Adaptation of the average monthly ionospheric model to current conditions using the data on maximum usable frequencies at two-hop reference radio links

The accuracy in determining the maximum usable frequencies (MUF) of reference radio links has been estimated. A method for using the data on MUF, obtained at two-hop reference radio links, in order to specify the horizontal gradients of electron concentration in the ionosphere has been proposed. The results of the observations at a system of two reference radio links are used to assess the efficiency of such a specification. It has been indicated that the developed method makes it possible to specify the values of the ionospheric critical frequency simultaneously in two radio link regions. The application of two-hop radio links together with one-hop lines substantially broadens the number of reference radio stations that can be used to adapt the parameters of the average monthly ionospheric model to the current conditions.     

广州(珠江三角洲)数字遥测地震台网建设回顾

广州（珠江三角洲）数字无线遥测地震台网是我国第一个全套引进的数字无线遥测地震系统的数字地震台网,采用２４位数字地震采集、无线数据传输、地震数据处理等先进技术,对增强广东省特别是珠江三角洲地区的地震监测能力发挥了重要作用,为发展和推动我国数字地震观测技术进行了有益的探索和实践。系统介绍了广州台网的建设过程和技术特色。     

从三峡无线数字遥测地震台网勘选成功看无线遥测地震台网的信道

数字遥测地震台网采用无线信道在国内地震界借鉴的经验还非常有限。究竟数字无线遥测,能否在（１０＾－６）误码率指标下,象模拟无线遥测地震台网一样采用单向传输,尚有不同看法。从三峡无线数字遥测地叶网的成功勘选得一邓许多有益的结果,我们关于鸨线信道和信道设备的探索回答了这个问题。结论是：数字地震台网仍然可以采用无线遥测方式组网,采用传输的信道设备既经济原则,技术上也是可行的。     

JOPENS观测系统连续波形断记报警软件

JOPENS观测系统实时接收数据的计算机需每天24小时不间断工作,机器自身有可能发生硬件或软件故障,导致无法接收实时数据,影响琼中地震台地震数据连续性、完整性。采用Visual Basic语言,进行针对性软件设计,通过定时器功能,不间断读取波形变化进行比对,实现地震波形断记报警。     

Effect of pricing policy on water conservation: a case study

The main source of water for Abu Dhabi City is desalinated seawater from the Arabian Gulf. The cost of water production through desalination is higher than other conventional methods of potable water production. In spite of all awareness campaigns to advise the consumers in Abu Dhabi of the importance of the water and its high cost, the average consumption rate is still one of the highest in the world (636 1/cap d). This means that, with respect to water, the worst combination of conditions are existing in Abu Dhabi (high consumption rate and high production cost).As a result, the Water and Electricity Department (WED) of Abu Dhabi (now it is a private company) which is the Department responsible for water production, transmission and distribution, has decided to change the pricing policy of water. The new policy is based on fixing meters in buildings and charging the consumers for the actual amount of water consumed, instead of a system which was based on a flat rate of 50 Dhs per month (1 US$=3.7 Dhs) irrespective of the amount of consumption.This paper attempts to evaluate the effect of introducing the new pricing mechanism in Abu Dhabi City, and compares it with the old flat rate tariff. The water consumption of randomly selected 90 households with different socio-economic levels were analyzed before and after introducing the new pricing system. As a result of the new pricing policy, 73% of the households in the sample reduced their consumption by an average of 29%. The calculated price elasticity of demand revealed an elasticity coefficient e=−0.1. The new price of water (2.2 Dhs/m³) accounts for only 29% of the total cost to produce and supply the water to consumer taps.     

MFT-PT型组合多路遥测仪

MFT-PT型遥测仪的研制,是为了在较大范围内（100-200公里）同时传输观测短周期、长周期地震信号和其他地球物理量. 该仪器系统是由脉冲幅度调制和频率调制两种遥测系统复合组成的.其设计特点有如等待式多相多谐振荡器,单管单稳电路等.遥测仪与电子计算机,磁带机配用可以达到快速综合处理地震信号的目的. 该仪器如果采用话音频率,则可以利用电话线路把地震信号送到几千公里之外.遥测仪如果与射频收发讯机配合,则可以构成无线流动台网.     

