Changes of soil labile organic carbon in different land uses in Sanjiang Plain,Heilongjiang Province

In the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China,the natural wetland is undergoing a rapid conversion into agricultural land,which has resulted in drastic ecological changes in the region. To investigate the effects of different land uses on soil labile organic carbon,soils of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland,Carex lasiocarpa wetland,dry farmland,paddy field,forest land and abandoned cultivated land were collected for measuring the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC),dissolved organic carbon (DOC),readil...     

EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURE RECLAMATION ON THE HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN, CHINA

1 THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS The Sanjiang Plain is located in the northeast of Heilongjiang Province, China. Russia borders this region in the north and east. Its total area is 1.088×107ha. The area of plain occupies 61.21％of the total land area and that of hill and mountain amounts to 38.79％of the total land area. It is not only one of the most important regions with large area of fresh water wetlands and with varieties of rare migratory waterfowls, but a…     

Mercury distribution and accumulation in typical wetland ecosystems of Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Total mercury in soil,water,plant,insects,fishes and bird feathers were determined to study mercury distribution and accumulation in typical wetland ecosystems in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Results show that total mercury concentrations in soils of Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland and Carex lascarpa wetland are 0.046 mg/kg and 0.063 mg/kg,respectively.Total mercury concentration in water bodies is 0.053 μg/L on average.Of four plants studied,total mercury in moss is the highest with the mean of 0.132 mg/kg.Of 10 terrestrial insect species studied,total mercury in centipede(Scolopendra spp.) is the highest with the mean of 0.515 mg/kg while total mercury in grasshopper(Oxya spp.) bodies is the lowest.Total mercury concentrations in the herbivorous,omnivorous and predatory insects are 10.18 ng/g,16.47 ng/g and 213.35 ng/g on average,respectively.Total mercury concentrations of the adult feather(549.88 ± 63.04 ng/g),nestling feather(55.15 ± 23.53 ng/g),and eggshell(22.05 ± 5.96 ng/g) of the Grey heron(Ardea cinerea) are higher than those of the Great egret(Egretta alba)(adult feather:446.57 ± 90.89 ng/g;nestling feather:32.99 ± 17.15 ng/g;eggshell:21.02 ± 3.17 ng/g) in the wetlands of the Sanjiang Plain.The bioconcentration factors decrease in the order of piscivorous fish muscle > omnivorous fish muscle > herbivorous fish > insect.     

Regularity and estimation of methane emission from marshland in the Sanjiang Plain

ＲＥＧＵＬＡＲＩＴＹＡＮＤＥＳＴＩＭＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＭＥＴＨＡＮＥＥＭＩＳＳＩＯＮＦＲＯＭＭＡＲＳＨＬＡＮＤＩＮＴＨＥＳＡＮＪＩＡＮＧＰＬＡＩＮ①ＣｕｉＢａｏｓｈａｎ（崔保山）ＭａＸｕｅｈｕｉ（马学慧）ＣｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｇｒ...     

Regularity and estimation of methane emission from marshland in the Sanjiang Plain

The regularity of CH₄ emission from marshland in the Sanjiang Plain was studied by sampling in the open field and analyzing under laboratory condition, the annual emission amount is also estimated. By Grey Relatively Analysis we know that the soil temperature in the 10-cm depth of grass-root layer is close related with CH₄ emission. CH₄ emission has different kinds of diurnal emission modes:before-dawn maximum mode, night maximum mode and irregular fluctuation mode. The seasonal variation trend of CH₄ emission rates is going up steadily from May to August and dropping down from September, the maximum lies behind the maximum of temperature. CH₄ emission rates of different marshland types are different, the CH₄ emission rate of Glyceriaspiculosa — Carex marshland is always higher than that of Carex lasiocarpa marshland. The paper also studies the difference of CH₄ emission rates in different managing modes and analyzes the emission rates between China and U. S. A. The result shows: the average value of CH₄ emission rate is 17.26mg/(m²·h), the annual amount of CH₄ emission is about 0.75Tg. Supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China, and thank the Ecological Test Station of Mires and Wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain, the Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

