基于农业可持续发展的土地利用结构最优化研究——以长沙县为案例

由于过度施用化肥、使用农药、侵占农田等行为造成的农业环境和社会问题日益严重,尤其是在城郊农业区和高集约化农区问题更为突出,因此现代农业发展不仅仅追求经济效益,更应该关注生态功能提升和农村社会稳定。本研究旨在提出一套生态、经济和社会协调发展的土地利用结构优化方法,实现农业综合效益最大化和土地可持续发展。本研究以高集约化农业区长沙县为案例,首先构建经济-生态-社会效益评价指标体系,采用熵权-TOPSIS法对农业土地利用经济效益、生态效益和社会效益进行综合评价;其次采用耦合协调度模型和障碍因子模型,识别出影响农业综合效益的障碍因子;最后运用多目标线性规划法,构建生态、经济、社会约束条件和目标函数,计算得出土地利用最大综合效益和最优化结构,并提出了相关政策建议。研究结果表明:(1)长沙县农业综合效益呈现增长趋势,评价值从1996年的0.20上升到2016年的0.79;(2)经济因素不再是影响农业效益协调发展的障碍因子,而社会因素,例如粮食安全指数等成为主要影响因子;(3)综合考虑经济发展、环境保护和社会需求提出了长沙县土地利用优化结构,农业综合效益可由99.83亿元增长到129.34亿元,增长29.56%。本研究采用了一系列的模型和方法得出了长沙县农业综合效益最大化值和土地利用最优结构,可为农业土地空间格局优化和农业可持续发展提供科学的建议和依据。     

农业文化遗产地土地利用控制优化研究（英文）

近年来,包括韩国、中国、日本在内的东亚地区的全球重要农业文化遗产数量不断增加,且未来仍将会呈持续增加态势。因此,对遗产地尤其是韩国境内遗产地的保护工作变得尤为重要。为避免农业文化遗产地粗放式开发、有效协调保护与开发的关系,解决土地利用冲突问题非常关键。本研究旨在确定农业文化遗产地可持续发展型土地利用管控措施。结果表明,公私合营、地方性法规及综合性计划对农业文化遗产地开展土地利用控制具有重要作用。     

低碳背景下露天煤矿土地利用结构优化——以乌海市骆驼山矿区为例（英文）

人类对全球碳循环的影响主要来自于土地利用活动,随着露天煤矿开采进程加快,矿区内碳排放量增加、生态系统功能下降等问题显著,亟需探索低碳下生态效益最佳的土地利用优化结构,为西北干旱荒漠矿区土地利用结构优化调整提供理论支持。本研究以乌海市骆驼山矿区为研究对象,在矿区土地利用碳排放量核算的基础上,利用多目标线性规划模型以低碳排放和高生态系统服务价值为目标,探究矿区土地利用最优结构。研究结果：优化后的草地和水域面积有所增加,采矿用地和未利用地面积有所减少;与2021年相比,优化后方案碳排放量降低了19045.93tC,生态系统服务价值提升了5338.14万元。研究结果表明,以土地利用碳排放最小化、生态系统服务价值最大化为目标的矿区土地利用结构优化方案可以在低碳减排下,实现土地利用生态效益的提升,以期为西北干旱荒漠区矿山土地利用结构优化和生态修复工作提供科学指导。     

土地利用视角下的城市空间多维扩展研究——以南京市为例（英文）

The study of multi-dimensional expansion of urban space(MEUS) addresses the laws of urban spatial expansion from all directions and angles. Using Nanjing as an example,this paper constructs multi-temporal, urban three-dimensional models based on RS and GIS technology and then conducts qualitative and quantitative analysis of MEUS using plot ratio change maps and MEUS quantitative index for built-up areas. Based especially on the concept of volume growth contribution rate, this paper analyzes the characteristics of MEUS in different stages. The results show that in 2000–2004, planar expansion played the main role,the internal potential development(IPD) intensity of the urban built-up areas was relatively large, and the volume growth contribution rate was low; in 2004–2008, planar expansion accelerated, and IPD slowed down; in 2008–2012, planar expansion slowed while IPD intensity increased; the contribution rates of volume growth of urban IPD for the three periods were 22.21%, 24.51% and 73.38%, respectively. This study expands the research perspective of urban spatial expansion, and the adopted methods are instructive and meaningful for MEUS research. In addition, the results of this study will deepen the understanding of MEUS laws and help improve scientific decision-making for urban planning and urban land use management.     

