冲绳海槽中部热液活动区构造地球物理特征分析

对冲绳海槽中部南奄西、伊平屋、伊士名三个现代海底热液活动区的地形、热流分布、地震、地磁场特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,海槽中部的热液活动区都集中于海槽的中央地堑中,或位于火山口的侧坡上,或位于地堑中山脊的侧坡上,热流值高而变化大,地震事件十分上频繁,地磁场曲线变化较大。这一系列特征说明现代海底热液活动区和目前的构造活动带吻合,热液活动和岩浆作用或浅成岩浆房密切相关。板块俯冲在海槽下诱生地幔物质上涌,上涌的地幔物质所携带的热量为热液活动提供了动力源,在海槽拉张过程中形成的断裂为热液流体提供了运移通道.     

冲绳海槽岩浆活动研究进展及思考

冲绳海槽以其特有的构造地质环境吸引着众多地质学者的关注。针对冲绳海槽地区岩浆作用过程的研究是其中的核心内容之一。本文综述了近年来冲绳海槽岩浆源区物质特征、岩浆形成演化过程及其控制机制等方面研究取得的主要成果,并在此基础上指出了目前冲绳海槽岩浆活动研究工作中存在的科学问题,提出利用铀系不平衡方法研究冲绳海槽岩浆活动的新思路,同时探讨了今后一段时间内的研究方向应该集中在以下四个方面: ①菲律宾板块俯冲的脱水过程对冲绳海槽岩浆活动的作用;②俯冲过程中深海沉积物对冲绳海槽岩浆的贡献;③冲绳海槽岩浆熔融的控制因素;④冲绳海槽火山活动和海底热液活动的成因关系。     

冲绳海槽岩浆作用的区域性差异

冲绳海槽位于西太平洋活动大陆边缘,是一个目前正处于弧后扩张作用早期的、年轻的弧后盆地,张性断裂发育,火山活动强烈.岩石类型分布和岩石地球化学特征表明冲绳海槽中部和南部的岩浆作用存在明显差异,但迄今为止人们对于导致该差异的原因尚不清楚.对已有的冲绳海槽玄武岩的资料进行了综合对比分析,并依据冲绳海槽岩浆岩的Pb同位素组成特征,指出冲绳海槽及其所在的沟弧盆体系之下的地幔属于印度洋型地幔,相对于海槽中部的玄武岩岩浆,海槽南部的玄武岩岩浆来自地幔更高程度的熔融;冲绳海槽玄武岩岩浆受到了俯冲板块物质加入的影响,且南部玄武岩岩浆受影响的程度要高于中部,这可能受控于俯冲板块的深度(南部:100~150 km;中部:约200 km);冲绳海槽玄武岩部分属于MORB型,这应是冲绳海槽早期扩张的重要特征和证据之一.在上述分析工作的基础上,提出了今后对冲绳海槽岩浆作用的研究应主要集中在以下几个方面:冲绳海槽基底岩石类型的甄别与分布;岩浆源区地幔的类型及特征;板块俯冲对冲绳海槽岩浆作用的贡献及制约机制;冲绳海槽岩浆作用与海底热液活动的内在联系等.      

冲绳海槽Jade热液活动区块状硫化物的铅同位素组成及其地质意义

新测行Ｊａｄｅ热液活动区中５件块状硫化物样品的铅同位素组成,具有较小的变化范围,表现出较均一的铅同位素组成特征。在Ｐｂ－Ｐｂ图解上,块状硫化物的铅同位素数据构成线形排列,与该区沉积物和蚀变火山岩的铅同位素组成一致,而与该区新鲜火山岩相比具较高的放射成因铅,证实了该区海底块状硫化物中的铅是由沉积物长英质火山岩来源铅共同构成的混合铅。不同热液活动区铅同位素组成对比研究表明,地质－构造环境的不同是导致各     

