黏土地基中能量桩力学特性数值分析

能量桩是将地源热泵系统中的换热管埋置在桩体内部,桩同时起到承载和换热的作用,是一种新型的基础型式。为了合理分析黏土地基中能量桩的力学特性,需要了解能量桩运行过程中桩和地基土的温度响应,并考虑温度变化对土体力学性能的影响。基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立了能量桩传热分析三维有限元模型,把能量桩的传热简化为换热管内液体与管壁之间的对流传热、桩体中的热传导和地基中的热传导,将计算结果与常规理论和实测数据进行了对比验证。对热力耦合边界面本构模型进行了二次开发,通过算例验证了模型对土体压缩和剪切性状温度效应的模拟能力。利用所提出的能量桩传热分析方法和热边界面模型,考虑不同的桩顶工作荷载水平,对正常固结黏土地基中能量桩单桩的长期性能进行了研究,分析了温度循环对桩顶沉降、桩侧摩阻力和桩身轴力的影响。结果表明,工作荷载越高,温度循环次数越多,桩顶累积沉降越大。     

静钻根植能源桩承载特性模型试验研究

为了研究静钻根植能源桩在热?力耦合作用下的承载特性,采用自行设计模型试验系统,测试模型桩在黏?砂双层地基中的热力响应。试验结果表明：桩体温度沿深度变化并不均匀,对桩周土的温度影响半径为3倍桩径;3次冷热循环后桩顶和桩周土表面均产生累积沉降,在桩顶荷载达到单桩极限承载力的25%时,桩顶累积沉降达到桩径的3.12‰,是桩顶无荷载情况下的1.77倍;模型桩附加温度应力沿深度分布均表现为中间大两端小,位移变化零点（附加温度应力最大处）随着桩顶荷载增大（约束增强）而上移,桩顶荷载较小时降温引起桩身局部产生拉应力。因此,静钻根植能源桩的承载特性与温度变化条件、桩顶荷载大小和桩端约束条件密切相关,在工程设计中需要综合考虑以确保运行安全性。     

单桩复合地基静载荷试验系统的设计与应用研究

复合地基是通过褥垫层的调整作用,充分发挥桩间土的承载作用,使桩土共同承担荷载的地基。基于复合地基的实际工况,设计了一种单桩复合地基静载荷试验系统,既体现了褥垫层的调整作用,又可测得复合地基中桩体、桩问土、复合地基的荷载与其相应的沉降,同时可得出复合地基受力过程中桩土荷载分配过程与桩土应力比,提示了复合地基工作机理。通过工程实例测试,探讨了复合地基的工作机制,为复合地基的科研、设计与检测提供了依据。     

堆载对既有桥墩桩基础影响距离分析

软土地基对外部环境的变化非常敏感,附近堆载对高速铁路既有桥墩基础可能产生重大影响,必须加以控制。以某高速铁路典型桥墩为例,建立三维有限元模型,分析了实际情况下堆载对桥墩变位的影响,其结果与实测数据吻合良好;然后变化堆载与桥墩之间的距离,详细地分析了不同距离下堆载对桥墩群桩基础的内力和变位的影响。结果表明:堆载与既有桥墩的距离越远,堆载对桥墩桩基础的内力和变位的影响越小。当堆载距离d小于软土层厚度h的4倍时,随d/h的增加,桥墩水平变位下降迅速;当d/h＞4时,随d/h的增加,桥墩水平变位下降缓慢。堆载与桥墩之间的控制距离取决于堆载规模、软土厚度和埋深、桥梁上部结构正常工作条件下所能容许的最大水平变位。     

