洪湖日本沼虾的种群繁殖生物学

１９９４年５月至１９９５年６月对洪湖日本沼虾的种群繁殖生物学进行了研究。洪湖日本沼虾的繁殖期为４月中旬至１０月上旬,５月中旬至８月中旬为日本沼虾的繁殖高峰期,其中６月、８月雌虾抱卵率均在７０％以上;日本 虾群体中雄性总是少于雌性,月性比（♀／♂）变化于１．１０４－５．７８０之间,３－６月性比逐渐增高,７－１０月性比则逐渐降低;在整个繁殖期,４－７月的抱卵是均为前一年出生的大、中规格的个体,之后当年     

西江广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)繁殖生物学及繁殖策略

探究鱼类繁殖策略是了解鱼类种群动态的关键.通过对珠江西江流域重要的经济鱼类广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)生殖周期、产卵时间、成熟期长度、生殖力类型和生殖力等方面进行研究,阐明在人类活动日益加强下,西江广东鲂的繁殖策略适应性变化情况.研究表明,广东鲂个体平均体长245 mm,优势体长集中在260~280 mm,平均体重347 g,优势体重集中在320~480 g.用L 50逻辑斯谛回归方法推算广东鲂雌鱼和雄鱼初次性成熟体长分别为244.5和232.2 mm.雌雄性比例为1.105∶1,且随着体长增加,雌雄性比呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势.广东鲂繁殖群体在产卵季节为48月,产卵高峰为6月初持续到7月上旬,产卵季节内广东鲂鱼苗的密度与径流量显著相关.广东鲂绝对繁殖力平均为73069粒,相对繁殖力平均为118.7粒/g,绝对繁殖力与体长和体重均呈正相关.广东鲂繁殖群体性腺成熟系数与性腺重、肥满度以及体重密切相关.广东鲂种群繁殖策略在人类活动加剧影响下呈现出适应性变化:初次性成熟体长变小,绝对繁殖力下降.     

洪湖日本沼虾种群生长的研究

１９９４年５月至１９９５年６月对洪河日本沼虾种群的生长进行了研究。日本沼虾群体的平均体长,平均体重在３－６月逐渐增大,之后逐渐降低,分别在８月,９日达到最小值,其后又逐渐增大反映出世代交替的过程。日本沼虾群体的生长存在明显的阶段性,第一阶段的生长可以用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ生长模式来描述：（♂）Ｌｔ＝６．８５（１＋ｅ＾０．３１８６－０．２３８６ｔ）,Ｗｔ＝７．５０／（１＋ｅ＾２．３８４５－０．３２５０ｔ     

大水面日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)资源人工增殖

挑选受精卵颜色呈褐色或接近褐色的抱卵虾,放入网箱多点布局孵化,直接放流孵出幼体是大水面日本沼虾资源增殖的有效方法.2001年,采用此法对湖北省阳新县网湖日水沼虾进行增殖,其产量从增殖前(2000年)的10000kg上升至35000kg,取得显著增殖效果,进箱孵化的抱卵数量(N,kg)可用计划生产量(Y,kg),总回捕率(R)及个体平均体重(W,g/ind)计算:N≥Y·(1000·R·W)-1.     

青虾生长规律与群体组成的研究

报道了上海川沙县孙桥河道青虾的生长呈明显的阶段性,如雄虾的第一阶段（1990年6—11月）的生长方程为L_t=3.38[1-e~(-0.4943(t+0.1674)];第二阶段（1991年2—6月）的生长方程为L_t=6.57/(1+e~(2.1805-0.2787t);它们的拐点分别为2.07月龄和11.97月龄。渔获群体分析结果表明,月龄为0-15月,体长范围为1.30—6.58cm,体重范围为0.060—13.39g;一年出现两个群体,其中夏季群体生活期从当年7月至翌年10月,数量大,占群体数量80％以上;秋季群体生活期从当年9月至翌年12月,约占群体数量20％左右。群体中一般雄虾数量多于雌虾数量,月性比(?)在0.61—1.35之间变动。     