基于农业多功能性的中国全球重要农业文化遗产地旅游可持续发展研究（英文）

人口急剧增长,生物多样性减少和气候变化促使人们重新思考农业和生物多样性的未来,而传统农业的智慧与经验值得借鉴。2002年,联合国粮农组织(FAO)发起的全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)项目,旨在通过保护这些具有价值的传统农业系统来促进农村地区可持续发展。旅游被认为是动态保护途径之一,不但能促进遗产地的经济发展,还能为游客提供认知与学习农业文化遗产的机会。然而,不当的旅游发展将会影响当地的文化与生活方式,不但会威胁旅游的可持续发展,而且会对这些独特的农业系统带来潜在的破坏。因此,农业文化遗产地旅游发展的适宜模式应当是以农业为基础的。本文基于农业多功能性构建了农业文化遗产地旅游发展框架,通过对农业多功能性的定量评估和农业和旅游业间关系的定性分析,提出了我国的4个遗产地旅游发展建议。同时,该框架还能为不同利益相关者决策其农业文化遗产的多种功能提供了一种方法。     

湖南桃江农业可持续发展的土地利用结构优化

分析了湖南省桃江县土地资源的自然配置状况和不同坡度的土地利用结构,发现耕地不断减少、园地萎缩、水面利用不充分、宜耕缓坡地中林地面积过大,是当前土地利用中存在的主要问题。不同土地利用方式经济效益对比表明,土地利用结构不合理影响着土地利用经济效益的发挥。采用线性规划的方法,以最大纯收入为目标函数,以生态效益、社会效益及土地坡度构成为约束条件,对2010年农业土地利用进行了优化配置。优化结果为,粮食作物、其他农作物、园地、渔用水面分别比2001年增加了9．6％、21．7％、44．9％、60．2％,林地减少了7．6％。农业用地总面积仅比2001年增加0．2％,而农业用地纯收入增长了22．2％。从农林复合经营角度的探讨了实现农业可持续发展的模式。     

基于可持续发展目标（SDGs）的“一带一路”农业可持续性分析（英文）

"一带一路"国家需要在顶层谋划方面做出努力,方能确保农业的可持续发展。而这需要对"一带一路"沿线国家农业可持续性有一个准确的评判。本文在"一带一路"可持续农业概念认识与可持续发展目标(SDGs)中农业目标解读的基础上,借助统计回归分析、趋势预测等方法,预测了2030年"一带一路"沿线国家经济增长和城镇化等社会经济发展的趋势,以及这些发展趋势相应地对农业资源环境的冲击。结果表明,"一带一路"沿线国家农业资源环境前景不容乐观,且难以支撑起该地区未来对粮食安全需求的保障,只有采用积极应对政策和措施,并在战略上进行规划和布局,才能确保该地区2030年粮食安全这一农业可持续发展目标的实现。为此,"一带一路"沿线国家需要从构建农业合作平台、设立专项基金,以及创新农业合作模式等三个方面进行战略合作,推动"一带一路"沿线国家的农业实现可持续发展。     