不同平衡堆载条件下桩基承载特性的原位试验研究

沿海吹填围垦地区土质较差,淤泥软弱土层较厚,在后期填土作用下土体会产生很大的固结沉降。后期不同堆载填土方式对桥梁基础影响较大,可降低基桩承载力,同时平衡堆载主要增加基桩的沉降,而不平衡堆载则对基桩水平位移影响较大。结合台州湾大桥工程建设,选取3根基桩进行了平衡堆载（围载）试验,另外,选取了3根基桩进行了不平衡堆载试验,研究不同堆载条件下对桩基承载特性的影响。现场试验结果表明,平衡堆载条件下主要引起桩侧产生负摩阻力,堆载高度达到4 m,堆载面积为24 m×16 m时,负摩阻力总和达到2 687 kN左右,中性点深度约为29.5 m,约为0.36倍桩长,且负摩阻力的发展是随时间而变化的;不平衡堆载条件下主要产生土拱效应,使桩基产生较大的水平位移,试验中不平衡堆载对吹填区的影响主要在距离地面20 m范围之内,土中最大水平位移出现在距离地面4～5 m左右位置,而桩身最大水平位移出现在桩顶。     

Cyclic and seismic response of single piles in improved and unimproved soft clays

Presented in this paper are results of two centrifuge tests on single piles installed in unimproved and improved soft clay (a total of 14 piles), with the relative pile–soil stiffness values varying nearly two orders of magnitude, and subjected to cyclic lateral loading and seismic loading. This research was motivated by the need for better understanding of lateral load behavior of piles in soft clays that are improved using cement deep soil mixing (CDSM). Cyclic test results showed that improving the ground around a pile foundation using CDSM is an effective way to improve the lateral load behavior of that foundation. Depending on the extent of ground improvement, elastic lateral stiffness and ultimate resistance of a pile foundation in improved soil increased by 2–8 times and 4–5 times, respectively, from those of a pile in the unimproved soil. While maximum bending moments and shear forces within piles in unimproved soil occurred at larger depths, those in improved soil occurred at much shallower depths and within the improved zone. The seismic tests revealed that, in general, ground improvement around a pile is an effective method to reduce accelerations and dynamic lateral displacements during earthquakes, provided that the ground is improved at least to a size of 13D × 13D × 9D (length × width × depth), where D is the outside diameter of the pile, for the pile–soil systems tested in this study. The smallest ground improvement used in these tests (9D × 9D × 6D), however, proved ineffective in improving the seismic behavior of the piles. The ground improvement around a pile reduces the fundamental period of the pile–soil system, and therefore, the improved system may produce larger pile top accelerations and/or displacements than the unimproved system depending on the frequency content of the earthquake motion.     

高速铁路CFG桩复合地基柔性载荷试验研究

高速铁路建设的迅速发展及高速铁路对路基沉降的严格要求,CFG桩在高速铁路路基的处理上得到大量运用。但铁路工程对路基的作用原理与工民建工程对地基的作用原理有本质的区别,工民建房屋建筑荷载通过基础对地基施加刚性荷载,而铁路路基直接承受上部路堤的自重和列车运行产生的柔性荷载。高速铁路CFG桩复合地基的设计都是根据工民建行业的设计理论进行,其试验结果必然与实际情况存在偏差。本文着手研究适合于高速铁路复合地基的柔性载荷试验方法,模拟高速铁路柔性加载的特性,通过数值分析对比了刚性荷载和柔性载荷作用下CFG桩复合地基的桩、土应力、位移分布情况;通过现场载荷试验对设计方案进行了验证,研究了高速铁路CFG桩复合地基的承载力特性,结果证明柔性载荷试验是可行的,能合理的模拟高速铁路CFG桩复合地基承载特性,可为柔性基础下CFG桩复合地基的设计提供基础。     