Plasma inhomogeneities and radiowave scattering in experiments with electron pulses in the ionosphere

The absorption of telemetry radiosignals at frequencies of 250 and 75 MHz, transmitted from rockets, was observed in the ARAKS and Zarnitza 2 rocket experiments, respectively, with electron pulses in the ionosphere. The signals were registered with ground receivers. Four cases of complete signal absorption on the propagation path were observed in the ARAKS experiment. The radio absorption at frequencies substantially higher than the plasma and upper hybrid frequencies can be related to wave scattering by plasma inhomogeneities. It has been indicated that plasma inhomogeneities were generated when electrostatic oscillations damped in the region with decreased plasma density at a decrease in the natural oscillation phase volume in the frequency-wave vector space with decreasing plasma density. The observed radio absorption could be related to reflectionless wave scattering in an inhomogeneous plasma structure.     

768无线地震遥测设备h

768无线地震遥测设备是为在电信传输地震台网的网点间不易架设明线,或线路容量不足的场合使用而专门设计的,当然,也可用于受大地震破坏的现场.该设备是由一对超短波发射机与接收机构成,采用二次调频.它既可直接与单分向短周期地震计连接传输0.5HZ-25HZ 的地震模拟信号,也可直接与专门设计的多路数字前兆遥测设备配合使用传输0.2HZ-20HZ 的 CHDB4码（相容高密度二进制码）.因而可用来传输地电、地磁、地应力、地倾斜等多种地球物理量.该仪器自1977年7月起先后在北京、上海、天津台网进行了实地传输试验,其后又在昆明地震台网使用了一年多.结果表明,该仪器轻便、灵活、稳定、可靠,有较强的抗干扰性.当天线架设高度足够时,最远传输距离可达115公里.      

无线遥测式数字地震仪关键技术

介绍了一种完全自主开发的便携无线遥测式浅层数字地震仪.系统以无线自组网为核心,基于双ARM和FPGA平台,采用多功能IP软核驱动方式及嵌入式操作系统,从硬件方面提高系统的集成化程度,缩小设备体积.设计可动态配置信号调理单元保证系统前端的动态范围和保真性,采用并行双缓存循环预采集存储技术,实现不确定传输延时情况下的多道严格并行采集.文中详细分析了适合于地震数据传输的无线射频和无线以太网两种传输方式,以及相应的组网方案和关键技术难点,解决了分布式无线信号采集站的采集同步和非均匀采样问题.信号采集站单站集成12路并行采集道,各通道在4 k采样率时有效分辨率达18位,且参数可远程配置.软件中所集成的现场质量控制功能,非常适于复杂环境下的工程勘探,且由于移除了多个附加配件,从而缩小了设备的体积和重量,降低施工布线的复杂性,提高环境适应能力和勘探效率.     

电力供应系统地震安全性优化控制研究

在深入研究电力供应系统潮流分布特性、发电机出力和成本曲线特性、电力系统地震安全性分析与控制的基础上,将安全约束最优化控制算法运用于电力供应系统地震安全性控制中。通过对算法的网络线性分析模型、发电机出力约束条件、线路潮流约束条件和目标函数的深入研究,得出该算法的实施过程;而后,结合供电系统潮流分析的快速解耦法、安全性分析的灵敏度安全性分析法和本文的安全约束最优化控制算法,编写了相应的Fortran和Matlab计算程序,该程序能在较短的时间内计算出调度控制措施和调度费用;最后,通过一个实际算例的分析与计算,验证了该算法的实用性和优越性。本文工作可为震后供电系统功能快速恢复,减少供电系统经济损失,使系统功能得到最大发挥提供理论分析依据,具有很大的现实意义。     

The Application of Telemetry to Large-Scale Horizontal Anisotropic Permeability Determinations by Surface Tiltmeter Survey

An advanced two-way radio link (transceiver units) and data logging system have provided a powerful means of real-time series data collection and analysis. The application of this telemetry system to surface tiltmeter surveys provides significant cost savings for testing and analysis of deep, large-scale horizontal anisotropic permeability and heterogeneity determinations.
The determination of horizontal anisotropic properties requires one pumping well and eight to 10 tiltmeter monitoring stations. The validity of the depth of the test may reach 4,000 feet below land surface. With the addition of one partially penetrating observation well, the entire three-dimensional anisotropic permeability can be determined. With the addition of a fully penetrating well, the storage coefficient can be determined as well as leakage property (including vertical permeability of the confining layers). An example test case was analyzed for horizontal anisotropic permeability with remarkable success despite relatively unfavorable detection conditions.
A thorough understanding of the geology overlying the aquifer system must be made in order to assess the applicability of the surface tiltmeter survey to large-scale horizontal anisotropic permeability determinations.     