近50年来富锦湿地景观遥感与GIS的时空动态分析

湿地是重要的自然资源,但是由于自然和人为影响,湿地正在大面积的萎缩,导致功能和效益下降,并危及到区域的持续发展。本文以三江平原挠力河流域富锦(市)作为研究区域,以RS、GIS和Fragstats为技术手段,分析了自1954年以来沼泽湿地的空间和时间退缩过程及其驱动力,重建了自1954年以来的土地利用/土地覆被变化过程。结果表明,湿地面积由1954年的519.917．96hm²下降到105.008hm²,由占总面积的61．27％下降到12．39％,仅是原来面积的17．74％;而耕地面积由223 173．54hm²增加到597 156．25hm²,由占总面积的25．31％增加到70．45％。同时指,出人类的农垦活动是富锦沼泽湿地面积退缩的主要原因。     

Value estimation of greenhouse gases exchange in wetland ecosystem of Sanjiang Plain, China

The objective of this study is to quantify the values of greenhouse gases (GHGs) exchange in carbon equivalents of marshes and paddy fields in the Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province, China. We obtained the GHGs exchange values based on comparable price by calculating the carbon sequestration values and the GHGs emission values of marshes and paddy fields respectively in four periods of 1982, 1995, 2000 and 2005. It is noted that the GHGs emission values are always negative. In this study, the marshes areas decreased from 1438977.0 to 775,132.2ha and the paddy fields areas increased from 417195.8 to 934205.0ha. The values of GHGs exchange of marshes varied from 135877.156×106 to 136882.534×106 yuan (RMB) and those of paddy fields varied from 1006.256×106 to 2767.645×106 yuan. The GHGs exchange values of marshes decreased from 1982 to 2005 on the whole, reversely, those of paddy fields increased, but those in 2005 were lower than those in 2000. In different periods, the GHGs exchange values were always higher in marshes than in paddy fields. The contribution rate of GHGs exchange values per unit area of marshes was also very high in different periods, and the maximum was up to 98.35% in 2005. As far as the whole wetland ecosystem (including marshes and paddy fields), assuming a linear change in GHGs exchange values, it represented a cumulative increase of 20926.757×106 yuan from 1982 to 2005. By adding GHGs exchange values increased during those four periods, we obtained a cumulative net increase values of GHGs exchange of wetland ecosystem of 18200.860×106 yuan. The results will be useful for understanding the indirect services provided by marshes and paddy fields.     

A STUDY ON MARSH EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

Ａ ＳＴＵＤＹ ＯＮ ＭＡＲＳＨ ＥＶＡＰＯＴＲＡＮＳＰＩＲＡＴＩＯＮ ＩＮ ＴＨＥ ＳＡＮＪＩＡＮＧ ＰＬＡＩＮＣｈｅｎＧａｎｇｑｉ（陈刚起）；ＬｕＸｉｎｎｇｕｏ（吕宪国）（ＣｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ｔｈｅＣｈｉｎ...     

Microhabitat effect on iron distribution and transfer in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carex pseudocuraica</Emphasis> in Sanjiang Plain Wetlands

Ten clonal units of Carex pseudocuraica growing in four different microhabitats (perennial flooded ditch water, perennial flooded ditch sediment, seasonal flooded ditch sediment and perennial flooded soil) of the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, were collected randomly for phenotypic plasticity analysis. Iron content, chemical and physical properties of substrates and the total Fe of nine plant modules were measured as well. The results show that the performance of the C. pseudocuraica is affected by the microhabitat, with the greatest performance score in perennial flooded ditch water, and the lowest in perennial flooded soil. The biomass allocation indexes indicate that much more mass is allocated to stems and roots to expand colonization area. The distribution of the total Fe in plant modules appears as pyramids from the tip to the root, while marked differences are observed in the distribution proportion of stems, tillering nodes and roots that are allometrically growing. Iron transfer from substrates to the plant is mainly controlled by the substrate type. The differences of iron distribution and transfer in the plant in different microhabitats are attributed to the iron contents of the substrates as well as the phenotypic plasticity of the plant.     

Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Tissue Nutrition and Biomass of Freshwater Wetland Plant in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

1 Introduction It has been reported that habitat nutrient availability frequently limited plant growth and determined species dominance and abundance in natural communities (Miao et al., 2000). Nutrient availability is also a main regulator of aquatic primary production. Human-induced nutrient enrichment results in die-back of native vegetation and alteration of species dominance in various aquatic eco- systems (Miao et al., 2000; Green and Galatowitsch, 2002). Particularly, nutrient enrichm…     

Response of regeneration diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carex Lasiocarpa</Emphasis> community to different water levels in Sanjiang Plain,China

The species diversity at the regeneration stage, inflenced by different water levels, is important for community composition in the later growing season. Regeneration diversity of Carex lasiocarpa community under different water levels was studied at two stages, recruitment and adult, in the Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that, at the two growing stages, important value of C. lasiocarpa population and species richness of the community decreased with the increasing water level, while the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes and Pielou evenness index increased. Under different water levels, community diversities were higher at the recruitment stage, while population important values of C. lasiocarpa were higher at the adult stage. Indexes in vegetation evaluation must be chosen prudentially for successful restoration and effective management of wetlands, and especially for wetland restoration, the optimal time should be selected according to the restoration objectives and costs.     

DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN TYPICAL WETLAND PLANTS IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

1INTRODUCTIONPlant canaccumulatemercuryfromair,soilandwa-ter.Theconcentrationofmercuryinplantisaffectedbythesource,form ofmercury andthephysiology ofplant.Theconcentrationsofinorganicmercuryandor-ganicmercuryinvariousplantsaredifferent,sotheenvironmentalexposureofmercuryandthebiotopeofplantscanbereflected bytheconcentrationofmer-curyinplants.Wetlandplaysanimportantroleinthetransportandcycleofmercury(DRISCOLLetal.,1994),andisanimportantsourceofmethylmercury ofsomelakesandrivers(STLOUI…     

三江平原挠力河上游流域水文过程及其驱动力模型研究

以三江平原挠力河上游流域为研究对象,选择年均流量和洪峰流量两个水文参变量,对流域降水、耕地面积和各水文参变量的统计回归分析,分别建立水文过程的单因素模型,用于分析气候变化、土地利用变化对水文过程的影响。在定量区分土地利用变化和气候变化的水文效应基础上,利用最小二乘法建立基于降雨量和耕地面积两种因素的流域水文过程驱动力模型。研究结果表明:(1)1956-1975年间降雨量对水文过程的影响非常显著,之后影响逐渐降低,总体上为气候模型对年均流量的模拟能力高于洪峰流量;(2)流域耕地面积,自1954年以来不断扩张,但未对水文过程产生显著影响,对洪峰流量的影响高于对年均径流的影响;(3)研究区的水文过程驱动力模型的模拟效果较好,相比单因素模型,年均流量和洪峰流量的模拟精度均得到较大提高,RMSE分别为0.5和1.04;对年均流量的模拟精度更高一些,决定性系数为0.933;(4)总体上,研究区水文过程受气候变化的影响程度高于土地利用变化,但土地利用变化对水文过程的影响不容忽视,尤其是对洪峰流量的影响呈增大趋势。     

Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Plant Functional Traits in Freshwater Wetland of Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

To clarify the responses of plant functional traits to nitrogen（N） enrichment, we investigated the whole-plant traits（plant height and aboveground biomass）, leaf morphological（specific leaf area（SLA） and leaf dry mass content（LDMC）） and chemical traits（leaf N concentration（LNC） and leaf phosphorus（P） concentration（LPC）） of Deyeuxia angustifolia and Glyceria spiculosa following seven consecutive years of N addition at four rates（0 g N/（m^2·yr）, 6 g N/（m^2·yr）, 12 g N/（m^2·yr） and 24 g N/（m^2·yr）） in a freshwater marsh in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results showed that, for both D. angustifolia and G. spiculosa, N addition generally increased plant height, leaf, stem and total aboveground biomass, but did not cause changes in SLA and LDMC. Moreover, increased N availability caused an increase in LNC, and did not affect LPC. Thus, N addition decreased leaf C∶N ratio, but caused an increase in leaf N∶P ratio, and did not affect leaf C∶P ratio. Our results suggest that, in the mid-term, elevated N loading does not alter leaf morphological traits, but causes substantial changes in whole-plant traits and leaf chemical traits in temperate freshwater wetlands. These may help to better understand the effects of N enrichment on plant functional traits and thus ecosystem structure and functioning in freshwater wetlands.     

