2018年9月丹东连续两次风雹天气的多尺度对比分析

利用高空、地面等常规气象资料和多普勒雷达等气象观测资料,以及NCEP再分析资料,对丹东2018年9月连续出现的两次风雹天气进行对比分析,探讨和总结两次风雹天气过程形成、维持、发展成因的异同。结果表明：中低层切变线、强垂直风切变和辐合抬升有利于风雹天气的发生。高空冷空气的入侵方式和强度、低空急流建立、环境垂直风切变强度对风雹天气剧烈程度有重要影响。两次风雹天气过程分别为东北冷涡型和高空冷槽型,9月6日横槽转竖引导冷空气快速移动并且后方还有冷涡后部的冷空气不断补充,配合850 hPa西南急流带来充沛水汽,使得6日风雹天气现象较3日更加剧烈;两次风雹天气过程在多普勒雷达回波上的特征明显。9月3日的风雹过程由多单体线对流风暴在东移过程中逐渐演变成弓形回波,在径向速度图上有明显的逆风区;9月6日的风雹过程沿地面辐合线激发多个超级单体呈现列车效应移动,径向速度图上出现了速度模糊,有较高的垂直累积液态水含量（Vertical Integrated Liquid water content,VIL）。     

长江中下游地区的低空急流与暴雨

对１９７９年至１９８８年５￣９月中国东部地区出现的低空急流进行了天气气候统计，得出了有关低空急流的月分布，日变化，地理分布以及低空急流与天气系统的关系和低空急流与暴雨的关系，这些结论对了解低空急流发生发展规律及制作暴雨天气预报具有理论和实用意义。     

低空急流述评

本文对两类低空急流的特征和差别做了叙述,一类是边界层内低空急流,另一类是边界层以上的天气尺度偏南风低空急流。然后,讨论了天气尺度偏南风低空急流中强烈超地转风的产生原因。     

与低空急流相伴的暴雨天气诊断研究

对江淮流域8例与低空急流相伴的大暴雨天气过程进行了热力学、动力学特征分析。结果表明:从散度方程的计算看,在低空急流的左前侧有较强的辐合增强区,有利于该地区出现强暴雨天气。条件对称不稳定通常与α中尺度雨带的发展有关。本文发现当条件对称不稳定区与低空急流的加强相联系时,有利于湿位涡的发展,对该地区强天气的发生有利。最后就各种物理量诊断的综合分析,提出未来暴雨天气的落区预报方法。     

关于低空急流

对低空急流的研究,近年来在我国颇为盛行,在《气象》上也发表过不少有关低空急流与暴雨的关系的文章。但究竟什么是低空急流,尚有讨论的必要。不可否认,在某些情况下我国的低空急流确实存在。而且在一定条件下,低空急流与暴雨天气息息相关。我总觉得,有些天气概念在泛用。一部分文章将低空     

阿勒泰地区一次特大暴雪天气分析

对１９９６年１２月２６～３０日阿勒泰地区特大暴雪天气的分析表明,高空急流耦合的次级环流的加强了暴雪区的上升运动,低空急流为暴雪天气输送和集中了充分的水汽,深厚的上升运动和较强的位势不稳定是暴雪天气产生的动力学条件。     

一次天气尺度低空湿急流的分析

低空急流对暴雨和其他一些重要天气的明显作用已为广大气象工作者所认识,关于低空急流的成因,国内外气象学者也进行了许多卓有成效的研究工作,“六十年代初期韦克斯勒把恰尼等人用于洋流的惯性边界层理论应用于大气,成功地解释了一些大尺度低空急流的形成;日本的气象工作者认为,中尺度低空急流是高空动量通过对流下传的结果;近年来我国气象专家着重指出,低空急流的发展是与高空急流结合在一起的。本文试从天气动力学的基本理论出发,结合具体个例研究天气尺度低空湿急流的主要物理特征和成因。     