华北平原2002年和2012年农业土地利用变化（英文）

Based on the MODIS NDVI data and Landsat TM/ETM data of 2002 and 2012, this paper extracts the planting area of winter wheat–summer maize, single spring maize, cotton and forest/fruit trees, vegetable and paddy, and made the agricultural land use map of the North China Plain(NCP). Agricultural land use area accounted for 63.32% compared to the total area of the NCP in 2002. And it increased to 65.66% in 2012, which mainly caused by the vegetables and forest/fruit trees increasing. Planting areas of winter wheat–summer maize, cotton, single spring maize, forest/fruit trees, vegetables and paddy were 5031.21×10~3, 865.90×10~3, 1226.10×10~3, 1271.17×10~3, 648.02×10~3, 216.51×10~3 ha in 2012. Rank of changes was: vegetables(+45%) forest/fruit trees(+27.4%) paddy(–23.7%) cotton(–20.4%) single spring maize(+17.3%) winter wheat–summer maize(–0.6%). In developed region like Beijing and Tianjin, planting area of crops with high economic benefit(such as fruit trees and vegetables) increased significantly. Government policies for groundwater protection caused obvious decline of winter wheat cultivation in Hebei Province. Cotton planting in Shandong Province decreased more than 200,000 ha during 2002–2012. The data products will be published in the website: http://hydro.sjziam.ac.cn/Default.aspx. To clarify the agricultural land use in the NCP will be very helpful for the regional agricultural water consumption research, which is the serious problem in the NCP.     

基于模型的中国东北地区土地利用时空格局变化研究（英文）

Spatially explicit modeling techniques recently emerged as an alternative to monitor land use changes. This study adopted the well-known CLUE-S(Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent) model to analyze the spatio-temporal land use changes in a hot-spot in Northeast China(NEC). In total,13 driving factors were selected to statistically analyze the spatial relationships between biophysical and socioeconomic factors and individual land use types. These relationships were then used to simulate land use dynamic changes during 1980–2010 at a 1 km spatial resolution,and to capture the overall land use change patterns. The obtained results indicate that increases in cropland area in NEC were mainly distributed in the Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain during 1980–2000,with a small reduction between 2000 and 2010. An opposite pattern was identified for changes in forest areas. Forest decreases were mainly distributed in the Khingan Mountains and the Changbai Mountains between 1980 and 2000,with a slight increase during 2000–2010. The urban areas have expanded to occupy surrounding croplands and grasslands,particularly after the year 2000. More attention is needed on the newly gained croplands,which have largely replaced wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain over the last decade. Land use change patterns identified here should be considered in future policy making so as to strengthen local eco-environmental security.     

中国可持续发展研究进展（英文）

Sustainable development has always been a hotspot in Chinese geographical research. Herein, we conduct a systematic statistical analysis of the contribution of Chinese geographers to sustainable development research using bibliometric methods. Based on the review of a vast amount of literature, we identify the main research teams, research funding sources, journals, and key research fields. The findings are as follows:(1) the resources and environmental institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have a significant influence on sustainable development research;(2) China's central government foundations(the National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Social Sciences Fund) are the main research funding sources;(3) most of the highly cited articles are published in journals sponsored by the Geographical Society of China; and(4) sustainable development theory and its research areas are being constantly enriched and perfected. Based on the statistics of keywords, the theory, research methods, research regional scales, and key research areas are summarized and expounded.     