湖北武湖日本沼虾的生长特性

从1998年9月至1999年9月对人工养殖湖泊——武湖日本沼虾生长特性作了研究. 以月龄来研究日本沼虾的生长,研究结果表明日本沼虾在7-1月份(1-7月龄)呈等速生长,在2-6月份(8-12月龄)呈异速生长.日本沼虾体重(W)与体长(L)呈幂函数相关,但在7-1月份时其b值接近于3,而在2-6月份时其b值明显小于3,其关系式如下: 1-7月龄:W♂=0. 0148L3. 2419(r=0. 9978,n=390),W♀=0. 0206L3. 0117(r=0. 9968,n=372); 8-12月龄:W♂=0. 0857L2. 1788(r=0.9854,n=188),W♀=0. 1450L1. 8165(r=0. 9974,n=278). 1-7月龄雄虾的生长规律符合Von Bertalanffy方程,雌虾的生长规律符合Logistic方程;8-12月龄雌雄虾的生长规律都符合Logistic方程.     

水丰水库亚洲公鱼和大银鱼种群生态的比较研究

1998年 10月至 2 0 0 0年 11月对水丰水库亚洲公鱼和大银鱼的食性、生长、繁殖、群体结构进行了比较研究 .亚洲公鱼为杂食性鱼类但主要以浮游动物为食 ,繁殖时还摄食同类卵 ,出现频率达 4 2 .9% ,在冬季也摄食大银鱼卵 (2 .8% ) ;体长 (L)、体重 (W)呈异速生长 (W =1.176×10 - 6 L3.5555) ;群体繁殖速度比 1984年以前提高了 4 9.2 % ;群体结构中体长、体重的离散度很小 .大银鱼前期主要以浮游动物为食 ,后期以小鱼小虾为主要食物 ,也捕食公鱼 ,出现频率 6 .9% -9 6 % ;体长、体重呈等速生长 ,W =4 .4 82× 10 - 6 L3.0 0 0 9;群体繁殖速度高出公鱼 1.18倍 ;群体结构中体长、体重的离散度较大 ,表现出了个体间的差异性     

汉江流域黑竹冲河圆顶华溪蟹(Sinopotamon teritisum)的周年生产量及其营养基础

大型底栖动物群落在河流生态系统中发挥着重要作用,2003年6月至2004年6月间对汉江流域2级河流——黑竹冲河大型底栖动物优势种类的生活史和生产力进行为期一周年的研究．结果表明：主要优势种圆顶华溪蟹（Sinopotamon teritisum Dai et al．）生活史周期基本为四年,每年8—10月为主要繁殖季节,衰老个体（体宽〉29mm）在每年的1—2月份死亡较多;现存量在一周年中变化较大,密度9月份达到峰值,为35ind／m^2,生物量在6月达到峰值,为41．7g／m^2;采用体长频率分布法（size—frequency method）测算的周年生产量为151,3071g／（m^2．a）,P／B系数为1．4．在其胃内含物中,无形态碎屑占45．4％,虾占10．9％、水生昆虫占35．6％、螺占5．7％、植物组织占8．1％,对次级生产量的贡献率分别10.84％、18．21％、59．49％、9．52％和1．94％．     

内蒙古乌梁素海叶绿素a浓度时空分布及其与氮、磷浓度关系

采用2005-2007年乌梁素海监测数据,对乌梁素海水体中叶绿素a浓度的时空分布进行分析,并对叶绿素a浓度与总氮、总磷浓度相关关系进行研究,结果表明:乌梁素海叶绿素a浓度具有明显的时空分布特征,在时间上,5月份>7、8月份>10月份>9月份>6月份,可以看出5月份、10月份叶绿素a浓度偏高,其原因是乌梁素海特殊的地域性,补水来源主要为河套灌区的农田退水,5月份、10月份正处于春浇秋灌时期,农田退水携带充足的氮磷元素进入乌梁素海,使藻类迅速增长繁殖;在空间上,北部区>南部区.通过分析得出,2006年叶绿素a与氮、磷浓度的相关关系在5月、10月存在明显的相关性,8月份相关性较小,其他月份无明显相关性.     

2003年云南大姚6.2级地震预测及其科学依据

通过对2003年7月21日云南大姚6．2级地震前，2001年10月至2003年6月云南出现的613d无M≥5．0地震的罕见平静、2003年2～6月出现的显著能量预释放过程、2002年9月至2003年6月M≥4．0地震深度分布异常，2003年5～6月水汞群体异常及2002年2月至2003年6月形成的强震孕震区的深入分析和研究，给出了云南大姚6．2级地震三要素预测的具体方法和实际预测过程。探讨这一强震前的认识过程对于未来地震预测有一定的参考价值。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.