基于Web服务的分布式WebGIS设计与应用

分布式W ebGIS是目前GIS领域研究的重点,对于实现空间信息共享和GIS互操作具有重要的意义。传统上,用于构建分布式W ebGIS的分布式对象技术主要有对象管理集团(OMG)的COBRA、微软的COM/DCOM和Sun的J2EE/EJB。然而,由于这些分布式对象技术往往要求服务使用者和提供者之间必须进行紧密耦合,因此无法适应基于Internet计算要求的松散性。鉴于以上不足,这里提出了一种基于W eb服务构建分布式W ebGIS的新方法,并设计出了基于W eb服务的分布式W ebGIS系统结构框架。论文结合应用研究项目,示例了基于.NET平台实现分布式W ebGIS应用系统的过程。实践证明,基于W eb服务建立的分布式W ebGIS系统具有稳定性、可扩展性和部署灵活等优点。     

基于组件体系结构的地质GIS应用系统开发研究

组件技术和面向对象技术是现代GIS软件的发展趋势之一。提出应用基于COM的组件技术开发地质领域GIS应用系统。该系统建立在组件式GIS通用平台上，用构造COM对象的方法建立扩展的地质空间数据模型，各种处理、分析和解释的地质研究模型和可视化系统均以组件形式集成到系统中，并直接处理各种地质对象，以突破传统的以地图为处理基础的空间处理方式，提高地质空间分析和处理能力。     

基于组件式GIS技术的地下水信息系统的设计与实现

本文对基于组件式GIS的地下水资源信息系统的总体规划与设计、系统功能特点进行丁分析。系统基于组件技术，不依赖任何商业地理信息平台，将通用地理信息系统功能与专业应用功能无缝有机集成为一体。所设计的系统，充分利用GIS信息技术的空间分析功能，对地下水资源的利用进行合理的分析评价和决策，在使用中取得了良好的效果。     

基于分布式光纤测试技术的大直径嵌岩桩承载性能研究

采用分布式光纤传感技术对赫章特大桥195 m主墩下的大直径嵌岩桩承载特性进行了系统的研究分析。首先采用室内模型试验验证了光纤技术在桩基测试中应用的可行性;然后通过现场埋设和施工过程中的数据采集、整理与分析,系统研究了大直径嵌岩桩的承载特性及其荷载传递机制;依托工程的实测变形量进一步证明了光纤测试技术的可行性和正确性。基于全分布式光纤传感技术的研究结果对大直径嵌岩桩理论及其工程应用具有参考价值,同时对光纤测试技术在桩基测试中的应用具有借鉴作用。     

利用组件式GIS开发地质矿产数据库

给出了地理信息系统的几种开发模式，重点介绍了目前越来越受到人们重视的组件式GIS（ComGIS)的特点，对建立在对象链接与嵌入技术基础上的OCX控件MapX的特性及功能作一简单概括，并通过具体的应用－－用MapX开发基于GIS的地质矿产数据库，来揭示组件式GIS应用在数据库中的一般方法。     

基于MapObjects的数据组织方式改进的研究的探讨

分析了ESRI的组件式GIS产品MapObjects组织和管理空间数据的方法，对其在多图层，多专题，分布式存储的空间数据的管理中所遇到的问题和不足进行了探讨，提出了一种解决思路。同时建立了一种改进的模型并给出了相应的算法，在实际的应用中取得了较好的效果。     

ERP发展趋势探析

目前,在世界500强企业中,企业资源计划(Enterprise Resource Planning,简称ERP)的应用非常普遍,ERP管理理念的体现也非常充分,ERP软件数据的积累和分析为公司的远景规划提供了强有力的支持。     

运用GIS技术研制石化管线管理系统

石化企业中运输各类原料和产品的管道种类繁多、空间关系复杂、安全管理要求高，因而需要应用GIS技术对石化管线实施信息化管理，于是研制了一个专门用于大型石化企业的管线管理系统。该系统在MAPGIS上开发，运用层次化的数据模型，包括图库管理、管网输入编辑、管网维护、WEB发布、辅助设计等多个子系统，采用了三维空间数据分析、虚拟现实、基于ASP和组件的管线信息WEB发布、断面图自动实时生成等新技术。该系统已在上海石化安装运行，并被证明稳定可靠。同时还介绍了系统的数据模型和总体结构、关键技术及应用前景。     

基于DOFS的水位变化下土质边坡模型稳定性试验研究

作为实现分布式监测技术(DOFS)的重要手段,光纤感测技术近年来得到了迅速的发展。这一技术在地质灾害和岩土工程监测领域有着巨大的应用潜力。本文基于布里渊光时域分析(BOTDA)和布喇格光栅(FBG)两种感测技术,设计了土质边坡稳定性分布式监测室内模型。通过模型试验,重点研究了水位变化作用下土质边坡内部应力分布以及边坡的破坏过程,根据FBG与BOTDA的应变数据,对土质边坡稳定性进行了评价,验证了BOTDA和FBG分布式光纤感测技术应用于土质边坡变形监测的可行性。研究成果对于光纤分布式感测技术的应用研发和在多场作用下的土质边坡稳定性分析具有重要的意义。     

