A visual programming language for spatial modelling in GIS

An integration between a visual programming environment and GIS has been developed to create and run spatial models. The visual programming environment provides graphical objects to create flowchart-like models of spatial phenomena using GIS data. The integrated system is object-oriented and designed to lessen the technical burdens of GIS programming. The system capabilities are demonstrated using a hydrological model example, and the model execution speed is compared with an equivalent model implementation in a traditional raster-based modelling system.     

GIS, expert systems, and interoperability

Integrating a GIS has been a common way to combine the functionality of two or more systems for some time. A three-dimensional model of integration is described which shows the range of linkages that can be achieved. Extremely flexible and dynamic linkages between systems can now be created through the recent advances of client/server and object-oriented technology. An expert system shell is coupled with a GIS to create a generic spatial rule-based toolbox called SES (spatial expert shell). An expert system developer using this toolbox can transparently access spatial data and relationships from a GIS by linking application objects to spatial classes. These spatial classes include methods that format and send requests to the GIS server. Thus the linkage is determined at run-time allowing a flexible interwoven interaction between the expert system and the GIS.     

An open source GIS‐based Planning Support System: Application to the land use plan of La Troncal,Ecuador

Planning Support Systems (PSS) comprise a wide variety of geo‐technological tools related to GIS and spatial modeling aimed at addressing land planning processes. This article describes the OpenRules system, a PSS based on a previous system called RULES. Among OpenRules new features are its architecture, based exclusively on free and open source software, and its applicability to all land use types, including rural and urban uses. In addition, OpenRules incorporates an unlimited number of land evaluation factors and a new objective in land use spatial allocation. OpenRules has been programmed in Java and implemented as a module of the free GIS software gvSIG, with full integration between the GIS and the decision support tools. Decision support tools include multicriteria evaluation, multiobjective linear programming and heuristic techniques, which support three basic stages of land use planning processes, namely land suitability evaluation, land use area optimization and land use spatial allocation. The application of OpenRules to the region of La Troncal, Ecuador, demonstrates its capability to generate alternative and coherent solutions through a scientific and justified procedure at low cost in terms of time and resources.     

一种参数化建筑物三维建模方法

针对传统的建筑物建模方法需要大量人机交互操作,建模过程复杂和成本高的问题,该文提出一种参数化建筑物三维建模方法。首先,以高分辨率遥感影像和建筑物立面影像作为数据源,在遥感和GIS软件平台的支持下,提取建筑物的底面边界、高度、楼层数、层高和屋顶类型等空间数据和属性数据,并将其保存至GIS空间数据库。其次,提出基于拉伸、拆分、添加结构面过程的建筑物主体结构建模方案,并设计了模型自动生成算法。进一步,采用Ruby面向对象语言,通过调用SketchUp平台的应用程序接口函数,结合编程实现了建筑物的自动化建模。最后,开发了建筑物参数化建模插件。实际建模实验成果表明:该方法能够显著降低建模人员劳动强度,提高建模效率。     

Coupling land use allocation models with raster GIS

As geographic information systems (GIS) have moved from information storage and retrieval operations towards more decision support functions, there is a need for more integration of spatial analytical modules that can assist in locational decisions. This paper presents a methodology for coupling land use allocation models with a raster GIS. For raster systems, the integration of any decision module has been limited by the size of raster datasets that may contain hundreds of thousands of pixels. Therefore, decision heuristics have been used rather than exact methods such as mathematical programming models. For the problem of land use allocation, the special structure of the generalized assignment problem is used here to handle large scale datasets. The advantage of the mathematical programming approach is the additional information associated with the dual variables and opportunity costs that can be used in subsequent sensitivity analyses. Received: 7 April 1998/Accepted: 2 October 1998     

Spatial analysis software testing tool based on object-oriented techniques

Object-oriented (OO) programming and system design have become the scalable methodology for large-scale enterprise and technology system designs. Spatial and geographic information system (GIS)-based systems are not exempt from this trend and have widely adopted object-oriented methodology. Testing strategies for systems developed with OO technologies need to be carefully evaluated. Specific features of OO technologies such as information hiding and close tying of data structures with class structures and the natural peculiarities of the spatial data require revisiting of test strategies for spatial applications built on OO technology. This article focuses on object-oriented testing trends and the development of associated tools in the GIS industry.     