Impacts of soil fauna on litter decomposition at different succession stages of wetland in Sanjiang Plain, China

Litter decomposition is the key process in nutrient recycling and energy flow. The present study examined the impacts of soil fauna on decomposition rates and nutrient fluxes at three succession stages of wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, China using different mesh litterbags. The results show that in each succession stage of wetland, soil fauna can obviously increase litter decomposition rates. The average contribution of whole soil fauna to litter mass loss was 35.35%. The more complex the soil fauna group, the more significant the role of soil fauna. The average loss of three types of litter in the 4mm mesh litterbags was 0.3–4.1 times that in 0.058mm ones. The decomposition function of soil fauna to litter mass changed with the wetland succession. The average contribution of soil fauna to litter loss firstly decreased from 34.96% (Carex lasiocapa) to 32.94% (Carex meyeriana), then increased to 38.16% (Calamagrostics angustifolia). The contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition rates vary according to the litter substrata, soil fauna communities and seasons. Significant effects were respectively found in August and July on C. angustifolia and C. lasiocapa, while in June and August on C. meyeriana. Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents and the C/N and C/P ratios of decaying litter can be influenced by soil fauna. At different wetland succession stages, the effects of soil fauna on nutrient elements also differ greatly, which shows the significant difference of influencing element types and degrees. Soil fauna communities strongly influenced the TC and TP concentrations of C. meyeriana litter, and TP content of C. lasiocapa. Our results indicate that soil fauna have important effects on litter decomposition and this influence will vary with the wetland succession and seasonal variation. Foundation item: Under the auspices of State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (No. 2009CB421103), Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40830535/D0101), Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-BR-16, KSCX2-YW-N-46-06)     

Simulation study on purification efficiency for nitrogen in different types of wetlands in Sanjiang Plain,China

The purification law of nitrogen in Deyeuxia angustifolia,Carex lasiocarpa and Deyeuxia angustifo-lia-Carex lasiocarpa combined wetland systems in the Sanjiang Plain,China was studied by field simulation experi-ment.The results indicate that the removal rates of TN,NH4+-N and NO3--N in above three types of wetlands present an obvious logarithm growth trend along with the time.There are evident removal effects for NH4+-N and NO3--N in water bodies of wetlands after the 30th day of experiment,with the removal rates over 80.0%,but the removal rate of TN is slightly low,being 63.1%-74.3%.NO3--N is most quickly removed by the combined wetland,and NH4+-N by Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland.The removal speeds of TN by the three wetland systems are comparatively slow,of which the Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland is the fastest.In consideration of plant growth season,Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland has much more practical application value in purifying nitrogen.These results can provide references for the study on the purification function of wetlands and the control of non-point source pollution in Northeast China.     

Dynamics of litter decomposition and seasonal dynamics of phosphorus in decomposed residua of Calamagrotis augustifolia in the wetland of the Sanjiang Plain

During the period of May to October in 1999, systematical studies were given to the rate of decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litter, the phosphorus content and weight in decomposed residua of litter, and phosphorus content in the corresponding soil in the Sanjiang Plain. At the same time, the simulation models were listed in the paper. The results showed that the rate of weight lost of decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litter is 29.80% and the maximum of daily rate of weight lost is 0.25%, which appeared in July. The change trend of phosphorus content and weight in the decomposed residua of litter is to reduce with the decomposing process, when it comes to the day of 157, the decrement amount of the both were respectively 57.69mg/kg and 1.6199mg, which were 72.80% and 76.30% of its previous amount. In addition, there is a polynomial minus correlationship of phosphorus content between the variation in corresponding soil and the decomposed residua of litter at the corresponding period. The study will be helpful to further understand the process and mechanism of biochemical cycling of nutrient elements in wetland ecosystems, in addition, it will also be helpful to the restoration and rebuilding of retrogressive wetlands and reasonable development and utilization of wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Fundation of China (No. 49771002), the Key B Items of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZ951-B1-201-3) and the Innovative Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-302). Boigraphy: WANG Shi-yan (1974 -), male, a native of Jinan City, Shandong Province, Ph. D. candidate of Changchun Institute of Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research interests include ecology of wetland environment and application of remote sensing and GIS.     

