华南前汛期降水异常及其环流特征分析

利用国家气候中心整编的中国160站的月平均降水资料和美国NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料,分析华南前汛期降水的异常及其环流特征。文中取“九五”重中之重项目执行组指出的华南地区的16站来代表华南地区,侧重分析了华南前汛期降水异常的年际、年代际变化特征及华南前汛期多、少雨年同期的环流特征。研究发现：华南地区降水的季节分布呈现双峰型,两个峰值分别在6月和8月。华南前汛期近50年的总的降水趋势变化不明显。1950年代前期和1960年代中期—1980年代中为相对多雨期,而1950年代中期—1960年代中期以及1980年代中期—1990年代初为相对少雨期,1990年代为正常波动期。华南前汛期降水存在3 a、5 a、7 a、14 a的周期。在分析华南前汛期多、少雨年大气环流场的特征时发现：华南前汛期多雨年时南亚高压和副高都偏弱,华南地区低层的水汽通量辐合加强,而且低空辐合,高空辐散,气流上升运动加强,容易形成降水;而少雨年的情况恰恰相反。     

华南南部前汛期气温异常的时空变化特征

利用国家气候中心整编的1951—2000年中国160个站的月平均气温资料，根据“九五”重中之重项目执行组指出的华南地区代表站，选出华南南部地区12个代表站。侧重分析了华南南部前汛期气温异常的季节、年际和年代际变化的时空特征。发现在年代际变化方面，20世纪60年代中期到80年代末为相对低温期，90年代以后温度有明显升高的趋势，而且50a温度变化的总趋势是增加的。华南南部前汛期气温异常存在2a、4a、5a的年际周期和12a和19a的年代际周期；在空间上，华南南部前汛期气温增暖的幅度相对较弱，华南南部的前汛期气温与全国大部分地区呈现同位相的变化特征，与个别地区呈反位相。     

华南前汛期起止日期的确定及降水年际变化特征分析

利用国家气候中心提供的华南地区74测站1957—2001年的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对华南前汛期雨季开始期与结束期的定义标准作了改进;研究了华南前汛期降水雨量、雨日的年际变化特征以及变化趋势的空间分布特征;用小波分析法分析华南前汛期降水的周期分布特征。分析结果发现：45年来前汛期开始期总体上呈现偏早趋势,而结束期具有偏晚的趋势,两者的年际变化十分显著;45年来华南全区总雨量、雨日呈正趋势变化,且两者的空间分布特征非常相似。华南前汛期内雨量、雨日总体上呈现增长趋势并且具有明显的年际变化特征,存在准2年、3～5年、6～8年的振荡周期。     

华南春季降水的年代际变化及其与大气环流和海温的关系

利用1960—2010年中国降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA提供的海表温度资料以及太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)指数,分析了华南春季降水的年代际变化特征及其与大气环流和海温的关系。结果表明:华南春季降水经历了偏少(1960—1971年)—偏多(1972—1992年)—次偏少(1993—2010年)三个阶段。第一阶段少雨期,500 hPa上西风气流较平直,不利于北方冷空气南下,华南地区的暖气团也不活跃,对应的水汽通量散度为异常辐散。第二阶段多雨期,500 hPa高度上,高原北部脊偏强,利于冷空气南下,与华南地区活跃的暖湿气团汇合,对应的水汽场上为水汽异常辐合。第三阶段少雨期,500 hPa西风气流上的槽脊系统偏强,利于北方强冷空气南下,孟加拉湾地区的南支槽填塞,南方暖湿空气向华南的输送减弱。华南春季降水与PDO指数存在正相关关系,从不同季节来看,在年代际时间尺度上,前期秋季的PDO指数与华南春季降水的正相关显著,PDO处于负位相时,华南春季降水偏少,反之亦然;从华南春季降水年代际变化的不同阶段来看,PDO指数与华南春季降水的正相关在1960—1971年少雨期较显著。     

太平洋海温场不同时间尺度背景下华南前汛期持续性暴雨的统计特征

利用1961—2012年华南逐日降水资料,分析了太平洋海温场两种不同时间尺度背景下华南前汛期持续性暴雨的统计特征,并探讨了海洋外强迫信号可能对华南前汛期降水的低频变化周期造成的影响,以期为华南前汛期持续性暴雨过程的延伸期预报提供依据。结果表明:PDO(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,太平洋年代际振荡)冷位相年,华南前汛期发生典型持续性暴雨过程的概率比PDO暖位相年大,且暴雨强度偏强,持续时间偏长;太平洋海温场两种不同时间尺度背景下,华南典型持续性暴雨过程呈现不同的特征,PDO冷位相配合冬春Nino区海温异常,华南前汛期易出现强度较强、持续时间较长的典型持续性暴雨过程;太平洋海温两种不同时间尺度的外强迫信号可能影响华南前汛期降水的低频变化周期,进而影响华南前汛期持续性暴雨的持续时间和强度。     