基于农业多功能视觉的都市农业用地效益时空变化研究——以西安都市圈为例（英文）

The excessive expansion of urbanized areas has resulted in haphazard land utilization, immoderate consumption of superior agricultural land and water resources, significant fragmentation of agricultural landscape, and gradual deterioration of the agro-ecological environment. Combined, these factors cause poor land use efficiency. Under these circumstances, comprehensively assessing land use efficiency for urban agriculture is a key issue in land use research. Currently, evaluation methods for agricultural land use efficiency narrowly concentrate on aspects of economic input and output. However, urban agro-ecosystems can provide diverse economic, social, and ecological services and functions. In particular, the social and ecological services and functions originating from agricultural land, which have a higher value than economic services, play a significant role in ensuring regional social, ecological, and environmental security. However, recent research has rarely taken these benefits into consideration. Therefore, land use value has been greatly underestimated, which has resulted in mishandled and poor land use policies. In this study, we apply Landsat imagery and social and economic statistical data for the Xi'an metropolitan zone(XMZ) to investigate agricultural multi-functionality. We develop an evaluation framework for urban agricultural land use efficiency and identify agro-ecosystem services and functions as important outputs from agricultural land. The land use efficiency of urban agriculture is then evaluated using ecosystem services models, providing a mechanism for assessing spatial-temporal changes in land use efficiency in the XMZ from 1999 to 2015. Four important conclusions are reached from this analysis. First, the rapid urbanization and agricultural transformation from traditional cereal cultivation to modern urban agriculture has resulted in steadily increasing costs, outputs, and land use efficiency of urban agriculture. The total output value increased 41% and land use efficiency per hectare increased by 33.13% on average. Second, the spatial patterns of comprehensive output and land use efficiency were dominated by economic outputs from agricultural land. Areas near cities, which are dominated by orchard and arable land, providemore economic functions. These areas support and regulate services due to the transformation from extensive cereal production to intensive modern urban agriculture; therefore, they have higher output value and land use efficiency. In contrast, areas distant from cities, towns, and high traffic roads, namely, remote rural areas, provide more support and regulating services, but have relatively lower economic function due to inaccessibility to urban markets and slow agricultural transformation. Therefore, these areas have lower output value and land use efficiency. The spatial change in agricultural output and land use efficiency in urban areas is strongly dependent on the degree of urbanization and agricultural transformation. Third, the total output value and land use efficiency of urban agriculture measured with our approach are much higher than evaluations using traditional methods. However, the spatial patterns measured using the two approaches are in agreement. The evaluation framework integrates ecological services and economic and social functions into a comprehensive output from agricultural land. This approach is more methodical and accurate for evaluating the comprehensive efficiency of land use based on quantities and spatial scale because they are at the pixel scale. Finally, the evaluation results have important implications for enhancing current agricultural subsidies and even implementing ecological payment policies in China. Most importantly, they can be directly applied to agricultural transformation regulations, decision-making, and guidance for rational land utilization.     

基于LP-MCDM-CA模型的土地利用结构优化研究——以天水市为例

土地利用类型数量在地域空间上的优化配置是实现土地可持续利用,提高土地聚集效应和保持土地生态系统平衡的重要途径.针对当前土地利用优化配置模型存在的不足,构建了基于多目标线性规划与元胞自动机的土地利用优化配置模型(MCDM-CA),在定义邻域规则、转换规则和土地适宜性评价的基础上,开展了基于经济效益、生态效益最大化的土地利用空间配置,实现了土地资源数量结构优化与空间布局优化的统一;并运用该模型对天水市土地利用结构优化进行了实证研究.研究表明,该模型兼顾到区域宏观水平上的土地利用数量结构与局部尺度上的土地利用适宜性,能够较好地同时模拟不同土地利用类型以及不同人类决策情景下的土地利用效果.本研究可为解决土地利用规划中的资源优化配置关键问题提供新的技术方法.     

土地利用变化及其区域生态环境响应:以中国江苏省为例（英文）

以中国江苏省为例,利用1985、2008年的两期遥感影像解译获取的土地利用变化数据,按照"三生"土地利用主导功能分类,通过空间热/冷点布局的分析、区域生态环境质量指数、土地利用变化类型生态贡献率和完全分解法,定量研究近30年来江苏省土地利用变化特征及其苏南、苏中、苏北三大区域生态环境响应规律。研究表明:1)1985–2008年间江苏省土地利用变化主要表现为生产用地面积的减少,生态用地、生活用地面积的增加,苏南土地利用变化最为剧烈。2)1985年–2008苏南、苏中地区农业生产功能不断弱化,苏北的工矿生产功能比较优势明显,苏南城镇生活服务功能不断增加,苏北农村生活服务功能在弱化。3)1985–2008年间江苏省及其三大区域生态环境质量均稍有下降。苏南地区对全省生态环境变化的贡献率来的最大,苏中贡献率最小。苏南、苏中地区生态环境质量恶化主要是因为土地利用变化的驱动因子是城乡建设用地规模增加。苏北地区生态环境质量恶化主要是因为土地开发整理。三大区域农业生产用地(耕地)转换为水域生态用地(水库坑塘)是区域生态环境改善的主要因素。     