Health monitoring of fluid dampers for vibration control of structures: experimental investigation

This paper presents results from a comprehensive experimental program on medium-size and large-size fluid dampers in an effort to extract their force output during cyclic loading by simply measuring the strain on the damper housing and the end-spacer of the damper. The paper first discusses the stress path within the damper and, subsequently via the use of linear elasticity, shows that the experimental data obtained with commercially available strain gauges yield a force output of the damper that is in good agreement with the readings from the load cell. This comparison is achieved via the use of a position and velocity transducer, which combines good accuracy together with robust performance in a marine environment. The paper then examines the performance of a portable data acquisition system that can be used to collect and transmit data from a damper installed on a bridge to a nearby location (order of a km) where data are collected via either a wired or a wireless Local Area Network (LAN). Alternatively, the data may be transmitted to any remote location via mobile telecommunication networks; however, this requires leased telephone lines. The data show that the proposed arrangement is promising for monitoring in situ the force output of fluid dampers and detecting possible loss of their energy dissipation capability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rapid underway profiling of water quality in Queensland estuaries

We present an overview of a portable underway water quality monitoring system (RUM-Rapid Underway Monitoring), developed by integrating several off-the-shelf water quality instruments to provide rapid, comprehensive, and spatially referenced 'snapshots' of water quality conditions. We demonstrate the utility of the system from studies in the Northern Great Barrier Reef (Daintree River) and the Moreton Bay region. The Brisbane dataset highlights RUM's utility in characterising plumes as well as its ability to identify the smaller scale structure of large areas. RUM is shown to be particularly useful when measuring indicators with large small-scale variability such as turbidity and chlorophyll-a. Additionally, the Daintree dataset shows the ability to integrate other technologies, resulting in a more comprehensive analysis, whilst sampling offshore highlights some of the analytical issues required for sampling low concentration data. RUM is a low cost, highly flexible solution that can be modified for use in any water type, on most vessels and is only limited by the available monitoring technologies.     

Atmospheric electricity coupling between earthquake regions and the ionosphere

We propose a mechanism to explain suggested links between seismic activity and ionospheric changes detected overhead. Specifically, we explain changes in the natural extremely low-frequency (ELF) radio noise recently observed in the topside ionosphere aboard the DEMETER satellite at night, before major earthquakes. Our mechanism utilises increased electrical conductivity of surface layer air before a major earthquake, which reduces the surface-ionosphere electrical resistance. This increases the vertical fair weather current, and (to maintain continuity of electron flow) lowers the ionosphere. Magnitudes of crucial parameters are estimated and found to be consistent with observations. Natural variability in ionospheric and atmospheric electrical properties is evaluated, and may be overcome using a hybrid detection approach. Suggested experiments to investigate the mechanism involve measuring the cut-off frequency of ELF “tweeks”, the amplitude and phase of very low frequency radio waves in the Earth–ionosphere waveguide, or medium frequency radar, incoherent scatter or rocket studies of the lower ionospheric electron density.     

高保真高分辨率遥测地震勘探采集系统研制及应用

矿产资源勘探尤其是金属矿勘探具有地质条件复杂、勘探深度大、分辨率要求高等特点.常规地震勘探技术与装备难以满足复杂地形高精度三维地震勘探需求.针对该技术难题,研发一套高保真、高分辨率轻便分布式混合遥测地震勘探系统迫在眉睫.鉴于此本文开发了信号高保真高分辨率数据采集技术、实时通讯及采集单元无址链接技术和多媒介混合遥测技术等一系列关键技术.成功研制出SE863单站单道分布式混合遥测地震数据采集系统,该系统由31位高分辨率采集单元链、集3 G/4 G无线通讯及有线通讯的交叉数据管理站、便携式主控站以及测控软件组成.支持二维、三维高密度地震反射波勘探、散射成像、天然源透射成像等地震数据采集工作.利用该套系统与428XL地震数据采集系统进行同步对比,并将该系统交付第三方使用完成了1 km²三维地震勘探实验,结果表明该系统设备轻便、性能稳定、分辨率高、数据质量好,是我国具有完全自主知识产权的高精度轻便分布式地震勘探技术装备,大大增强了我国地震勘探技术核心竞争力.     