冲绳海槽地质构造对热液活动的控制机理

海底热液活动一直是当代海洋科学研究的重要前沿领域之一,了解地质构造对海底热液活动的控制作用对于认识热液系统的形成机理及寻找海底硫化物资源具有重要的指示意义。总结了冲绳海槽中部和南部地形与断裂构造、地壳结构、重磁场、热流及岩浆活动等方面的地质构造特征以及海槽热液区分布和热液产物的基本特征。通过比较冲绳海槽与马努斯海盆、马里亚纳海槽、北斐济海盆、劳海盆等基底和扩张阶段不同的弧后盆地构造特征的差异,归纳了冲绳海槽地质构造的特殊性,包括过渡性地壳性质、低扩张程度、高热流值、巨厚沉积层及双峰式火山作用等。冲绳海槽热液活动受到断裂构造、岩浆活动、扩张速率等构造因素的控制,同时受到基岩类型和沉积物盖层等地质条件的影响。海槽中部和南部平行和垂直盆地走向的两组断裂带为流体循环提供了通道,大规模的岩浆活动则为热液系统提供了充足的热量。此外,海槽内广泛分布的酸性火山岩和较厚的沉积盖层与流体相互作用,使得热液产物富含有机质、二氧化碳以及Ag和Au等金属元素。根据冲绳海槽的扩张速率和地质构造特征,推测冲绳海槽仍具有发现新热液区的潜力,其中部和南部两组断裂交汇的部位、轴部火山、受海脊俯冲影响的区域以及靠近岛弧一侧...     

岩浆流体对冲绳海槽海底成矿热水系统的可能贡献

海底火山活动区成矿热液流体来源长期存在争议,尽管海水来源说更为流行,但本文提供的下列证据表明,来自长曲质岩浆的流体对冲绳海槽现代活动热水成矿系统有较大贡献：（１）冲绳海槽ＪＡＤＥ热水区出现异常高热流,其下方１￣２ｋｍ处存在浅位长英质岩浆房;（２）ＣＯ２、烃类、Ｈ２等气体在热水成矿体系中极度富集甚至形成独立气流,与热水流体共存。气体的碳、氦同位素资料表明其来自长英质岩浆本系;（３）ＪＡＤＥ成矿热水系     

冲绳海槽火山岩岩石系列的厘定及构造环境意义

冲绳海槽是一个处于弧后扩张作用早期的年轻的弧后盆地,是研究弧后扩张作用早期盆地演化和壳幔过程的天然实验室.随着调查研究工作的逐步展开和深入,也发现了一些新的、重要的、亟待解决的科学问题,而火山岩岩石系列归属的厘定又是其他研究工作的基础.在系统收集和整理迄今已有冲绳海槽火山岩资料的基础上,结合近期分析测试数据, 对冲绳海槽火山岩的岩石系列归属进行了重新厘定,探讨了火山岩的构造环境指示意义和浮岩与玄武岩之间的成因联系.研究结果表明:冲绳海槽火山岩分布具有以基性玄武岩和酸性(流纹)英安岩为主的双峰式特征,中性火山岩稀少,基性的玄武岩属于亚碱性系列的橄榄拉斑玄武岩,酸性浮岩可归属为亚碱性岩系的流纹英安岩或流纹岩;在构造环境判别上,冲绳海槽玄武岩表现出大洋中脊和岛弧构造环境的特点,既有别于大洋中脊扩张中心,也有别于成熟型弧后盆地,呈现出弧后早期扩张阶段盆地独特的构造环境特征;广泛分布于冲绳海槽的酸性浮岩表现出一定的岛弧环境的特点;酸性浮岩与玄武岩具有同源性,酸性岩是基性的玄武质岩浆经不同程度结晶分异和同化混染作用的产物.      

冲绳海槽中部热液活动与IODP331航次初步成果

伊平屋北部热液区（IheyaNoAhhydrothermalfield）位于冲绳海槽中部地区。综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）331航次于2010年9月1日至10月4日在该区钻探了5个站位（C0013-C0017）：C0016站位位于NoahBigChimney（NBC）地区活跃的热液烟囱和硫化物-硫酸盐丘状体上;在C00...     

晚更新世冲绳海槽岩浆活动的化学特征与物理性质

冲绳海槽位于东海东缘,是一新月形的新生弧后盆地,分别以琉球岛弧与钓鱼岛隆起带(Zhou,1989;Liu,1989)或称为Taiwan-Sinzi隆起带(Wageman,1970)为其东、西边界.冲绳海槽发育强烈的构造活动和广泛的火山作用.断裂构造是海槽分布最广泛的地质构造,可大致分成两组,一组与海槽延伸方向一致的NE向断裂,另一组为NW向横切断裂.     

