A numerical interpretation of load tests on bored piles

The finite element interpretation is discussed of two load tests carried out on bentonite slurry piles bored in granular soils. The first case concerns a pile belonging to a 12 pile group. An axisymmetric finite element model that reproduces, with reasonable accuracy, the experimental results is developed. The model is then extended to three-dimensional conditions and applied to the analysis of the entire group. The results suggest some comments on the different assumptions that can be adopted in the calculations and on their effects on the global load–settlement curve of the pile group. The second case concerns a load test in which, in addition to the load–settlement data, also the axial strains along the pile were measured through electrical extensometers. The numerical back analyses highlight an apparent contradiction between the two sets of experimental data. On their bases some conclusions are drawn on the possible causes of the observed inconsistency and on the influence of the construction technology on the interaction between the pile tip and the soil underneath it.     

Analysis of shaft resistance of jacked piles in sands

In recent years, pile jacking has become a viable alternative installation method for displacement piles. Pile jacking produces minimal noise, vibration and air pollution during installation. In addition, it is possible, at the end of jacking, to have a good estimate of the ultimate static capacity of the pile. In this paper, the shaft resistance of piles jacked into sand is studied using one‐dimensional finite element analysis. The finite element simulations, using a two‐surface plasticity model, demonstrate the effects of relative density and confinement on the unit shaft resistance of piles jacked in sand. The impact of the number of jacking strokes on the unit shaft capacity is also assessed. Based on the numerical results, we developed equations for shaft resistance quantifying the effects of relative density, initial confinement and number of jacking strokes. Predictions using these equations are compared with data obtained from centrifuge tests and field tests. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超长灌注桩桩身压缩综合系数反分析

基于超长桩现场试验和数值模拟资料,通过反分析得出了桩身压缩的综合系数,进而对综合系数与其他参数的关系曲线特点、综合系数的影响因素、综合系数的回归预测等进行了研究。结果表明：（1）极限状态下超长灌注桩的综合系数的变化范围为0.278 5～0.988,规范法中取定值0.5或1.0的做法是不合理的。（2）综合系数总体上随桩顶荷载、桩身压缩、桩身总位移、桩身刚体位移的增大而增大,但关系曲线型式存在多样化。（3）超长桩综合系数与长径比的相关关系不明显,但总体来说,综合系数随长径比的增加而降低。对超长嵌岩桩,不同场地桩的综合系数与长径比相关关系较好;对超长非嵌岩,不同场地桩的综合系数与长径比相关关系不明显,但对某场地5根桩,综合系数与长径比的指数相关关系达到0.990 1。（4）总的来说,持力层与上覆土层弹性模量比小的桩的综合系数-桩顶荷载曲线在弹性模量比大的上方。（5）建立的6个场地多根桩的综合系数与桩顶荷载关系的回归曲线的相关系数平均为0.977 6,可为该场地及类似场地桩的桩身压缩综合系数的预测和计算提供参考。     

桩端后注浆超长灌注桩桩侧极限摩阻力计算方法

目前超长灌注桩普遍应用于大型桥梁、超高层建筑工程中,且常采用桩端后注浆技术,但其桩侧极限摩阻力的确定尚未有切合其实际特点的方法。大量现场实测数据反分析表明,采用 法计算时,存在桩侧土压力大于土层静止土压力的现象。在探讨桩侧土压力增大机制的基础上,对 法进行改进,建立了桩侧土压力确定方法,并给出了桩侧土压力系数的取值公式。工程实例计算结果与试桩实测结果比较分析表明,所建立的桩端后注浆超长灌注桩桩侧极限摩阻力计算方法具有合理性与可行性。     

搅拌桩内套打钻孔灌注桩在暗浜深基坑围护工程中的应用

在暗浜地层内施工钻孔灌注桩时,易产生钻孔扩径、孔内塌方事故,产生“叉腿桩”及诱发搅拌桩次生“叉腿”,造成钻孔灌注桩与搅拌桩之间的产生大的缝隙.基坑开挖时,基坑外侧的地下水沿缝隙渗入,造成基坑外侧土体压缩变形,引起地表开裂、产生不均匀沉降.搅拌桩内套打钻孔灌注桩系先用低渗入量水泥将暗浜土搅拌成复合土,提高暗浜土的质量,然后在复合土内钻进成桩,其作用是避免钻孔灌注桩在暗浜土段的扩径、塌方超灌事故,确保了基坑桩基围护工程施工质量.     