指挥席电话拨号功能的设计和实现

当国内发生严重破坏性地震时, 抗震救灾指挥部指挥大厅将启动。 中央首长和部长级领导担任指挥长和副指挥长, 在指挥大厅内了解地震情况并对救援工作进行指挥, 各部委负责具体工作的人员在辅厅内待命。 指挥大厅和辅厅之间采用几十部电话通讯, 保证通讯的畅通是成功进行指挥的先决条件。 在抗震救灾过程中, 由技术人员负责拨通电话, 首长可以通过电话发布救灾命令, 对辅厅的各大部委进行工作部署。 文中对MODEM通讯进行研究, 通过对串口通信的编程, 实现电话号码配置和快速拨号, 免去手工从纸介质电话簿查找号码的烦琐, 减少了大厅和辅厅间通讯的工作环节, 从而提高工作效率。     

Quantifying the temporal dynamics of wood in large rivers: field trials of wood surveying,dating, tracking,and monitoring techniques

Wood plays an important role in stream ecology and geomorphology. Previous studies of wood in rivers have quantified spatial distributions but temporal dynamics remain poorly documented. The lack of such data is related to limitations of existing methods, especially when applied to large rivers. Five techniques are field‐tested to assess their utility for quantifying the temporal dynamics in rivers: repeated high‐resolution aerial surveys, the measurement of wood physical characteristics as proxies for ¹⁴C dating, passive and active radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, radio transmitters, and video. The spatial distribution of wood is surveyed using aerial imagery with a resolution finer than 0·10 m. The estimation of temporal trends by repeated aerial‐based surveys needs to consider vegetation growth and hiding. Wood residence times can be calculated using ¹⁴C analysis, but the assessment of wood physical characteristics including decay status and wood density offers a cheaper, if less accurate, alternative. Wood resistance to penetration is tested but results are not significant. Radio transmitters are reliable for multi‐year (～5 year) surveys and can be detected at 800 m. Passive RFID tags are limited by a read range of 0·30 m but are reliable for longer term (>5 year) studies. Active RFID tags combine a moderate read range (10–300 m) and low cost with in‐flood detection but require more testing. Video monitoring of wood passing on the surface of a river is successfully implemented. For a single flood on the Ain River (France), wood transport rates are an order of magnitude higher on the rising limb of the hydrograph than on the falling limb. Overall, the techniques improve the ability to gather the data needed to understand wood transfer processes and calibrate budgets of wood in rivers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Testing alternative ground water models using cross-validation and other methods

Many methods can be used to test alternative ground water models. Of concern in this work are methods able to (1) rank alternative models (also called model discrimination) and (2) identify observations important to parameter estimates and predictions (equivalent to the purpose served by some types of sensitivity analysis). Some of the measures investigated are computationally efficient; others are computationally demanding. The latter are generally needed to account for model nonlinearity. The efficient model discrimination methods investigated include the information criteria: the corrected Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, and generalized cross-validation. The efficient sensitivity analysis measures used are dimensionless scaled sensitivity (DSS), composite scaled sensitivity, and parameter correlation coefficient (PCC); the other statistics are DFBETAS, Cook's D, and observation-prediction statistic. Acronyms are explained in the introduction. Cross-validation (CV) is a computationally intensive nonlinear method that is used for both model discrimination and sensitivity analysis. The methods are tested using up to five alternative parsimoniously constructed models of the ground water system of the Maggia Valley in southern Switzerland. The alternative models differ in their representation of hydraulic conductivity. A new method for graphically representing CV and sensitivity analysis results for complex models is presented and used to evaluate the utility of the efficient statistics. The results indicate that for model selection, the information criteria produce similar results at much smaller computational cost than CV. For identifying important observations, the only obviously inferior linear measure is DSS; the poor performance was expected because DSS does not include the effects of parameter correlation and PCC reveals large parameter correlations.     

基于RouterOS技术的12322防震减灾电话呼叫系统双线路设计与实现

根据12322电话呼叫系统的实际工作情况,提出了系统线路备份方案,设计了适合新疆维吾尔自治区地震局现状的12322电话呼叫系统双线路,并给出整体思路、实际配置及调试过程,该方案将会提高12322电话呼叫系统线路的稳定运行,同时也提高了系统的安全运行效率。