一次黄河气旋暴雨大尺度高低空急流影响的数值试验

通过１９８７年８月２６日一次黄河气旋暴雨的数值试验，研究高，低空气流和强对流暴雨以及高，低空急流间的相互作用。指出：这是一次在有利的中尺度条件下，低空急流诱发的中尺度扰动不断发展，引起次天气尺度黄河气旋的发生，发展，从而产生暴雨的过程。通过减弱高，低空急流的试验，指出：低空急流是产生中尺度扰动和次天气尺度黄河气旋的必要条件，高空急流为气旋的产生提供了必要的环境场。同时高，低空急流相互作用，低空急流     

春季滇南大风冰雹天气的大尺度环境特征

从环流场、湿度锋区、高低空急流以及动能涡散场等几个方面分析了１９９７年春季云南南部多风雹天气的环境场条件,对南支槽、低层湿度梯度的变化、风场急流和垂直运动、以及涡散场动能的转换等与风雹天气的关系有了更深入的认识,一些分析结论可供预报参考。     

一次全区暴雨中的风廓线雷达特征

利用唐山风廓线雷达提供的风场资料、自动站的1h降水和多普勒天气雷达资料,详细分析了2008年7月15日唐山暴雨天气过程。结果表明：此次暴雨的发生与高低空急流的加强和向下扩展相对应;强降雨发生前西南急流迅速向下传,引发低空东南急流的加强,低空急流的强度与强降水有较好的对应关系,特别是300m超低空急流;低空急流指数增大的程度和降水量的强度存在正相关关系,低空急流指数不仅可以说明低空急流的脉动,而且向地面扩展程度与中小尺度的强降水存在密切的关系,同时对强降水的出现以及雨强的大小有一定的预示作用;低空急流的加强、减弱与雷达回波强度的强、弱有较好的对应关系。     

长江流域一次大暴雨过程的低空急流形成和影响机制分析

利用WRF模式对2016年6月30日—7月6日长江流域的一次大暴雨天气过程中的低空急流进行数值模拟,在成功模拟低空急流基础上,分析此次急流过程中可能的影响机制;同时对地形高度进行敏感性试验,分析地形因素对此次低空急流可能的影响。(1)此次低空急流发生时,东侧为西太平洋副热带高压,西侧则为西南涡。这种“东高西低”的高低压配置为低空急流的形成与发展提供了有利的背景场。(2)高空急流和低空急流的耦合作用是低空急流发展的一个重要背景条件。(3)垂直方向高空动量不断下传为低空系统的发展提供了动力支持,是低空急流发生的一个重要条件。(4)逆温和垂直风切变之间的正反馈机制是低空急流形成与加强的因素之一。(5)山体在急流生成及发展过程中对气流有摩擦和阻挡作用,这种阻挡作用随着山体地形高度的增加而有所加强,同时山脉的走向会改变原始的风向,使得急流前端超前或滞后。青藏高原有强背风波效应,它的绕流和挤压作用会使得低空气流表现为狭长的带状,使动量更加聚集从而风速增加形成低空急流。      

十堰一次强对流天气雷达回波特征

利用十堰714C天气雷达回波资料,结合其它天气资料,分析了2004年7月6日发生在十堰境内的强对流天气过程。结果表明,这次强对流天气是在有利的大尺度天气形势下产生的,局地环境CAPE指数大,水平风的垂直切变较强。强降雹由多单体强风暴造成,回波强度强,高度较高,顶部有旁瓣假回波,低层存在弱回波区（WER）。雹云移动明显右偏于高空风,属右移风暴,以右后侧和右前侧传播方式发展。强降雹由后一种传播方式造成,初始回波从半空生成,云顶高度较高,强中心位于云体中上层。     