不同成桩工艺条件下冻结粉土中基桩承载性状试验研究

桩基础作为冻土工程中最适宜的基础形式,主要采用插入桩、静压桩和灌注桩三种桩型,因其成桩工艺不同对冻土地基及桩基自身造成的差异不一。为研究不同成桩工艺对冻土地基及基桩承载性状的影响,通过开展室内-1.5 ℃条件下单桩静载模型试验,分析在冻结粉土中不同成桩工艺对地温场、桩基极限承载力、桩身轴力以及桩侧摩阻（冻结力）的影响规律。试验结果表明：灌注桩对桩周地温场扰动剧烈,桩侧温度较高,地温变化幅度大。随着桩周土体的回冻,地温逐步降低,其中灌注桩桩侧降温速率最大;在承载力方面,2根灌注桩的极限承载力约为12.8 kN,静压桩为11.6 kN,插入桩极限承载力最小,仅为钻孔灌注桩的2/3。并对比4种不同成桩工艺的基桩在不同荷载条件下对应的沉降量,体现出成桩工艺对基桩沉降造成的差异性;随着桩顶荷载的逐级增加,桩侧摩阻（冻结力）和桩端阻力逐渐发挥作用,桩身上部1/3由于温度较低,致使桩侧摩阻（冻结力）较大,在10 cm深度附近温度最低,使桩侧摩阻（冻结力）达到最大值;并对比4种不同成桩工艺的基桩在荷载5.6 kN下轴力沿桩身的传递情况,发现静压桩更易把荷载传递到冻土区深层地基。     

Study of thermal migration and induced mechanical effects in double U-tube energy piles

This paper investigates two geothermal energy piles using thermal response tests (TRTs). A set of parameters including pile wall temperature, ground temperature and strain are monitored at four different depths. The thermally induced mechanical behavior of the energy piles are then analyzed based on the monitoring data.The results show the following: (1) The temperature at the pile wall clearly varies throughout the heating and cooling cycle, and the ground temperature distribution shows a delay compared to the TRT stages. (2) The thermally induced mechanical effects are influenced by both the temperature and restraint conditions.     

CFG复合桩在软弱地基处理中的应用

某工程采用CFG复合桩对软弱地基土进行处理,持力层为粉质粘土,设计单桩承载力标准值180kPa,复合地基承载力标准不低于220kPa,采用沉管法施工。成桩后进行桩间土的力学性质测试发现,施工前后桩问土的强度没有提高,土的挤密度不明显;运用单桩静力载荷试验分析发现,I区的l号桩发生刺入破坏,单桩承载力标准值按比例荷载计算为105kPa,远低于理论预估值,Ⅱ区单桩承载力标准值按比例荷载计算为185kPa,与设计值相近。用单桩动测试分析发现原因是由于桩间土的差异及施工桩身的施工质量问题所致。     

秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩承载性状试验研究

为了研究软岩地基桥桩的荷载传递性状、破坏机理,并获取在该地质条件下更为可靠的桩基计算参数,对秦巴山区软岩地基3根钻孔灌注试桩进行竖向静载试验。结果表明：秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩试桩荷载沉降曲线呈陡降型,实测竖向极限承载力为20 500kN,桩的破坏方式为桩身材料强度破坏;淤泥质亚黏土地层中的碎石起到一定的骨架作用,增强了此地层桩极限侧阻力,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土（岩）相对位移为4～8mm;强风化砾岩表现为加工软化型,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土（岩）相对位移为3～8mm;中风化砂砾岩表现为明显的加工硬化型,所需的桩岩相对位移大,且桩极限侧阻力的特征点不明显;淤泥质亚黏土地层桩侧阻力占总荷载的60%～70%,随着桩顶荷载的逐步加大,该地层桩侧阻力所占比例不断下降,而嵌岩段桩侧阻力所占比例逐渐上升,达到55%～65%,嵌岩段桩侧阻力沿桩深的分布曲线表现出非线性的特征;试桩为端承摩擦桩,桩端阻力约占桩顶荷载的20%左右,且未充分发挥,在上部结构允许的沉降范围内,适当增加桩端的沉降有利于端阻力的发挥;桩侧阻力先于端阻力发挥,建议单桩承载力设计时分别采用不同的端阻力和侧阻力安全系数。     