近47a华南前汛期旱涝特征

采用华南61站47a（1958-2004年）前汛期（4-6月）逐日降水资料,利用统计方法对华南前汛期的旱涝特征进行了研究。结果表明：47a来华南有12个涝年和12个旱年发生,较严重的旱涝年主要发生在20世纪50年代末至70年代中期以及90年代以后;前汛期旱涝变化以2～4a的年际尺度周期最为显著;4、5月旱涝的年代际变化特征较为一致,而5月与6月在年代际尺度上具有一定的反位相变化特征;地理分布上,可将华南地区前汛期降水分为5个旱涝异常气候区。近47a来桂南、粤西和东南沿海地区呈现旱—涝—旱的变化特征,而桂北区由旱转涝趋于雨涝的趋势明显,东北部山区由涝转旱趋于干旱的趋势明显。     

华南前汛期降水的年代际异常特征及其成因

利用1981—2013年中国160站逐月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料及NOAA海表温度资料,研究了华南前汛期降水年代际异常的时空特征及其可能成因。结果表明:1)华南前汛期降水在1992前后发生由异常偏少转为偏多的显著年代际转折,最显著异常中心位于广西东北部和广东北部。2)1990年代初发生的对流层高层南冷北暖(40°N附近为界)、对流层下暖上冷的年代际转折,使得高低层环流场均出现了有利于北方干、湿冷空气和孟加拉湾、西太平洋暖湿水汽在华南区域交汇并辐合上升的形势,造成华南前汛期降水发生偏少转偏多的显著年代际转折。年代际转折的前后两个时段中,位于热带的孟加拉湾槽、东亚沿岸EAP遥相关型波列中的西太平洋副高、阿拉斯加湾附近的脊,以及中纬度贝加尔湖以西以南脊的强度或位置均具有显著差异,故这些环流系统的年代际异常是华南前汛期降水年代际异常的重要原因。3)南太平洋关键区海温在1990年代初开始呈现增暖趋势,在偏暖(偏冷)时期,华南低空受异常气旋(异常反气旋)环流控制,对流层上层西风急流偏弱偏南(偏强偏北),造成华南地区降水异常偏多(偏少)。     

近50年华南前汛期降水、江淮梅雨和华北雨季旱涝特征对比分析

利用全国160站逐月降水资料,统计分析了1951～2000年50年华南前汛期降水、江淮梅雨和华北雨季旱涝事件的分布特征,结果表明:近50年无论是华南前汛期降水、江淮梅雨还是华北雨季,旱(涝)事件频率相当,华南和江淮洪涝强度大于干旱强度,华北干旱与洪涝强度相当,华南前汛期降水和华北雨季总体呈趋旱的趋势,而江淮梅雨呈趋涝的趋势;华南前汛期降水年际变化最为显著,江淮梅雨次之,华北雨季最弱,年代际变化的情况正好相反;从同期500 hPa高度场来看,华南前汛期降水多少与其北侧有无低值系统向南发展关系密切,江淮梅雨和华北雨季均与副高相关显著,不同在于前者还和鄂霍茨克阻塞高压呈显著正相关,而后者受其西北侧中高纬地区的环流影响较大;从前期海温来看,华北雨季与大西洋西部和北太平洋海温关系比华南前汛期降水和江淮梅雨更为密切,江淮梅雨与中国近海海温相关关系最为显著,而华南前汛期降水与孟加拉湾附近海温相关最明显.     

华南前汛期气温异常及其环流特征分析

利用国家气候中心整编的1951~2008年中国160个站的月平均气温资料,文章侧重分析了华南前汛期气温异常特征,发现:58a温度变化的总趋势是增加的,60年代中期到80年代末为相对低温期,90年代以后温度有明显升高的趋势,而且华南前汛期气温异常存在2a、4a、5a、12a和19a的周期;在近半个世纪内,我国各地区都有变暖的趋势,但是华南地区是全国4~6月气温弱增暖地区之一,华南地区4~6月普遍增暖,呈现西南强东北弱的态势,其中增暖最强的中心在广州;两个增暖最弱的中心分别在梅州和浦城。华南前汛期偏热年:华南地区低层为负距平,中、高层为正距平,这种分布形势将有利于气柱变暖,另外850hPa南海的偏南气流以及来自太平洋的东南气流加强,有利于把暖气流带到了华南地区,华南地区升温。华南前汛期偏凉年:华南地区低层为正距平,中、高层为负距平,这将造成华南前汛期温度的降低,另外850hPa来自北方的偏北气流加强,有利于把干燥寒冷的气流带到华南地区,导致华南前汛期气温偏低。     

华南前汛期极端降水气候变化特征及其与太平洋海温相关关系研究

利用国家气象信息中心提供的89个华南代表气象站的1969—2013年逐日降水资料及NOAA重构延长的逐月海表温度(SST)资料,研究了华南前汛期极端降水的时间变化特征,以及太平洋海表温度与华南前汛期极端降水年际异常的相关关系,并定义了对华南前汛期极端降水具有指示意义的海表温度异常指数。主要结论:1)华南前汛期极端降水存在显著的年际变化以及年代际变化。20世纪90年代以来,华南前汛期发生极端旱涝的情况增多,此外,华南前汛期极端降水存在2个显著的突变年份。除降水强度外,其他各个极端降水指数在1977年存在一个突变,极端降水由多变少;在21世纪初存在另外一个极端降水由少到多的突变(除总降水量外)。2)定义的前冬太平洋海温异常指数与华南前汛期极端降水具有显著相关关系,该指数与El Ni觡o事件关系密切,当前冬该指数为正(负)或者发生El Ni觡o(La Ni觡a)现象时,则可预测次年华南前汛期极端降水异常也偏强(弱)。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.