跨平台开源桌面GIS软件的设计与实现

GIS软件开源可有效促进GIS软件技术的发展,这也是GIS技术发展的趋势之一。目前,国内还没有跨平台的专业桌面GIS开源软件。本文研究并实现了跨平台的开源桌面GIS软件-SuperMap iDesktop Cross,采用C++语言实现了GIS功能内核,同时基于OSGi框架,采用Java语言实现了用户界面开发。该软件具备数据管理、数据处理、三维可视化、空间分析等GIS功能,同时提供应用程序编程接口（API）,支持定制开发。这将使专业桌面GIS软件广泛应用于包括Linux在内的更广泛的操作系统,使更多的人参与到GIS软件技术的发展中来,共同推动国产GIS软件技术的发展。     

使用Python函数式编程进行空间回归分析

针对使用传统的编程方式进行空间回归分析过于繁杂的问题,本文提出将Python函数式编程引入空间回归分析方法,分析和探讨脚本语言＋函数式编程方式在GIS数据分析中的推广应用前景。编程实践证明,采用Python函数式编程,结合既有的开源软件包,可以有效提高编程效率,减少代码量,将实践人员的注意力集中在问题本身。     

Arc_Mat: a Matlab-based spatial data analysis toolbox

This article presents an overview of Arc_Mat, a Matlab-based spatial data analysis software package whose source code has been placed in the public domain. An earlier version of the Arc_Mat toolbox was developed to extract map polygon and database information from ESRI shapefiles and provide high quality mapping in the Matlab software environment. We discuss revisions to the toolbox that: utilize enhanced computing and graphing capabilities of more recent versions of Matlab, restructure the toolbox with object-oriented programming features, and provide more comprehensive functions for spatial data analysis. The Arc_Mat toolbox functionality includes basic choropleth mapping; exploratory spatial data analysis that provides exploratory views of spatial data through various graphs, for example, histogram, Moran scatterplot, three-dimensional scatterplot, density distribution plot, and parallel coordinate plots; and more formal spatial data modeling that draws on the extensive Spatial Econometrics Toolbox functions. A brief review of the design aspects of the revised Arc_Mat is described, and we provide some illustrative examples that highlight representative uses of the toolbox. Finally, we discuss programming with and customizing the Arc_Mat toolbox functionalities.     

事件驱动的城市公共交通时空数据模型研究

以模型驱动架构为理论基础,以事件驱动的方法进行面向对象的时空数据建模研究,建立城市公共交通领域的概念模型、静态结构模型、动态行为模型和时态行为模型,并结合软件模型实现时空数据面向对象的组织与操作。事件驱动的面向对象时空数据模型实现了关系数据库和对象关系型GIS平台下面向对象的数据建模,扩展空间对象的动态行为与时态行为特征,实现对复杂空间对象的操作并保证了其空间关系及时态一致性。本研究为行业空间数据建模提供理论和方法上的参考,通过在广州市公共交通规划管理地理信息系统中的应用对模型的实用性进行验证。     

GML空间数据库系统研究

长期以来,由于GIS数据模型的差异所导致诸多问题一直得不到很好地解决,迫切需要新的数据模型来构建新的空间数据库;大量GML空间数据的涌现,迫切需要研究其存储管理问题。另一方面,传统数据库技术并不适合GML空间数据的存储管理,本原XML数据库技术为GML空间数据的存储管理奠定了一定的基础。在这种环境下,本文从本原XML数据库的角度,对GML空间数据存储问题进行了研究。首先,分析了GML空间数据的特征和存储管理方式,然后,提出了本原GML空间数据库的体系结构。针对GML空间数据的特点,提出了GML空间数据的存储粒度和存储的逻辑模型;最后,在开放源代码数据库Ozone的基础上,实现了本原GML空间数据库的原型系统。     

Development of a GIS data model with spatial,temporal and attribute components based on object-oriented approach

This paper presents a conceptual data model, the STA-model, for handling spatial, temporal and attribute aspects of objects in GIS. The model is developed on the basis of object-oriented modeling approach. This model includes two major parts: (a) modeling the signal objects by STA-object elements, and (b) modeling relationships between STA-objects. As an example, the STA-model is applied for modeling land cover change data with spatial, temporal and attribute components.     