冲绳海槽中部Jade热液活动区中块状硫化物的稀土元素地球化学特征

用ICP－MS对冲绳海槽Jade热液活动区中6个块状硫化物样品进行了稀土元素分析。除一个样品表现出极微弱的正Eu异常外(δEu=1.09)，其他样品均表现出负Eu异常(δEu=0.58-0.71)和LREE相对富集((La/Yb)N=1.29-47.87)的球粒陨石标准化配分模式。块状硫化物样品之间稀土元素组成的变化是由于热液流体－岩石的相互作用以及海水和热液流体不同程度混合的结果，与深海沉积物，火山岩和海水稀土元素配分模式对比，表明块状硫休物的REE部分来自沉积物和火山岩，海水的混合作用对块状硫化物的REE配分模式具有一定的影响。海底热液硫化物稀土元素组成的变化可以一定程度的反映在出热液流体的演化特征。     

Salanced Cross Section for Restoration of Tectonic Evolution in the Southwest Okinawa Trough

On the basis of the multi.channel seismic data and the other data, using 2DMove software, the tectonic evolution in three seismic profiles was restored since Pliocene. The tectonic restoration results show that： （1） the initial active center lay in the west slope and then was transferred to east and south via trough center during the evolution process; （2） several main normal faults controlled the evolution of the southern Okinawa Trough; （3） since Late Pliocene, the southern Okinawa Trough has experienced two spreading stages. The early is depression in Early-Middle Pleistocene and the late is back-arc spreading in Late Pleistocene and Holocene, which is in primary oceanic crust spreading stage.     

Balanced Cross Section for Restoration of Tectonic Evolution in the Southwest Okinawa Trough

On the basis of the multi-channel seismic data and the other data, using 2DMove software, the tectonic evolution in three seismic profiles was restored since Pliocene. The tectonic restoration results show that: (1) the initial active center lay in the west slope and then was transferred to east and south via trough center during the evolution process; (2) several main normal faults controlled the evolution of the southern Okinawa Trough; (3) since Late Pliocene, the southern Okinawa Trough has experienced two spreading stages. The early is depression in Early-Middle Pleistocene and the late is back-arc spreading in Late Pleistocene and Holocene, which is in primary oceanic crust spreading stage.     

Geologic Control on Hydrothermal Activities in the Okinawa Trough

Revealing the controlling effect of geological structure on seafloor hydrothermal activities is of great significance in understanding the formation mechanism of hydrothermal system and searching for seafloor sulfide resources. This article summarized the topography and faults, crustal structure, gravity and magnetic field, heat flow and magmatism in the middle and southern Okinawa Trough, as well as the general characteristics of hydrothermal field distributions and hydrothermal products. By comparing the Okinawa Trough with the Manus Basin, Mariana Trough, North Fiji Basin and Lau Basin with different rock basements and extension stages, we generalized some specific geological characteristics of the Okinawa Trough, including the transitional crustal nature, low extension degree, high heat flow value, extremely thick sediments, and bimodal volcanism. The hydrothermal activities in the Okinawa Trough are controlled by fault structures, magmatism, and spreading rate, and at the same time, are affected by basement rock types and sediment covers. In the middle and southern parts of the trough, two group of faults that are parallel and perpendicular to the strike of the back-arc basin promote the fluid circulation, and large-scale magmatic activity provides sufficient heat for the hydrothermal system. In addition, the interaction of fluids with the widespread silicic volcanic rocks and thick sediments leads to the enrichment of organic matter, CO ₂, and metals such as Ag and Au in the hydrothermal products. According to the extension rate and geological features of the Okinawa Trough, we believe that the Okinawa Trough has potential to have new hydrothermal fields discovered and we speculate that new hydrothermal fields most possibly exist in the regions influenced by ridge subduction as well as the neo-volcanic zones closed to the island arc.     

南冲绳海槽构造沉降的回剥和正演耦合分析

冲绳海槽是研究边缘海盆地动力学的理想区域。本文在对南冲绳海槽的地震剖面进行层序划分的基础上应用回剥法和正演法研究了海槽的构造沉降特征。利用回剥方法对南冲绳海槽进行构造沉降史的定量模拟分析表明：南冲绳海槽具有发育时代晚而演化程度高的特点,0.1Ma以来的构造沉降量占到总构造沉降量的60%以上;南冲绳海槽北端是一个持续拉张沉降的过程,而由于台湾弧 陆碰撞,在接近台湾北部的南冲绳海槽南端则有一个明显差异沉降（相对隆升）的过程。通过对比分析应用正演法模拟得到的理论构造沉降量与回剥得到的实际沉降量,发现南冲绳海槽处于早期的初始沉降阶段,南北两端均存在异常构造沉降,南端早期的异常沉降是台湾弧 陆碰撞造成的,晚期的异常沉降和北端的异常沉降是动力沉降造成的。构造沉降幅度和出现动力沉降时期的对比表明海槽具有从北至南的演化进程。     