基于COM的河道数字地形系统开发：长江镇扬河段河道地理信息系统

介绍了COM技术及组件在系统开发中的工作原理，并以长江镇扬河段河道地理信息系统的设计与实现为例，阐述了组件技术在GIS中的应用实践。     

Eroding battlefields: Land degradation in Java reconsidered

Land degradation has been a major political issue in Java for decades. Its causes have generally been framed by narratives focussing on farmers’ unsustainable cultivation practices. This paper causally links land degradation with struggles over natural resources in Central Java. It presents a case study that was part of a research project combining remote sensing and political ecology to explore land use/cover change and its drivers in the catchment of the Segara Anakan lagoon. Historically rooted land conflicts have turned the land into a political battlefield, with soil erosion being the direct outcome of the political struggles. Starting from an analysis of environmental changes using satellite images and historical maps, the research explored a history of violent displacements in the frame of a series of brutal insurgencies and counterinsurgencies in the 1950/60s. In these struggles over national political power, entire villages were erased, and peasants’ land was appropriated by the state. This political history is ‘inscribed’ in today’s landscape. The contested land comprises some of the most erosion-prone sites in the entire catchment of the lagoon. The landscape of erosion is a landscape of conflict and a symbol of historical violence and injustice. In line with our research in other parts of the catchment, the case study presented here challenges dominant political discourses about the nature of upland degradation in Java. It provides insight into still unresolved and underexplored chapters of Indonesian history and presents a strong plea for combining land use change science and (historical) political ecology.     

Deforestation,information and citations

The paper comments on the deforestation orthodoxy in Ethiopia; the process through which information is constructed and spread. A fairly comprehensive search in literature does not reveal the origin of the figure 40%, a value frequently describing the forest cover at the turn of the century both in highland Ethiopia and in Ethiopia as a whole. Compared with the present forest cover, it suggests a severe deforestation taking place in Ethiopia. The bias towards emphasising enclosures, terracing and tree-planting as a strategy to counteract environmental degradation processes in the Highlands of Ethiopia most likely stems from the available data on deforestation rates. These alarming figures are reproduced indiscriminately in many reports and papers without referring to their origins or to methodologies through which the data is obtained. The paper finally presents a study on changes in woody plant cover based on aerial photo interpretation. The study area around Debre Sina in North Shäwa Province shows a distinct increase in tree/bush cover between 1957–86. The location of the study area may however indicate that results from local studies not necessarily are applicable to wider areas in the Highlands.The author wants to express his gratitude to the Ethiopia Research Programme (ERP) at the University of Trondheim for accommodating this study and to the Centre for Environment and Development for financial support. Thanks to Svein Ege and Dr. Harald Aspen at ERP for various inputs and comments, and to Dr. Axel Baudouin at the Department of Geography, University of Trondheim for encouragement at the GIS laboratory. Thanks also to Adam Biran at UCL for commenting on a first draft. The study was made possible through a grant from The Norwegian Research Council for Social Sciences and the Humanities (NAVF). From the same project has been published: Wøien, H.: Woody plant cover and farming compound distribution on the Mafud escarpment, Ethiopia. An aerial photo interpretation of changes 1957–1986. Working Paper on Ethiopian Development No. 9: August 1995. The publication presents an extended version of the case study.     

基于Java Applet的Internet地图服务平台设计

论述了网络环境下建立地图服务平台的设计思路与结构设计,在此基础上对矢量地图数据基本流程做了详细的论述,其中主要包括数据获取、数据压缩、数据传输、数据表达与空间查询等.基于Java语言,从底层实现了基于Socket协议连接的服务器端与客户端地图数据的组织、传输与数据可视化表达,实现了网络地图发布平台.主要讨论了Java环境下具体地图服务平台设计.     

基于波前构建的射线追踪:一种Java实现

针对波前构建法射线追踪在实现过程中存在的困难和问题,提出了一种基于Java语言的实现方案。与常规的Fortran实现方案相比,Java实现避免了由射线插值和网格变换所带来的额外数据重排及数据点反复标记问题。因此,在计算过程中可以随时对数据点进行插入操作而不用考虑再定位问题。鉴于在关于波前构建法的文献中很少涉及算法和计算流程的设计问题,首先对波前构建法的基本方程、数值计算方案、计算流程及具体算法进行了简要的回顾和讨论,然后讨论了Java类和Java函数设计。我们的经验和数值计算结果表明,用Java语言实现的波前构建过程能够降低编程工作的难度、提高射线追踪的计算效率并且为今后的跨平台开发提供良好的基础。     

The Pemali Formation of Central Java and equivalents: Indicators of sedimentation on an active plate margin

