘎查为例

基于可持续生计框架,采用统计分析和深度访谈法,将研究区293户农户按生计活动类型划为牧户（牛户、羊户、牛羊户和马户）、种植户和非农户,并按农户生计资产总值进一步划为高、中、低3个等级类型,进而分析了不同类型和不同等级农户的生计资产与生计活动及方式的依存关系。研究发现：各类农户的生计资产均值差距明显,牧户最高,为0.37,种植户为0.25,非农户为0.21;牧户的劳动力、草场、牲畜、现金、贷款等资产均值最高,种植户的农机和耕地资产均值最高,非农户的社会资产均值最高。目前,半农半牧区的农户仍然以旱作种植业和草地畜牧业为主要生计,但农牧业生产均面临较大的资源环境压力;非农户只占15.3%,且面临非农就业机会不足、个人技能缺失、语言障碍和务农时间与用工季节的冲突。最后,提出了提高农户收入和改善农户生计的对策建议。     

中国道路网络的通达性评价与演化机理

现代交通方式产生之前,传统道路设施及道路运输是主要交通方式,成为各历史时期社会经济联系的主要途径,本文力图探究道路设施网络的长期演化规律。为此,本文以具有国家意义的“国道”为研究对象,以商周以来3500年为时间尺度,设计了道路网发育指标和可达性—最短距离模型;刻画了中国道路网的拓展和演化过程,总结各时期的发展特征、空间格局及模式,揭示演变规律;评价了道路网的结构特征、成熟水平与连通性,分析各时期的可达性格局及演变,识别可达性优势与劣势区域;考察了道路网演变与中国社会—经济系统的关系机制。研究发现,中国道路网遵循了“内陆扩张”模式尤其从内陆向边疆拓展,可达性形成明显的“核心—边缘”中心圈层格局,并同国防建设和国家集权、邮驿系统、贸易运输有紧密关系。     

Diaspora strategies in the sending states of Southeast Asia: Rights,skills and questions of value

Over the past decade there has been a surge of academic and policy interest in the contributions of transnational migrants in furthering national development objectives in their ‘home’ countries. These approaches tend to be bifurcated into two distinct categories: (1) ‘diaspora strategies’ that target the participation in national development objectives of sought‐after elite, high‐skilled migrants and (2) migration‐as‐development strategies, which focus on facilitating and channeling the economic and social remittances of nonelite, low‐skilled migrants. Although these broad categorizations have never been entirely adequate in capturing the complexity of international migration flows, a conceptual division between them persists, with very real consequences for state policies in migrant‐sending countries in Southeast Asia. This paper explores the separation between diaspora strategies and migration‐as‐development frameworks through a focus on rights and skills, and questions of relative labour value. I argue that while diaspora strategies and migration‐as‐development frameworks cannot simply be merged, the academic separation between them should be challenged and more in‐depth theoretical engagement should be encouraged. I further suggest that migration policy makers should strive to evaluate their migration policies to address the increasing complexities of contemporary migration.