A numerical method for laterally loaded piles

A numerical model for a laterally loaded pile in an elastic continuum is presented. The governing differential equations for vertical piles in a homogeneous and a layered soil are obtained by using variational calculus. Two parameters, k and t, are used in this approach to represent the elastic foundation, and an iterative technique is adopted to obtain a consistent energy solution. Both free and fixed headed piles have been considered. Two kinds of boundary conditions of practical interest at the pile tip, floating tip and clamped tip, are also considered. The proposed method has been validated by comparison of the results with those obtained by other available methods. Typical solutions are presented and recommendations are given for their use in design problems.     

大直径超长灌注桩在润扬大桥中的应用

概述了大直径超长钻孔灌注桩(直径2.5 m桩长111m)在润扬大桥中的应用.着重介绍了大直径超长钻孔灌注桩的设计方法及为保证桩基施工质量而采取的一些措施.实践表明,润扬大桥的大直径超长钻孔灌注桩的应用是成功的.     

高临界循环荷载水平下钻孔桩的抗拔性状分析

为了研究抗拔桩在循环加载过程中桩身的性状,选取杭州萧山某工地两根抗拔桩作为试桩进行循环加载试验。在抗拔桩桩身埋设钢筋应力计,测量循环加载过程中桩身应力的变化情况;在桩身预埋钢管,测量桩顶及桩端上拔量。通过对桩身应力及桩顶、桩端上拔量的分析,研究循环加载对抗拔桩承载力及上拔量的影响。综合分析抗拔桩承受循环荷载时的桩顶、桩端上拔量、桩身轴力以及桩侧摩阻力分布可知,当抗拔桩承受循环荷载时,且临界循环荷载水平较大（接近或者达到1）,抗拔桩经过2～3次循环加载后就发生破坏,其研究结果可供其他类似工程参考。     

钻孔灌注桩压浆后承载性能的可靠度分析

钻孔灌注桩在压浆后的承载特性得到明显改善,离散程度明显降低,但目前对压浆后钻孔灌注桩的可靠度还缺乏系统研究。收集了122根未压浆的钻孔灌注桩和147根压浆后的钻孔灌注桩静载试验资料,结合可靠度分析方法中的确定性和不确定性分析方法,利用近似概率法的基于一次二阶矩法的验算点法（简称JC法）和Monte Carlo法对钻孔灌注桩压浆前和压浆后的可靠度指标进行了对比分析。结果表明：压浆后桩的可靠度指标有很大幅度提高,压浆可减少持力层对可靠度的影响,同时后压浆桩的可靠度有随桩径增大而提高的趋势,且不同荷载效应比值下可靠度随桩径变化的趋势趋于一致。     

超声波透射法在检测大直径灌注桩完整性中的应用

介绍了超声波透射法检测大直径灌注桩桩身完整性的原理、方法和现场检测技术。通过现场检测实例,给出了基桩存在缺陷时声参量的几种特征。检测结果表明:超声波透射法能够相当准确的判别长桩的多处缺陷。     

钻孔灌注桩压浆后的承载性能研究

根据某大厦及邻近场地试桩的静载荷及桩身应力测试结果,对压浆后桩的承载性能进行了深入地分析。未压浆桩的荷载-沉降关系符合双曲线函数,而压浆后桩的荷载-沉降关系符合幂函数。在极限状态时桩端阻力占总荷载比例为6.4 %～ 18.4 %,桩侧阻力占总荷载比例为81.6 %～93.6 %,且随着桩顶荷载的增加,桩端阻力所占比例快速增长。根据极限承载力外推值, 桩侧、桩端压浆的极限承载力提高幅度为89.85 %～147.81 %, 桩端压浆的极限承载力提高幅度为30.08 %～81.78 %。根据灰色关联分析,无论哪种压浆工艺,起主要作用的是压浆总量,且桩端压浆的影响大于桩侧压浆。     

A study of the effect of driving on pre‐bored piles

A finite element model for pile‐driving analysis is developed and used to investigate the behaviour of pre‐bored piles, which are then driven the last 1.25 or 2.25 m to their final design depth. The study was conducted for the case of saturated clays. The model traces the penetration of the pile into the soil and accommodates for large deformations. The non‐linear behaviour of the clay in this study is predicted using the bounding‐surface‐plasticity model, as applied to isotropic cohesive soils. The details of the 3‐D numerical modelling and computational schemes are presented. A significant difference was observed in the pile displacement during driving, and in the computed soil resistance at the pile tip, particularly at the earliest driving stages. No difference in soil resistance at the soil pile interface along the pile shaft was detected between the pre‐bored piles whether driven 1.25 or 2.25 m. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A computerized method to estimate friction coefficient from orientation distribution of meso-scale faults