Characteristics of nocturnal low-level jets over Ulsan airport

We analyzed wind profiler data collected over Ulsan airport during the period from 2008 to 2009 to examine the characteristics of low level jets (LLJs). The Ulsan airport is located within the narrow valley with north-south axis. The frequency analysis results indicates that the nearly 19% of the total nocturnal periods have the presence of jets and LLJ occurrence rate is high in winter (32%) and low in summer (10%). The mode in the wind speed histogram is 4?C6 m s^?1. A majority of jet occurs below 100 m (about 77.8 m) above ground. The predominant wind direction of jet is northerly. In order to examine the favorable conditions for LLJ formation of Ulsan airport, we investigated temperature difference between valley and plain at the surface and synoptic wind direction and speed at 850 hPa. Our results show that air temperature in the valley is lower than over the plain during the nighttime, indicating the existence of thermal forcing for along-valley wind. Under a significant temperature difference along the valley, westerly wind speed at 850 hPa is slightly weaker on LLJs event night than no event night, indicating weaker north-south large-scale pressure gradient on LLJ event night. The magnitude of northerly wind at 850 hPa is much stronger on event night than no event night, implying higher downward transfer of northerly wind on event night. Our findings suggest that jet formation over Ulsan airport is related to the strong northerly wind at 850 hPa in the presence of thermal forcing due to temperature contrast between valley and plain.     

江苏沿江地区一次强冰雹天气的中尺度特征分析

利用常规气象资料、卫星、多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达等资料,对发生在江苏沿江地区一次强冰雹天气形势背景、环境热动力条件、强冰雹发生前地区环境场变化、超级单体雷达回波中尺度特征等进行了详细分析。结果表明:(1)在东北冷涡槽后干冷气流影响下,中高层干冷、低层暖湿的不稳定层结,高低空急流以及地面辐合系统的配置为此次强对流天气的产生提供了有利热动力条件;高CAPE值、逆温层、低层适当水汽条件及较强的深层垂直风切变有利于强冰雹天气的发生。(2)利用多普勒天气雷达、风廓线仪数据反演垂直分布的物理量场(平均散度、平均垂直速度、相对风暴螺旋度、垂直风切变)能够反映本站上空环境场的快速变化情况:强对流系统移入本站前雷达站上空逐渐调整为低层辐合、中高层辐散的风场配置结构,螺旋度和垂直风切变数值逐渐增加,表明环境场有利于强对流系统的维持发展。(3)强降雹超级单体除具有三体散射现象、入流缺口等雷达回波中尺度特征外,持久深厚的中气旋存在造成了显著的有界弱回波区和高悬垂强回波区。应用双多普勒雷达风场反演技术揭示了超级单体内部环流结构:低层气旋性旋转,中层旋转加强,高层风场辐散。超级单体内部涡旋特征的出现和维持有利于支撑空中大冰雹的增长。     

典型超级单体风暴过程分析

利用郑州７１４ＣＤ多普勒天气雷达观测资料,结合有关地面要素资料和郑州探空资料,对１９９８年９月４日一次典型超级单体造成的冰雹大风和短时强降水过程进行分析探讨,揭示了强对流天气雷达回波强度场和多普勒速度场的典型特征,为强对流天气的监测、识别、临近预报和人工消雹提供参考。     

江西“4·12”降雹过程的多普勒雷达资料分析

通过分析江西省2003年4月12日降雹天气过程中,强对流天气发生前后的CINRAD-SA多普勒雷达资料的演变特征,归纳出强对流天气过程的相关特征,提出强对流天气临近预报的几个着眼点和指标.发现应用弓状回波、TBSS、“逆风区”、低层中尺度辐合线、垂直积分液态水含量（VIL）及冰雹指数的变化能有效地指导灾害性天气临近预报,并有一定的提前量.     