Development of a GIS data model with spatial, temporal and attribute components based on object-oriented approach

1 lntroductionA Mraphical object normal1y poSSeSSes threecomPOnents: spatiaI, temporal and attribute asPeCts.The first comPOnent describes the spatial extent ofan object, such as the boundary of a Iand parcel.The second describes timesrelated information, fOrinstance, the beginning and end time of a land Par-cel. The third describes the attribute characteristicsof obects, fOr example, the type of land cover.These three comPOnents constitute a complete im-age of an object.In most of the…     

An integrated data model in three dimensional GIS

The current GIS can only deal with 2-D or 2.5-D information on the earth surface. A new 3-D data structure and data model need to be designed for the 3-D GIS. This paper analyzes diverse 3-D spatial phenomena from mine to geology and their complicated relations, and proposes several new kinds of spatial objects including cross-section, column body and digital surface model to represent some special spatial phenomena like tunnels and irregular surfaces of an ore body. An integrated data structure including vector, raster and object-oriented data models is used to represent various 3-D spatial objects and their relations. The integrated data structure and object-oriented data model can be used as bases to design and realize a 3-D geographic information system.     

基于特征的时空数据模型用于地籍变更的探讨

传统的基于专题地理分层的GIS数据模型在数据组织 ,数据共享及复杂的空间分析方面存在明显的不足 ,认为发展新一代的基于特征的时空模型成为必然。本文结合实践中地籍变更的特点 ,提出了基于特征变化状态的时空数据模型。该模型保持了地理现象的完整性 ,实现了时空专题信息的有机集成 ,有利于发展复杂的面向目标的定向分析。     

结合空间分析的面向对象无人机影像土地利用分类

利用高分辨遥感影像进行土地利用分类,为农村土地利用动态监测及土地综合整治快速地提供基础地理空间数据。以高分辨无人机影像为数据源,研究利用面向对象多尺度分割技术结合GIS空间分析对影像进行土地利用分类。根据对象内同质性高、对象间异质性高的准则,引入加权局部方差与空间自相关指数构建全局最优分割非监督评价指数,然后利用最邻近分类器对影像进行分类。实验结果表明,该方法减少人工目视确定最优分割尺度的主观性,能够避免某些地物不能被有效归类的现象,在单一尺度下获得较高的分类精度。     

遥感影像面向对象信息提取技术在GIS土地管理中的应用

本文主要研究通过高分辨率遥感影像和eCognition软件,利用面向对象信息提取技术来获取村庄尺度土地利用类型空间数据的技术方法。本项研究中的实验区主要地物包括麦田、旱作物、荒地、苗圃、道路、水体、建设用地和树木等类型。通过设置不同的分割参数并目视判定待识别地类的轮廓分割效果,获取适用于村庄尺度土地利用类型分类的最优分割参数,并通过分类精度对比说明面向对象信息提取相对于传统分类方法的巨大优势。     

面向对象的GIS结构设计

本文提出了一种以地理实体为中心加空间数据结构模型－面向对象的ＧＩＳ结构模型。在此基础上，讨论了利用规范关系存贮ＧＩＳ中的各种基本数据，以及用ＮＦ２（Ｎｏｎ－ＦｉｒｓｔＮｏｒｍａｌ－Ｆｏｒｍ）的嵌套结构描述和构造面向对象的几何数据，从而实现了面向对象的ＧＩＳ结构设计与管理，提高了ＧＩＳ系统的生命力，简化了系统的开发进程。     

土地管理空间数据知识与规则体系框架研究

通过对空间数据知识的介绍和规则归类,研究土地管理空间数据知识与规则体系框架模型,为解决土地管理空间数据的共享、应用探索可行途径。借鉴知识工程的基于领域知识解决数据共享、软件重用等问题的理论与方法,采取比较研究的方法,对比研究GIS一般领域和土地管理领域的知识与规则的相关理论。提出新的空间数据分类方法以及空间数据知识和规则体系的一般框架和挖掘路线,建立一个新的土地管理空间知识体系框架。     

MapGIS在县(市)级土地利用总体规划中的应用研究

提出了运用MapGIS软件建立县(市)级土地利用总体规划图的一种方法,研究了对传统数据资料特别是白纸图和CAD格式的图形资料向GIS格式进行转换的方式、方法和要注意的问题。探讨了CAD图元与GIS图元在数据转换中的对应关系,解决了CAD图形与GIS数据在县级土地利用信息化建设中的共享问题。