2017年九寨沟7.0级地震序列震源机制解和构造应力场特征

九寨沟余震序列的震源机制和构造应力场有助于认识本次地震的发震构造和孕震机理。本文基于四川区域地震台网的波形资料, 采用波形拟合(CAP)方法和P波初动+振幅比(HASH)方法反演得到2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震序列中59次ML≥3.0地震的震源机制解, 并基于该结果采用阻尼线性逆推法(DRSSI), 计算研究区域的平均构造应力场, 给出该区域的应力场特征。结果显示, 利用CAP方法反演得到的本次主震的最佳双力偶机制解节面I: 走向248°/倾角86°/滑动角–169°, 节面II: 走向157°/倾角79°/滑动角–4°, 矩震级为Mw6.31, 矩心深度5 km, 属走滑型地震事件; 大部分余震的震源机制解错动类型与主震一致, 矩心深度集中在3~10 km; 应力场反演结果显示, 该区域周边的应力性质为走滑型, 最大主应力方向呈NWW–SEE向, 与该区域的应力场方向一致, 表明本次地震主要受区域应力的控制。结合该区域的地震地质构造等已有研究成果, 分析认为此次地震的发震断层为走向NW–SE、倾向SW的左旋走滑断裂——树正断裂, 巴颜喀拉块体向E-SE向的水平运动受到华南块体的强烈阻挡导致此次地震的发生, 汶川地震的发生对本次地震具有一定的促进作用。     

2018年帕卢MW7.6地震震源及苏拉威西地区构造应力场特征

为分析帕卢地震的发震构造及构造应力场特征,基于1976年1月至2018年4月全球CMT目录的震源机制解,反演了2018年9月28日印度尼西亚帕卢地震震源区及苏拉威西地区构造应力场,得到以下初步认识:赤道0°两侧南、北区域的应力场呈现出整体的一致性和局部的不均匀性,北部是以向北倾伏的低倾伏角挤压和向南倾伏的高倾伏角拉张作用为主;南部是近水平的NNW-EW向挤压及低倾伏角的近N-S向拉张的应力状态.摆堆易逆冲推挤及西里伯斯海阻挡导致北部地区的应力场显示俯冲带的特征,也导致北苏拉和马纳都块体的应力场出现差异性.在班达海自东向西的挤压及西部马卡萨盆地的阻挡作用下,南部地区呈现出近E-W向的挤压状态,并沿着NNE-SSW向呈现出地壳物质的构造逃逸现象.深部地幔物质上涌致使苏拉威西中部的R值偏小,形成活火山.受到桑吉双俯冲带和麦纳哈撒海沟的推挤及火山喷发作用,东部交汇区的应力场呈较大倾伏角的拉张为主及R值复杂突变.西部交汇地区的应力场是走滑为主兼有正断应力机制,该应力场有益于此次地震的触发及超剪切波破裂现象的出现.      

构造应力场控矿原理及控矿规律的实验研究

本文从成矿构造应力场入手,研究了成矿构造应力场控矿的应变能原理及矿液运移原理,认为主应力和(σ₁+σ₂)与主应力差(σ₁-σ₂)决定了应变能的大小和矿液运移势的高低,它们都体现了能量规律。在此基础上对矿床中经常出现的4种典型构造在不同边界条件下进行了全息光弹模拟实验,发现应变能的分布、成矿流体的运动和集中与构造应力场密切相关,应变能的高梯度区和成矿流体运移势的低值区是成矿的有利构造部位。文中还介绍了一些控矿实例。      

三峡库首区现今构造应力场的形成体制分析

本文从地质、地震、形变、地应力测量等方面对三峡库首区现今构造应力场进行了系统的分析和论证,并用数值模拟进行了验证,认为三峡库首区现今构造应力场属于纯剪切变形体制,即:在来自西部NE-SW方向主压应力挤压的基础上,同时叠加有因江汉-洞庭盆地拉张而引起的NWW-SEE向主张应力的作用,这两种力源近于直交,可以分别作为研究区现今构造应力场的主压应力(σ₁)和主张应力(σ₃).      