土地利用与生态文明：实证研究（英文）

生态文明建设的目标是实现人与自然的和谐共生。国土是生态文明建设的空间载体。土地利用的方式或行为反映土地资源集约节约利用水平,导致不同的生态环境效应,从而影响区域生态文明建设水平。本专辑"土地利用与生态文明"通过优选14篇代表性论文,从土地利用效率、土地生态演化、土地多功能权衡、土地生态系统服务和土地生态风险等方面,探讨了生态文明视域下的土地利用管理理论和方法,为形成生态文明的土地利用方式、行为和制度体系提供了实践参考。本专辑研究层次多样,文献覆盖村庄、县域、省域等多级研究尺度,山地、平原和丘陵等多种地貌类型,以及华东、华中、西北、长江经济带和日本等国内外土地利用典型地区;研究方法前沿实用,包括文献研究法、分形理论、定性比较分析、VAR模型、计量经济学方法等多学科研究方法;研究主题鲜明,聚焦当前土地利用过程中的热点话题与突出问题,对土地生态效率、空间行为特征、土地利用结构优化、生态风险评价等土地利用热点问题进行了深入探讨,其中既有对耕地撂荒、土地利用风险等当前迫切的土地利用问题的文献梳理与述评,也尝试对农村景观和生态系统的多功能进行权衡与协同分析,为破解生态文明视域下的土地利用问题提供了理论与实证依据。本专辑从现实与理念等全方面、多层次地反映了以生态文明理念指导土地利用的现实迫切性,并从方法和研究框架等方面提供了理论指导与技术支撑。最后,提出了未来生态文明视域下土地利用研究领域需重点关注的五大热点方向:土地利用结构的生态化管理、土地利用过程的生态演化机理、土地生态利用模式、土地生态安全格局预警与调控、土地利用行为的生态化管控。     

基于能值的环境核算——蒙古可持续发展分析（英文）

An emergy-based environmental accounting of Mongolia is presented based on the data from 1995 to 2012.By calculating natural and economic inputs and a series of emergy indicators,this paper discusses Mongolia’s resource use structure,economic situation,trade status and societal sustainability.The results show that the total emergy use for Mongolia changed from 2.83×10~(22) sej in 1995 to 4.96×10~(22) sej in 2012,representing a 75% increase over the 18 years of this study,yet its emergy per capita remains one of the lowest in the world(1.74×10~(16) sej/capita).The emergy money ratio(EMR)of Mongolia during 1995–2012 decreased from 1.99×10~(13) sej/USD to 7.75×10~(12) sej/USD,which indicates that the power of a dollar for purchasing real wealth in Mongolia was declining,while the relatively high absolute values compared to its trading partners and even the world average EMR suggests that Mongolia is continuing a trade disadvantage.Mongolia’s emergy exchange ratio is increasingly less than one to the point that in 2012 the ratio was 0.3 suggesting that the exported emergy was over 3.3 times greater than the imported emergy.The growing dependence on imports and the dramatic increase in exports suggests that Mongolia’s economy is increasingly vulnerable to downturns in the world economy.     

基于游客视角的乡村旅游资源评价研究——以兰州市为例（英文）

乡村旅游已成为中国旅游的发展热点,但对乡村旅游资源的评价尚未有充分的认识。本文以兰州市为例,通过问卷星和实地发放两种形式收回有效问卷574份,从资源价值、环境因素和接待条件3个维度构建包含文化性等25个评价因子的评价指标体系,采用层次分析法和模糊认知度综合评价法对乡村旅游资源开展了综合评估。结论如下：一是乡村旅游资源评价更加注重接待条件。游客更加注重接待条件设施,接待条件价值占比更多的集中在8–10分,占比61.4%,高于环境要素的分值占比58.87%和资源本身价值（54.26%）。二是游客对乡村旅游资源的关注度主要集中在愉悦性（0.1152）、游线设计（0.1014）、体验性（0.0765）、观赏性（0.0747）等方面。三是游客对乡村旅游资源认知度主要集中在自然性（4508）、环境安全（4469）、愉悦性（4387）、食宿条件（4367）、游线设计（4363）等方面。四是乡村旅游资源的认知基本上以6–9分为主,环境因素的10分分值占比最高,但游客对乡村旅游资源的科普性和教育性的期望较高,导致获得感较低。通过对乡村旅游所在地环境资源的自然性、接待条件的环境安全和外部交通以及资源价值的...     