Mercury Anomaly in the Okinawa Trough Sediments—An Indicator of Modern Seafloor Hydrothermal Activity

The Okinawa Trough is located between the shelf-sea area of the East China Sea and the deep-sea area of western Pacific Ocean. More than 60 chemical elements in the sediments from the shelf area of the East China Sea, the Okinawa Trough and western Pacific Ocean were determined by advanced techniques including neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. Quantitative comparisons of the element abundances of the sediments were made in terms of the enrichment coefficients (K) of the elements.K > 1.5 indicates enrichment (K = 1.5–2, weak enrichment; K = 2–4, strong enrichment) andK > 4, anomalous enrichment. The results show that the Okinawa Trough sediments are characterized by Hg anomaly and the enrichment of such elements as Au, Ag, Se, Te, Sb, Cd, Mn, Mo, etc. Detailed studies show that the excess Hg comes from hydrothermal solutions rather than from the continent, sea water, marine organisms, cosmic dust or volcanic rocks. Attributed to modern hydrothermal activities on the sea floor, Hg anomaly can be used as a geochemical indicator of modern seafloor hydrothermal activity. This project was granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Organic Composition of Sulphide Ores in the Okinawa Trough and Its Implications

A preliminary organic geochemical study shows that the sulphide ores from the hydrothermal deposit of the Okinawa Trough are generally low in the total organic carbon and extremely low in the soluble organic matter. In the aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction, the n-alkanes range from C15 to C35, with usual maxima in the middle n-C20 region and strong odd-carbon number predominance when n > C25 (CPI = 1.2). The dominant analog in the aromatic fraction is phenanthrene, a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon, which provides evidence for hydrothermal activity. The organic matter derived mainly from marine planktonic and terrigenous vascular plants is entrapped in a high-temperature regime such as an active chimney and cooled quickly in the sulphide ores on the seafloor. Organic matter and sulphides are definitely products of a high-temperature alteration. The biomarker compounds indicate that the ores are formed under low Eh and pH conditions-a reducing to anoxic environment, which is favourable for sulphates to be     

Submarine hydrothermal mineralization in the Okinawa Trough, SW of Japan: an overview

The Okinawa Trough is a heavily sedimented, rifted back-arc basin formed in an intracontinental rift zone. Submarine hydrothermal activity is located within the six back-arc rifts located in the middle and southern Okinawa Trough and its distribution is controlled principally by tectonic factors. Subduction of the Daito and Gagua Ridges beneath the Ryukyu Arc has resulted in fracturing of the brittle lithosphere beneath the Okinawa Trough. Hydrothermal activity is strongest in the volcanic arc-rift migration phenomenon (VAMP) area plus the JADE site and Southernmost Part of the Okinawa Trough (SPOT) area which form the prolongation of these two ridges. These areas are characterized by extremely high heat flow locally. Submarine hydrothermal fluids from the Okinawa Trough tend to be strongly influenced by interaction of the hydrothermal fluids with organic matter in the sediment resulting in high alkalinity and NH₄⁺ concentrations of the fluids. The fluids also contain high concentrations of CO₂ of magmatic origin. Submarine hydrothermal mineralization in the trough is diverse. The CLAM site consists principally of carbonate chimneys. Interaction of the hydrothermal fluid with organic matter in the sediment is particularly strong at this site. This is most probably a sediment-hosted deposit in which sulphide minerals have deposited within the sediment column leaving ‘spent ore-fluids’ to emerge at the seafloor. The JADE site consists of active and inactive sulphide–sulphate chimneys and mounds. The Zn–Pb-rich sulphides at this site contain the highest concentrations of Pb, Ag and Au so far recorded in submarine hydrothermal sulphide deposits. At Minami-Ensei Knoll and Hatoma Knoll, active and inactive chimneys consist principally of anhydrite and barite as a result of phase separation of the hydrothermal fluids beneath the seafloor. An intense black smoker has recently been discovered at Yonaguni Knoll in the SPOT area. If it is confirmed that sulphide mineralization is dominant at this site, this could be a highly prospective area. The most prospective areas for economic-grade minerals in the Okinawa Trough appear to be the JADE site and the SPOT area.