结构面力学性质的定量鉴定

变形带力学性质的鉴定是地质力学研究中的先行基础步骤.近来出现一些新的概念和方法,可用以定量表征变形带的力学性质.天然变形带通常是一般剪切作用的产物,是纯剪切(共轴缩短或伸展)和简单剪切的组合.为了定量说明两者间的相对贡献,提出了运动学涡度(W_k)这一物理量,并简单地定义为cos υ.υ是主变形面内两特征方向间的夹角.纯剪切的υ=90°,W_k=0;简单剪切的υ=0°,W_k=1.一般剪切的υ介于0°和90°之间,W_k为0到1.运动学涡度符号的正负分别代表变形带的减薄和增厚.υ可通过极摩尔圆法求出.主压应力(σ₁)方向与W_k的关系为W_k=sin2ξ.ξ是σ₁与变形带法线间的夹角.因此,可用以确定变形带的W_k和力学性质.根据最大有效力矩准则,韧性变形带与主压应力(σ₁)方向间的夹角为55°,可用以确定古应力轴的方向,并可能确定变形时差应力的大小.      

上海及邻区新构造应力场初步探讨

本文从活动断裂、水系分布方向、地震震源机制解三个方面,对上海及邻区新构造应力场进行了探讨。从新构造期活动断裂的力学性质分析,本区主压应力场方向为北东东至近东西;从水系河谷分布的优势方向推论出的主压应力场方向为96°左右;用本区56个地震震源机制解的 P轴赤平极射投影的极点统计分析法,确定主压应力方向约为80°;三者大体一致,说明它们是同一构造应力场的产物,其主压应力场方向为近东—西向。     

内蒙古狼山地区南北向断裂构造应力场特征及其与区域构造演化关系

内蒙古狼山地区断裂构造十分复杂,主要发育有南北、东西、北东和北西走向的断裂构造.从南北向断裂的几何形态、运动性质、构造应力场特征入手进行研究,结合野外实地调查与测量,运用极射赤平投影方法,求出构造应力场的主应力轴方位,进而对本区的构造演化进行了探讨.初步认为,研究区发育的近南北向断裂至少受到过两期构造应力场的作用,第一期是在晚二叠世,由于华北克拉通向北、西伯利亚板块向南活动而形成碰撞拼贴运动所产生的近南北向近水平挤压构造应力场,此时构造应力场的主应力轴σ₁为北偏东10°左右,向北倾伏,倾伏角为15°~20°.在这一期构造应力场的作用下,狼山地区发育了一套破裂系统,它们分别表现为近东西走向的挤压构造带和逆断层、近北东走向的以左行为主的走滑断层、近北西走向的以右行为主的走滑断层以及近南北走向的张性断层.这些早期的断裂系统也制约着该区域后来的构造活动,第二期构造应力场是侏罗纪以来古太平洋板块向亚洲大陆俯冲而产生的.此构造应力场的主应力轴σ₁为北西-南东向,倾伏向为150°左右,倾伏角为10°~20°.第二期构造应力场的作用,使早期南北向断裂由原来的张性破裂面转为左行走滑,早期东西向断裂转为右行走滑,早期北东向左行滑动面转为压性面和褶皱轴方向,而早期的北西向破裂面则转为张性破裂性质.      

滇西北新构造应力场与现代构造应力场的初步探讨

本文通过对滇西北地区地震构造、水系格局以及震源机制、原地应力测量、三角网测量,跨断层位移测量资料进行对比分析认为:以金沙江—红河断裂为界分为东西两区,新生代始新世晚期—中新世之间,欧亚与印度两大板块碰撞后主压应力方向由NE60°转为SE100°,大约向右旋转约40°。上新世—第四纪本区经历了四次重要的地质事件,新构造应力场曾发生几次变化。大理冰后期维西事件使本区新构造应力场发生变化。全新世以来的现代构造应力场,在东区主压应力方向向右偏转约10°,西区向左旋转约10°。因而,全新世—现代构造应力场在西区显示了反扭的特点,而东区仍继承了新构造应力场总体向右旋转的趋势。     