能源桩与周围土体之间荷载传递模型的改进及其桩身承载特性研究

桩-土相互作用问题是岩土工程桩基础问题的关键点与难点,目前针对桩身在循环温度荷载与上覆结构荷载双重作用下的能源桩承载特性研究较少。在传统理想弹塑性模型及双曲线模型的基础上,采用分段非线性的方法对桩-土荷载传递骨干曲线进行了修正,并基于Masing’s循环准则,提出了适用于能源桩的桩-土荷载传递模型。利用改进的桩-土荷载传递模型对能源桩承载特性进行数值分析,着重研究了桩-土荷载传递参数比R对能源桩受力情况的影响。此外,为了探究在上覆结构荷载及循环温度荷载双重作用下,能源桩与周围土体之间的真实荷载传递关系及其结构热力学特性,开展了针对能源桩与周围土体之间相互作用问题的室内模型试验,监测了其桩身轴向应力及侧摩阻力随温度及深度变化的趋势,并与基于改进荷载传递模型的数值计算结果进行了对比。室内模型试验监测及数值计算结果显示：能源桩在上覆结构荷载及温度循环荷载双重作用下,其受力行为受改进的桩-土荷载传递循环曲线控制;基于改进的桩-土荷载传递循环曲线而建立的数值模型计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,改进的桩-土荷载传递模型能够较好发地反映能源桩实际的承载特性。     

软黏土中超长预应力高强度混凝土 管桩竖向承载特性试验研究

港口码头工程建设将向外海开敞式发展,由于工程地质条件日趋复杂,在超厚软黏土地基上建设高桩码头面临重大难题。因持力层埋深较深,预应力高强度混凝土（PHC）管桩成为设计首选的超长桩基础型式。针对某军用码头85 m设计桩长的试桩进行了试验和数值计算,分析了超长PHC管桩承载力机制与传递规律,基于传递函数法提出改进的双曲函数计算模型,并对垂直静载试桩进行计算。结果表明：桩身轴力和桩顶位移的计算值与实测值吻合较好,证明提出的双曲线模型能够反映轴向承载PHC管桩桩-土相互作用实际情况,能够为软黏土中超长PHC管桩基桩设计提供依据。     

Field loading tests of screw micropiles under axial cyclic and monotonic loads

Unlike conventional grouted micropiles, screw micropiles have been recently introduced to the foundation industry. Full-scale field tests of screw micropiles were carried out at a cohesive soil site. The screw micropiles have a diameter varying from 76 to 114 mm and a length varying from 1.6 to 3 m, and spiral threads welded on the lower half of the steel tubular shaft. Site investigation from cone penetration tests (CPT) and laboratory testing implies that the soil was medium to stiff, low plasticity clay. Six axial monotonic and three axial cyclic load tests were performed on three micropiles. One micropile was instrumented with strain gauges to investigate the shaft load distribution during loading. The axial cyclic loading was intended to simulate cyclic inertia load during vertical ground motions. Results showed that the micropiles behave as frictional piles during monotonic tests; the unit shaft resistance and adhesion coefficient were calculated and compared with results in the literature. The end installation torque was estimated using CPT shaft resistance and was shown to agree reasonably with the measured torque. Under axial cyclic loading, the micropiles underwent small cumulative displacements and the magnitude of the displacement decreased with increasing pile length and diameter. Cyclic loading redistributed the load transfer along different segments of the micropile. Negative skin resistance was observed along the smooth pile shaft when the pile underwent decreasing axial loading.

     

城市桥梁基桩承载性能时间效应试验研究

岩土的流变性质使建（构）筑物基础的承载性能具有时间相关性,对运营期建筑结构的安全性造成较大的影响。为了进一步探讨城市桥梁桩基础承载性能随时间的变化规律,对某桥梁工程的2根试验桩进行了长效荷载试验研究,得出了桩顶沉降和桩身承载性能随时间的变化规律。利用桩基承载性能时空效应新理论对试验结果进行分析拟合,获得真实的桩土力学参数,得到工程桩桩顶沉降随时间变化的解析解。试验成果进一步揭示了桩在长效荷载作用下自然而真实的发展变化规律,为检验验证理论研究成果提供可靠的依据,可用于指导同等条件下工程桩设计和施工时预测桩的工后沉降变化趋势,控制基础稳定性,同时为解决路桥的工后运营期沉降控制提供科学合理的理论依据。     