The friction coefficient controls the brittle strength of the Earth’s crust for deformation recorded by faults. This study proposes a computerized method to determine the friction coefficient of meso-scale faults. The method is based on the analysis of orientation distribution of faults, and the principal stress axes and the stress ratio calculated by a stress tensor inversion technique. The method assumes that faults are activated according to the cohesionless Coulomb’s failure criterion, where the fluctuations of fluid pressure and the magnitude of differential stress are assumed to induce faulting. In this case, the orientation distribution of fault planes is described by a probability density function that is visualized as linear contours on a Mohr diagram. The parametric optimization of the function for an observed fault population yields the friction coefficient. A test using an artificial fault-slip dataset successfully determines the internal friction angle (the arctangent of the friction coefficient) with its confidence interval of several degrees estimated by the bootstrap resampling technique. An application to natural faults cutting a Pleistocene forearc basin fill yields a friction coefficient around 0.7 which is experimentally predicted by the Byerlee’s law.     

A review of research on the shaft resistance of rock-socketed piles

Acta Geotechnica - Shaft resistance generally dominates at the service loads of rock-socketed piles and therefore is always a topic of large research interest. This paper reviews the research...     

基于贝叶斯理论的灌注桩多个缺陷统计特性分析

由于施工技术水平、岩土工程条件等不确定性因素的影响,基桩中经常出现各种缺陷。为此,提出了基于贝叶斯理论的灌注桩多个缺陷统计特性的分析方法。在考虑钻芯法检测不确定性的基础上,采用泊松分布模型模拟基桩中多个缺陷的出现概率,推导了缺陷平均出现率后验分布的计算公式。提出了估计缺陷尺寸修正的贝叶斯抽样方法,给出了评价钻芯法检测概率的方法。算例分析表明,钻芯法的检测概率对准确地估计缺陷平均出现率有明显的影响,如果不考虑检测不确定性因素的影响,缺陷平均出现率将被低估。随着检测到缺陷数目的增加,更新的缺陷平均出现率的均值逐渐增加,更新的变异系数逐渐减小。此外,先验的信息能够有效地减小缺陷平均出现率和缺陷尺寸估计的不确定性。     

Interpretation of load tests on bored piles in the city of Matera

This paper briefly reviews several calculation methods to evaluate the bearing capacity expressed in terms of undrained strength (c_u) of piles bored in clay for their entire length and of piles whose tip is embedded into weak rock. The scope of the paper is to compare the results obtained with those from full-scale pile tests. These tests were carried out within the city of Matera which is well studied from a geotechnical point of view and for which there are statistically significant data on the geomechanical properties of the Subapennine Blue clays and the underlying Gravina Calcarenites. This represents the first attempt to show, on the basis of laboratory and field data, the influence of variability of the above mentioned soils and rocks on the real behaviour of deep foundations.For piles completely bored into Matera clay, the calculation in terms of total stress are able to interpret sufficiently well the bearing capacity of the piles. For piles having their toe embedded in calcarenite, the variability of the strength of the weak rock presents greater uncertainties in the calculation of base and soft resistance.     

汾河特大桥大直径超深旋挖钻孔灌注桩施工技术

蒙华铁路汾河特大桥桩基具有桩径大、钻孔深、地层复杂等特点。在施工过程中遇到了钻孔成孔后缩径、沉渣超标、钢筋笼位移等问题。通过认真分析探索,总结出了旋挖钻机在松散砂层施工条件下的泥浆配置方法、膨胀土缩径现象的处理措施、防止钢筋笼位移的有效工具,有效保障了工程质量、降低了施工成本,产生了一定的社会效益和经济效益。     

复杂地质条件下超长钻孔灌注桩施工风险分析

复杂地质条件下特大桥梁基础工程中的钻孔灌注桩施工具有典型的高风险性。充分了解风险源,开展风险评估与分析,及时防范和化解工程风险具有重要意义。以富春江特大桥工程建设为研究案例,从承包商的立场出发,分析了复杂地质下特大跨江桥梁工程基础施工中特有的风险,从工程管理的具体操作层面详细探讨了钻孔灌注桩施工中存在的影响工程进度、质量及成本的风险因素,建立了桥梁工程风险的多层次模糊综合评价模型,以期达到有利于施工管理、提高施工效益和促进工程风险管理发展的目的。