新城金矿主成矿期构造应力场对矿体倾伏、侧伏、富矿柱的控制及成矿深度的估算

成矿构造应力场研究是控矿构造研究、认识矿体空间展布形态、位置、预测及布置探矿设计的基础。依据弹性力学和莫尔库仑剪切破裂理论,推导出形成共轭及在剪切构造带内形成羽列、雁列等构造应力场的产状和形成羽列、雁列主应力大小的数学解析表达式,进而应用计算机对新城金矿床主矿体进行了测算。结果显示：该矿主容矿构造是在NNW向缓倾拉张主应力、NE向陡倾主压应力、焦家构造带平面呈右行扭动下形成的。NWW向中间主应力控制新城Ⅰ号主矿体在NW向倾斜平面上延深的长轴方向。该轴在水平面上投影的倾伏向为281°,与水平面的夹角倾伏角为26°,在N40°E纵投影面上向SW侧伏,侧伏角为45°,富矿柱产状亦与中间主应力轴产状一致。在已获取容矿构造产状基础上,据相关岩石力学性质测试成果,分析并建立了主容矿羽列与控制剪切构造带两者的力学关系和剪切破裂方程式。联立解出成矿应力场的最大和最小主应力的量值,再由陡倾主应力大小估算出该矿头部的成矿深度在2 750 m左右。     

肃北县德勒诺尔铁矿区构造应力场分析

本文以德勒诺尔铁矿区发育的节理为研究对象,在约20ｋｍ²的研究区内布置了93个观测点,在野外共观测三百余组节理,采用数学统计方法,对节理进行分期配套,确定区内主要发育3组高倾角平面X剪节理,通过节理之间相互错断、限制关系对节理期次进行配套分析,并对不同期次构造应力场形成的共轭剪节理进行了研究,利用吴氏网绘制各观察点的主应力图解,获得各点应力轴（σ₁,σ²,σ₃）的产状。研究得出本区第1次构造应力场最大主压应力轴（σ₁）的优选产状为181°∠8°,中间应力轴（σ²）为141°∠81°,最小主应力轴（σ₃）为89°∠5°,可能是区内的主体构造格架的动力来源,在区内形成了近ＥＷ向的复式背斜及叠瓦状逆冲断裂。第２期构造应力场最大主压应力轴呈NE—SW向,最大主压应力轴（σ₁）的优选产状为250°∠12°,中间应力轴（σ²）为56°∠78°,最小主应力轴（σ₃）为143°∠11°,为区内形成NW—NWW向展布的逆冲断裂的主要动力来源。第３期构造应力场最大主压应力轴呈NNW—SSE向,最大主压应力轴（σ₁）的优选产状为344°∠3°,中间应力轴（σ²）为79°∠80°,最小主应力轴（σ₃）为252°∠13°,可能为区内ＮＷ、ＮＥ向展布的张性断裂的主要动力来源。研究总结了区内不同期次构造应力场的特征,并对动力来源进行了初步探讨。     

岩浆泡破裂引发地震的模式——以吉林松原2013年地震群为例

2013年10月31日,吉林省松原前郭尔罗斯蒙古族自治县（44.60°N,124.18°E）发生震级为5.5级地震,此后的40 d内发生了700多次地震,其中5级以上地震5次。松原地区近年来地震活动频繁,2014年1月以来又发生4级以上地震9次、5级以上地震1次,震中处于松辽盆地油气田开采区,地震活动序列十分特殊。为了揭示松原地震的发震机制与发震模式,研究深部地质过程与地震的关系,根据此次实测的通过震中25 km长的大地电磁测深剖面,结合地热梯度、He同位素比值（³He/⁴He）、CO₂碳同位素、地震序列等资料的综合分析,发现震中地区存在两个位于不同深度的低阻体,地震发生与地幔深部岩浆活动有关;据此提出了一种新的地震发生模式——岩浆泡破裂发震模式,描述了来自地幔的基性岩浆通过向上侵入、在脆-韧性转换带附近聚集形成岩浆泡、岩浆泡破裂及岩浆泡上覆岩层中聚集能量引发岩层破裂产生地震的过程,并使来自地幔的无机成因的CO₂气在储层中形成CO₂气藏。该模式可以解释许多发生在大陆内部地震和深源地震的发生机制。     