The Pemali Formation is revised from being the oldest known sedimentary unit in north Central Java to being almost the youngest. This, and a new examination of its composition, has implications for regional geological models and petroleum geology. The Pemali Formation was originally interpreted as “early Miocene” but is now shown to be latest Miocene through Pliocene in age, and characterised by both very high rates of sedimentation and a particularly high degree of reworking. The mid-Late Miocene tectonic event that initiated deposition of this formation created a new series of basins that were filled by erosion of new structural highs. Continuing constriction of the basins resulted in the uplift of older Pemali sediments on the basin margins, being reworked into the youngest Pemali strata.Neither the Pemali Formation nor the associated uplift and erosion are seen in the basins in the Java Sea a short distance to the north. Both the severe effects of the mid-Late Miocene tectonism and the Pemali-type sediments are restricted to a particular geologic zone, which is roughly the same as the modern island of Java. This may be above lithosphere of mixed terranes that forms a rim to the sialic Sunda Plate. The onshore Java area has a history of severe tectonism through the Tertiary and consequently a stratigraphy that greatly contrasts with that of the present-day Java Sea.The localised and thick Pemali deposition affected the burial history and the generation of hydrocarbons around the mid-Late Miocene basins, whilst the uplifted areas may include hydrocarbon traps. If basement composition influenced the location and thickness of the Pemali Formation then it is also likely to have fundamentally controlled deposition of older formations, including the unknown source rock for surface oil seeps. Likewise, these controls appear to contrast strongly with the better known rift-sag basins of the Java Sea.     

基于MapXtreme平台的WebGIS系统的设计与实现

阐述了具有代表性的W ebGIS平台MapX treme的基本体系结构及其瘦客户端、中等客户端和胖客户端三种实现策略,指出了选择MapX treme for Java作为地图服务器的优势。接下来详细说明了利用MapX treme for Java进行开发W ebGIS系统的关键技术,最后针对中等客户端实现策略,设计和开发了一个基于MapX treme for Java平台的光纤资源管理系统实例,并取得了良好的实际应用效果。     

Lahar hazard micro-zonation and risk assessment in Yogyakarta city, Indonesia

Yogyakarta urban area (500,000 inhab.) is located in Central Java on the fluvio-volcanic plain beside Merapi volcano, one of the most active of the world. Since the last eruption of Merapi in November 1994, the Code river, which goes across this city, is particularly threatened by lahars (volcanic debris flows). Until now, no accurate hazard map exists and no risk assessment has been done. Therefore, we drew a detailed hazard map (1/2,000 scale), based on morphometric surveys of the Code channel and on four scenarios of discharge. An additional risk assessment revealed that about 13,000 people live at risk along this river, and that the approximate value of likely loss is US $ 52 millions. However, the risk level varies between the urban suburbs. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Earthquake foci distribution in the Sunda Arc and the rotation of the backarc area

Earthquake foci suggest that the India plate has been underthrust in the Sunda Arc to depths increasing from little more than 200 km beneath central Sumatra to well over 600 km beneath the Java Sea. Geological differences between Sumatra and Java do not fully account for the anomaly. The explanation would appear to lie with an oblique India-Eurasia convergence caused by the rotation, relative to Eurasia, of the Sunda backarc area. Sinistral movements on several southeast-trending wrench faults in the region between Yunnan and Java appear to have been responsible. Backarc rotation also explains the pattern of Cenozoic volcanicity in Sumatra, and resolves controversy over the nature of the Andaman Basin, which may be interpreted as a rhombochasm forming behind a locally divergent plate margin.     

Rockfall susceptibility zoning based on back analysis of rockfall deposit inventory in Gunung Kelir,Java

A rockfall susceptibility based on trajectory-energy/velocity approach needs release area or rockfall source. However, identification of rockfall source is not always possible for some areas in Indonesia. This paper presents a rockfall susceptibility zoning based on back analysis technique of rockfall deposit inventory in Gunung Kelir, Java. There were several steps in the rockfall susceptibility zoning: (1) rockfall deposit inventory, (2) rockfall simulation based on back analysis of rockfall deposit inventory, (3) sensitivity analysis, and (4) rockfall susceptibility zoning. The result suggests that the travel distance is affected by the spatial distribution of rockfall source, lithology or surface material, and topography (angle of slope and angle of aspect). Final trajectories were employed to generate landslide susceptibility map which may allow a policy maker to have an advanced consideration to achieve specified risk measures and evaluation of their cost efficiency to optimize budget and design. Application of rockfall susceptibility zoning based on back analysis of rockfall deposits is efficient where rockfall source information is unavailable.     

WEB平台下地理信息系统的构造方法和模型

WEB平台下地理信息系统的主要构造方法有CGI法，服务器应用程序接口，插件，ActiveX控件，Java Applet法等。构造模型有B／S三层结构，基于中间件的B／S多层结构，交互操作，空间数据源的分步骤服务模型等。传统的GIS系统固有的封闭性决定了不同的GIS平台下的空间数据无法共享，选择成熟的构造方法和构造模型，建立WEB平台下的地理信息系统，通过WEB浏览器访问GIS空间数据库，实现真正的空间数据共享。