Evapotranspiration Estimation Based on MODIS Products and Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land （SEBAL） Model in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

In this study,the Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land(SEBAL) model and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) products from Terra satellite were combined with meteorological data to estimate evapotranspiration(ET) over the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Land cover/land use was classified by using a recursive partitioning and regression tree with MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) time series data,which were reconstructed based on the Savitzky-Golay filtering approach.The MODIS product Quality Assessment Science Data Sets(QA-SDS) was analyzed and all scenes with valid data covering more than 75% of the Sanjiang Plain were selected for the SEBAL modeling.This provided 12 overpasses during 184-day growing season from May 1st to October 31st,2006.Daily ET estimated by the SEBAL model was misestimaed at the range of-11.29% to 27.57% compared with that measured by Eddy Covariance system(10.52% on average).The validation results show that seasonal ET from the SEBAL model is comparable to that from ground observation within 8.86% of deviation.Our results reveal that the time series daily ET of different land cover/use increases from vegetation on-going until June or July and then decreases as vegetation senesced.Seasonal ET is lower in dry farmland(average(Ave):491 mm) and paddy field(Ave:522 mm) and increases in wetlands to more than 586 mm.As expected,higher seasonal ET values are observed for the Xingkai Lake in the southeastern part of the Sanjiang Plain(Ave:823 mm),broadleaf forest(Ave:666 mm) and mixed wood(Ave:622 mm) in the southern/western Sanjiang Plain.The ET estimation with SEBAL using MODIS products can provide decision support for operational water management issues.     

EFFECT OF ELECTRIC FERTILIZER ON SOIL PROPERTIES

Electric fertilizer, i. e. exerting electric field on plants during growing season instead of chemical fertilizer, is a kind of physical fertilizer, and the third kind of fertilizer with developmental prospect after inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer. For the purpose of studying the changes of physical and chemical properties of soil after exerting electric field, five treatments with different applications of chemical fertilizer were arranged on the black soil in Yushu City of Jilin Province by randomized block method, and electric field was exerted on plants every ten days during the growing season. Through sample analysis the paper arrives at following conclusions: 1) Exerting electric field can make soil‘s granular structure increase, bulk density decrease, moisture capacity increase,thus improving the perviousness of soil. 2) Exerting electric field can make microorganism‘s number increase and activity strengthen, thus activating nutrient and increasing organic matter content. 3) Exerting electric field with 0.1A medium has the best effect. So the chemical fertilizer can be saved. Therefore, we can say that the application of electric fertilizer is favorable for decreasing chemical poison, improving soil, relaxing the contradiction between the supply and demand of chemical fertilizer, and decreasing production cost of agriculture and forestry.     

松嫩平原西南部水域信息图谱分析

地学信息图谱综合了地学景观规律性、简洁性和数学模型的抽象性,它是现代空间技术与我国传统研究成果结合的产物,它可反演过去、预测未来。基于地学信息图谱原理与表达方法,采用遥感与地理信息系统技术,通过对松嫩平原西南部水域1979、2001年两期遥感数据,进行水域遥感信息图谱变化研究与图谱分析表达。研究表明,1979年松嫩平原西南部水体总面积为2018.22km²,2001年面积为1488.12km²,减少了530km²,水域变化的动态度为1.01%,主要影响因素是土地沙化、草地退化以及过度的人为开发造成的。通过多种景观指数图谱理论来表达水域的变化特点,反映水域要素的相关性和数量关系。利用遥感与地理信息系统相结合的方法,对松嫩平原西南部遥感水域信息,反演了研究区的水域动态变化。