Regional time-predictable modeling in the Hindukush–Pamir–Himalayas region

The seismic characteristic of Hindukush–Pamir–Himalaya (HPH) and its vicinity is very peculiar and has experienced many widely distributed large earthquakes. Recent work on the time-dependent seismicity in the Hindukush–Pamir–Himalayas is mainly based on the so-called “regional time-predictable model”, which is expressed by the relation log T=cM_p+a, where T is the inter-event time between two successive main shocks of a region and M_p is the magnitude of the preceded main shock. Parameter a is a function of the magnitude of the minimum earthquake considered and of the tectonic loading and c is positive (0.3) constant. In 90% of the cases with sufficient data, parameter c was found to be positive, which strongly supports the validity of the model. In the present study, a different approach, which assumes no prior regionalization of the area, is attempted to check the validity of the model. Nine seismic sources were defined within the considered region and the inter-event time of strong shallow main shock were determined and used for each source in an attempt at long-term prediction, which show the clustering and occurrence of at least three earthquakes of magnitude 5.5≤M_s≤7.5 giving two repeat times, satisfying the necessary and sufficient conditions of time-predictable model (TP model). Further, using the global applicability of the regional time- and magnitude-predictable model, the following relations have been obtained: log T_t=0.19 M_min+0.52M_p+0.29 log m₀−10.63 and M_f=1.31M_min−0.60M_p−0.72 log m₀+21.01, where T_t is the inter-event time, measured in years; M_min the surface wave magnitude of the smallest main shock considered; M_p the magnitude of preceding main shock; M_f the magnitude of the following main shock; and m₀ the moment rate in each source per year.

These relations may be used for seismic hazard assessment in the region. Based on these relations and taking into account the time of occurrence and the magnitude of the last main shock in each seismogenic source, time-dependent conditional probabilities for the occurrence of the next large (M_s≥5.5) shallow main shocks during the next 20 years as well as the magnitudes of the expected main shocks are determined.     

Magnitude-frequency distribution in the European-Mediterranean earthquake regions

The European-Mediterranean earthquake catalogue from 1901 to 1985, which comprises uniformly determined magnitudes M_S and m_B(h ≥ 60 km) of 13300 events, was used in the study of cumulative magnitude-frequency relationships N_c(M) compiled for 75 earthquake regions and 25 larger provinces. In the whole magnitude range observed, the Gutenberg-Richter formula log N_c(M) = a − bM very rarely fits the cumulative (log N_c, M) distributions. The b-values of log-linear segments of N_c(M) vary regionally from b = 0.7 to b = 1.3; averaging of all values leads to (shallow events, M_S and ).

Most distributions pertain to the Mediterranean area (b = 0.86 from the graph for shallow events) and many of them indicate the existence of characteristic earthquakes in accordance with the theoretical single-fault model. Other observed shapes of N_c(M) can be explained by the superposition of populations of different M_max values or by the presence of swarm-type activity. The observed N_c(M) distributions depend very much on the delineation of earthquake regions i.e. on the number and dimension of seismoactive faults in the investigated region.

A premonitory enhancement of medium earthquake activity (M = 4.5–5.5) can be observed only very rarely.     