桩埋管参数对渗流下能量桩热-力耦合特性的影响

为获得地下水渗流作用下桩埋管参数对能量桩热-力耦合特性的影响,建立了不同埋管参数的能量桩数值模型,分析了桩埋管数量、埋管布置形式、埋管管径对单位桩深换热量、日换热量、桩截面平均温升、桩身位移增量及桩身附加温度荷载的影响。结果表明：增加埋管数量可以增大能量桩换热量,但也会加剧桩内不同埋管间的热干扰,导致换热性能下降及桩身...     

Centrifuge study on behavior of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in soft soil

The rigid pile composite foundation is widely used in highway projects in soft soil area as it can effectively increase the bearing capacity and stability of the foundation. While the research on the behavior and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment is not enough, instability failure of rigid pile composite foundation often occurs in practical projects. This paper presents a centrifuge model test to investigate the load transfer mechanism, settlement characteristic and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results show that: the soil displacement of different region in rigid pile composite foundation was different, obvious vertical displacement occurred in the soil under the center of embankment and the horizontal displacement was very small in this region; both vertical and horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the shoulder of embankment; and obvious horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the slope toe of embankment; moreover, ground heave also occurred near the slope toe of embankment. The soil displacement in rigid pile composite foundation had a large influence on the stress characteristic and failure mode of rigid piles, the compressive failure and bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the center and shoulder of the embankment, respectively, and the tension-bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the slope toe of embankment. The different failure modes of piles at different regions should be considered in the design of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results can be used to improve the design method for rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in practical projects.

     

能量桩单桩工作特性简化分析方法

基于荷载传递法,建立了热力耦合作用下能量桩单桩工作特性的简化分析方法。该方法中将桩-土荷载传递函数取为双曲线,采用曼辛法则模拟温度循环过程中桩-土界面的卸载和再加载特性,通过再加载过程中刚度的折减近似考虑塑性变形的积累。利用矩阵位移法求解控制方程组后可直接得到任意温度-力学组合作用下的桩体变形、桩身轴力、桩侧阻力和桩端阻力,无需事先假设温度位移零点的位置。通过与试验数据的对比分析,验证了所提方法的可靠性。结合算例,研究了能量桩的长期工作特性。结果表明,温度循环会造成自由桩的桩顶沉降增加,固定桩的桩顶应力减小,温度循环的影响与桩顶静力荷载水平和土体刚度的衰减程度密切相关。     

Effect of Compressive Load on Uplift Capacity of Cast-Insitu Bored Piles

Field tests were conducted to study the effect of compressive loading on the uplift capacity of single piles embedded in silty sand. The test program consists of four instrumented cast in situ axial pile load tests in compression, pure tension and tension with 25 and 50% of compressive load of ultimate capacity in compression. The experimental results indicate that the net ultimate uplift capacity of single pile decreases with increase in compressive load. The shaft friction is non linear in nature. It observed that as the compressive load increases the shaft friction along the length of pile decreases.     

夯实水泥土桩复合地基共同作用的试验研究

为研究夯实水泥土桩复合地基中桩体、垫层、地基土的共同作用及其工作性状,进行了不同桩长、不同配比单桩载荷试验,不同桩长的单桩及四桩复合地基载荷试验,不同面积置换率的9桩复合地基载荷试验。通过专门的测试元件对复合地基中的地基土反力分布、桩侧摩阻力等进行测定。根据试验结果分析了复合地基破坏模式,探讨了桩体、垫层、地基土的相互作用特性。对地基土反力分布特征、桩土荷载分担比、桩土应力比、单桩及复合地基中桩侧摩阻力分布特征等进行了研究。