The Summertime Great Plains Low Level Jet And The Effect of Its Origin On Moisture Transport

Radiosonde data from six stations in Kansas and Oklahoma for the period of June 16–24, 1993 indicate that a low-level jet (LLJ) occurred almost every day except on the 20th. Major characteristics of these LLJs are documented in this paper. The maximum wind speed (the jet speed) varied from 13 to 32 m s^-1 and heights ranged from 167 to 910 m. All the jets were southerly except the one on June 19 which changed its direction dramatically from a southerly to a northerly direction in about three hours although its intensity did not change appreciably. Thermal stability of the boundary layer during these LLJ occurrences ranged from near-neutral to highly stable. All the low-level jets exhibited significant diurnal variations. Analyses show that relatively weak large-scale forcing existed for the LLJs on June 21 and June 22, while strong forcing was present on other days. Analyses also show that moisture transport by the LLJ from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Plains depends on the location of the LLJ origin. In the two weeks of June 13–19 and 20–26, 1993, powerful storms swept through the central United States, accompanied by tornadoes, strong wind, large hail and heavy rainfall. The analyses indicate that these weather events could be a result of the interactions of the LLJs with synoptic-scale flow.     

基于多普勒测风激光雷达的低空急流观测研究

基于相干多普勒测风激光雷达于2018年8月在山东德州获取的为期一个月的风廓线观测数据,进行了低空急流的判定、识别与统计分析。参考BONNER对低空急流的判定标准,对1 500 m高度以下的每10 min平均风廓线数据进行低空急流识别与统计,急流发生频率仅为3.6%。参考张世丰对低空急流的判定标准,统计了350 m高度以下10 min平均风廓线的低空急流风速、高度、风向及风切变等结构特征。急流发生频率为24.9%,急流速度主要介于6～10 m·s-1之间,急流高度出现3个峰值,分别位于110 m、160 m和220 m左右,急流风向主要为偏东风和偏南风。结果表明,多普勒激光雷达可以获取高时空分辨率的风廓线数据,进而可以有效检测低空急流结构的存在及其特征。     

Climatic features of the south-westerly low-level jet over southeast china and its association with precipitation over east China

The major features of the south-westerly low-level jet (LLJ) in the lower troposphere over Southeast China and its climatic impacts are investigated by using FNL reanalysis data and observational precipitation data. Results show that LLJ mainly occurs in spring and summer and the occurrence frequency of LLJ over southeast China has significant diurnal cycle, most LLJ occur in the nighttime (0200 LST and 0800 LST). The high nocturnal occurrence frequency of LLJ is mainly resulting from increased nocturnal ageostrophic wind. Research on the climatic impacts of large-scale conditions depicts that, the occurrence of LLJ in April mainly results from the northward shifting of western pacific subtropical high (WPSH), and the occurrence of LLJ in July results from the strengthening of detouring flow around Tibetan Plateau. Analysis of the climatic effects of LLJ on precipitation distribution in 3 rainy seasons over Southeast China indicates that the rainfall events with strong intensity correspond to strong LLJs. The LLJ affects the precipitation over Southeast China by transporting water vapor and triggering upward motion. Rainfall regions well corresponds to the regions of the moisture convergence and strong upward motion triggered by LLJ. Negative wind divergence anomalies at 850 hPa and positive wind divergence anomalies at 200 hPa over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley strengthen the upward motion over this region, which are conductive to produce more precipitation over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley.     

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF TYPHOON POLLY(No.9216)*

We partition the observed wind field into rotational and divergent wind fields to analyze the stream field of Typhoon Polly(No.9216),which landed on 31 August 1992 and caused severe weather and large damage in the eastern China.The results indicate that the preservation of typhoon intensity after landing and the heavy rainfall took place onthe northern periphery of typho on are due to the strong divergent winds on the regions of low level jet(LLJ) and high level jet(HLJ) around the typhoon.The direction of divergent winds in the LLJ is perpendicular to the observed wind.But,the direction of divergent winds around the HLJ axis is parallel to the observed winds.The stream function and the rotational wind corresponding to the horizontal vorticity display the vertical circulation associated with the heavy rain,which is stronger than the vertical circulation around the typhoon center.The three-dimensional trajectories exhibit the warm and moist air parcels of LLJ traveling northward into the heavy rainfall region and ascending,then turning eastward in the HLJ.