大兴安岭漠河前哨林场侵入岩年代学、岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

前哨林场大地构造上位于大兴安岭北段额尔古纳地块北部的漠河前陆盆地边缘。本文研究了大兴安岭漠河前哨林场侵入岩的岩相学、年代学及岩石地球化学特征,探讨了研究区内侵入岩的形成时代、岩石成因及其构造环境。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,花岗岩形成于199.9~199.3 Ma、辉长岩形成于（201.8±2.6） Ma,即研究区内的花岗岩、辉长岩均形成于晚三叠世—早侏罗世。岩石地球化学研究表明：花岗岩的w（SiO₂）为63.22%~70.10%,w（Al₂O₃）为12.43%~14.36%,里特曼指数（σ）为0.74~1.65,属高钾钙碱性系列岩石,具有较低的Mg^#值（平均值为39.43）,w（TFeO）为2.80%~4.41%,w（CaO）为1.47%~3.38%,轻重稀土分馏明显,富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土,δEu为0.48~0.84,富集Rb、Ta、K、La、Nd、Zr、Ti等元素,相对亏损Th、U、Sr、P、Eu等元素;辉长岩的w（SiO₂）为51.42%~51.98%,w（Al₂O₃）为17.24%~17.73%,里特曼指数（σ）为3.00~3.53,属高钾钙碱性系列岩石,具有较高的Mg^#值（平均值为51.07）,w（TFeO）为9.06%~9.14%,w（CaO）为5.81%~6.69%,重稀土分馏不明显,δEu为0.86~0.98,富集Rb、Ta、Nb、Nd等元素,相对亏损Th、U、P、Eu等元素。上述岩石地球化学特征表明,花岗岩为辉长岩结晶分异的产物,原始岩浆起源于地幔,并受地壳物质的混染改造。研究区侵入岩形成于造山阶段挤压环境,是蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋俯冲碰撞的产物。     

基于区域农业用水量的干旱重现期计算方法

为研究实际水利条件下农业干旱的发生规律,简化农业干旱事件的评估方法,提出基于区域农业用水量的干旱重现期计算方法。通过构建农业用水量距平百分率干旱指标W_A,在基于降雨量距平百分率干旱指标P_A识别干旱事件的基础上,提取W_A干旱指标下的干旱历时和干旱烈度特征变量,并根据以P_A为干旱指标的干旱烈度频率分布曲线F_S（x）和干旱历时频率分布曲线F_D（x）,运用Copula的简化方法计算基于W_A的干旱事件重现期T,最后结合基于P_A的干旱事件重现期T₀,回归分析出T与T₀间关系的计算公式。选取干旱灾害影响严重的亳州市为实证区域开展应用研究,计算得到1975-2007年各场干旱事件的T₀和T以及T₀与T的经验关系式。结果表明:T比T₀更合理地反映区域农业实际受旱状况,重现期T₀和T间存在高度的相关关系,采用T的回归方程可简化计算考虑区域实际抗旱能力下的干旱事件重现期,在区域防旱减灾实践中具有推广应用价值。     

Angstrom公式参数对ET0的影响及FAO建议值适用性评价

作为计算太阳总辐射(R_s)的主要公式,Angstrom公式参数(a、b)的合理取值是计算参照腾发量(ET₀)的重要前提。针对FAO所提出的a、b建议值(a=0.25、b=0.5)在中国无辐射观测资料地区被大量使用,而其合理性尚未得到系统评价的情况,基于中国104个地面站的观测数据,在逐月时间尺度上,讨论了a、b变化对ET₀的影响,分析了a、b的地区分布规律,评价了FAO建议值所导致的ET₀计算误差,进而阐明了该建议值在中国7个区域的适用性。提出了无辐射资料情况下a、b的地区综合取值方法。主要研究结论是:①参数a、b偏差对ET₀的计算有重要影响,在中国无资料地区采用FAO建议值将导致较大的太阳总辐射(R_s)和ET₀计算误差。②大多数站点,a的率定值较FAO建议值明显偏小,而b的率定值明显偏大。新疆地区和华南地区a、b率定值分布比较集中,而在其它区域比较分散。③FAO建议参数值在东北、西北和新疆3个区域计算ET₀的适用性较好,而在西南和华南两个区域的适用性很差,计算的ET₀偏高较大。④提出的地区综合取值方法,能使R_s和ET₀的计算精度较FAO建议值显著提高。     

Depth variation of seismic source scaling relations: implications for earthquake hazard in southeastern Australia

Advances in earthquake data acquisition and processing techniques have allowed for improved quantification of source parameters for local Australian earthquakes. Until recently, only hypocentral locations and local magnitudes (M_L) had been determined routinely, with little attention given to the inversion of additional source parameters. The present study uses these new source data (e.g. seismic moment, stress drop, source dimensions) to further extend our understanding of seismicity and the continental stress regime of the Australian landmass and its peripheral regions.