土地利用和气候变化对森林生态系统地上生物量的影响模拟——以江西省泰和县为例（英文）

Global and regional environmental changes such as land use and climate change have significantly integrated and interactive effects on forest. These integrated effects will undoubtedly alter the distribution, function and succession processes of forest ecosystems. In order to adapt to these changes, it is necessary to understand their individual and integrated effects. In this study, we proposed a framework by using coupling models to gain a better understanding of the complex ecological processes. We combined an agent-based model for land use and land cover change(ABM/LUCC), an ecosystem process model(PnET-Ⅱ), and a forest dynamic landscape model(LANDIS-Ⅱ) to simulate the change of forest aboveground biomass(AGB) which was driven by land use and climate change factors for the period of 2010–2050 in Taihe County of southern China, where subtropical coniferous plantations dominate. We conducted a series of land use and climate change scenarios to compare the differences in forest AGB. The results show that:(1) land use, including town expansion, deforestation and forest conversion and climate change are likely to influence forest AGB in the near future in Taihe County.(2) Though climate change will make a good contribution to an increase in forest AGB, land use change can result in a rapid decrease in the forest AGB and play a vital role in the integrated simulation. The forest AGB under the integrated scenario decreased by 53.7%(RCP2.6 + land use), 57.2%(RCP4.5 + land use), and 56.9%(RCP8.5 + land use) by 2050, which is in comparison to the results under separate RCPs without land use disturbance.(3) The framework can offer a coupled method to better understand the complex and interactive ecological processes, which may provide some supports for adapting to land use and climate change, improving and optimizing plantation structure and function,and developing measures for sustainable forest management.     

基于NSGA-Ⅱ的土地利用数量结构优化研究——以舟山市定海区为例

土地利用的数量结构优化问题是个典型的多目标优化问题。文章通过引入带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ),构建基于NSGA-Ⅱ的土地利用数量结构优化模型。在参考Kanpur遗传算法实验室提供的NSGA-Ⅱ源代码的基础上,利用C/C⁺⁺语言进行程序的二次开发,获得土地利用数量结构优化的一系列Pareto解,并组成Pareto解集。最后,通过权重来近似地表达决策意愿,通过计算综合效益,来实现各种决策意愿下的方案择优决策。研究结果表明该模型能较好地解决土地利用的数量结构优化问题。     

基于灰色线性规划的土地利用结构优化——以云南省澜沧县为例

土地利用结构优化是编制土地利用总体规划的基础和核心。以云南省澜沧县为例,分析该县2000年土地利用结构和社会经济结构状况,以最优化理论为指导思想,运用灰色线性规划方法,结合其未来社会经济发展的需求和有关控制指标,优化该县2015年土地利用结构,为全县土地资源的合理开发利用,获取最佳的社会、经济和生态效益提供“定量”的参考,最终促进区域社会经济又好又快发展。     

基于能值的绿洲农业可持续发展情景分析——以新疆伊宁县为例(英文)

如何协调干旱区生态环境保护与绿洲农业生态化发展之间的关系,避免绿洲系统的荒漠化,是实现绿洲人地系统可持续发展过程中亟待解决的关键问题。本文以伊宁县为例,利用能值分析和相图理论,深入分析了温带干旱区绿洲农业生产系统的时序演化状况与发展趋势,进而提出了相应的调控措施。研究结论如下:(1)1989–2008年,伊宁县绿洲农业生态系统的能值总投入和总产出均呈持续增长趋势。(2)基于能值指标的可持续性分析表明,目前伊宁县农业生产系统仍处于可持续发展的状态,但可持续发展指数ESI呈现出波动下降的趋势;(3)基于相图理论的可持续线情景分析表明,F导向模式和N导向模式均有其局限性,在伊宁县农业生产系统今后的发展中,应采取R导向模式。即保持系统中当地不可更新资源利用比率的基本稳定,使得经济反馈能值的使用比率和本地不可更新资源的使用比率同步减少,籍此提高当地可更新资源对农产品生产的贡献率,保证系统的可持续发展。