Earthquake activity within Australia is typically low, and the proportion of small to large events (i.e. the b value) is also low. It is observed that average stress drops for southeastern Australian earthquakes appear to increase with seismic moment to relatively high levels, up to approximately 10 MPa for M_L 5.0 earthquakes. This is thought to be indicative of high compressive crustal stress, coupled with strong rocks and fault asperities. Furthermore, the data indicates that shallow focus earthquakes (shallower than 6 km) appear to produce lower than average stress drops than deeper earthquakes (between 6 and 20 km) with similar moment.

Recurrence estimates were obtained for a discrete seismogenic zone in southeastern Australia. Decreasing b values with increasing focal depth for this zone indicate that larger earthquakes (with high stress drops) tend to occur deeper in the crust. This may offer an explanation for the apparent increase of stress drop with hypocentral depth. Consequently, earthquake hazard estimates that assume a uniform Gutenburg–Richter distribution with depth (i.e. constant b value) may be too conservative and therefore slightly overestimate seismic hazard for surface sites in southeastern Australia.     

内蒙古扎兰屯方家沟岩体锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

方家沟地区二长花岗岩中锆石颗粒的晶体内部结构清晰,振荡生长环带发育和较高的Th/U比值（0.99~3.10）,反映了岩浆成因特征.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果为（152.9±2.2）Ma.岩石SiO₂含量73.06%~76.25%,里特曼指数（σ）2.51~2.63,具有高钾钙碱性特征,呈过铝质特点.ΣLREE/ΣHREE比值和（La/Yb）_N比值分别为6.21~10.43和4.98~12.18,为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损型.δEu值0.52~0.72,为中弱亏损.以上特征表明方家沟岩体为过铝质高分异I型花岗岩.其成因可能是由于造山后的拉张环境使得地壳减薄,促使软流圈的物质上涌和幔源岩浆的底侵作用,导致地壳的温度升高,减压熔融形成二长花岗岩.     

Damage due to the Mw 7.7 Kutch, India earthquake of 2001

This paper presents a study of the damage due to the M_w 7.6–7.7 intraplate Kutch earthquake of 26 January 2001. It was a powerful earthquake with a high stress drop of about 20 MPa. Aftershocks (up to M 4) have continued for 2.5 years. The distribution of early aftershocks indicates a rupture plane of 20–25 km radius at depths of 10–45 km along an E–W-trending and south-dipping hidden fault situated approximately 25 km north of the Kutch Mainland Fault. The moment tensor solution determined from regional broadband data indicates reverse motion along a south-dipping (by 47°) fault. The earthquake is the largest event in India in the last 50 years and the most destructive in the recorded history in terms of socioeconomic losses with 13,819 deaths (including 14 in Pakistan), collapse/severe damage of over a million houses and US$10 billion economic loss. Surface faulting was not observed. However, intense land deformations have been observed in a 40×20-km meizoseismal area. These include lateral spreading, ground uplifts (about a meter), ground slumping and deep cracks. Liquefaction with ejection of sand and copious water was widespread in the Banni grassland, Rann areas (salt plains), along rivers and also in the coastal areas up to 200 km distance from the epicenter in areas of intensity VII to X+. Stray incidences of liquefaction have occurred up to distances of at least 300 km. For the first time in India, multistory buildings have been destroyed/damaged by an earthquake. The maximum acceleration is inferred to be 700 cm/s² and intensities are 1–3 units higher in soil-covered areas than expected from the decay rate of acceleration for hard rock.