边界层参数化方案对“莫兰蒂”台风（1614）登陆阶段影响的数值模拟研究

利用中尺度数值模式WRF v3.8中的YSU、MYJ、QNSE、ACM2、UW、GBM、Boulac七种不同边界层参数化方案,采用高分辨率（1.33 km）数值试验的方法研究了不同边界层方案对模拟台风“莫兰蒂”（1614）登陆减弱阶段的移动路径、强度、结构、降水量、近地层有关物理量场分布等方面的影响,结果表明:（1）“莫兰蒂”台风登陆减弱阶段,不同边界层方案对台风路径、强度、降水量模拟影响显著,24 h内模拟台风路径、最低气压、最大风速及24 h累积降水量极值的最大差异分别达80 km、11 hPa、27 m s?1及241 mm;（2）Boulac方案模拟台风路径与实况最为接近,GBM、YSU和MYJ方案分别次之,ACM2和UW方案再次之,而QNSE方案最差;UW和QNSE方案模拟的最低气压以及MYJ和QNSE方案模拟的最大风速与观测最为接近;不同边界层方案均模拟出台风登陆阶段最低气压逐渐升高以及其升高速率在台风登陆后大于登陆前的特征,这与实况一致,但台风登陆前各方案模拟最低气压升高速度均大于实况,而台风登陆后却又不及实况;（3）Boulac方案模拟的24 h降水分布、强降水落区、结构、强度和各量级降水TS评分均最优,MYJ方案次之;而QNSE、UW和ACM2方案雨带向西北方向推进过快,各量级降水TS评分均较差;（4）综合台风路径、强度和降水模拟,Boulac和MYJ方案相对最优,其中Boulac方案在台风路径和降水模拟上更优,而MYJ方案在台风强度模拟上更优;YSU和GBM方案次之,而QNSE、UW和ACM2方案相对较差;（5）不同边界层方案计算的近地层潜热通量、感热通量显著不同,进而影响台风路径、强度、降水量模拟存在显著差异。比较而言,QNSE方案潜热通量相对异常偏高,MYJ和Boulac方案量值适中,其余方案相对偏低;QNSE方案感热通量相对略偏高,MYJ方案适中,其他方案则相对显著偏低;（6）不同边界层方案模拟降水区边界层热、动力结构显著不同,其中Boulac方案具有较明显优势,尤其是对日间边界层结构的模拟。     

Astronomical frequencies for climate research at the decadal to century time scale

Short-term variations of the elements representing the Earth's motion around the Sun and its rotation have been analyzed over the last 6000 years using 1-year steps. Their low-frequency part is compared first to the values obtained from a secular theory of the planetary long-term motion showing that they can be considered reliable enough to represent adequately the motion of the Earth over the last 5000 years. Spectral analysis of these values shows that the main periodicities are 2.67, 3.98, 5.26, 5.93, 7.9, 9.8, 11.9, 14.7, 15.8, 29, 42, 61, 122, 165 and 250 years for the eccentricity as well as for the climatic precession, with an additional component at around 930 years for the eccentricity and around 840 years for the climatic precession. Periodicities at 2.67, 3.8, 5.9, 8.0, 9.3, 11.9, 14.7, 18.6, 29, 135, 250 and 840 yr are also shown for the obliquity. Spectral analyses of the daily July mid-month insolation at 65°N show essentially the same periodicities as the climatic precession and the obliquity, i.e. 2.67, 3.98, 5.92, 8.1, 11.9, 15.7, 18.6, 29, 40, 61 and around 900 years. Finally a wider analysis of the insolation pattern was performed related to the large periodicity band of the insolation time series for the solstices and the equinoxes for 7 different latitudes. In equatorial latitudes the insolation variance is largely explained by precession. But precession dominates everywhere with the obliquity signal being stronger at polar latitudes at the solstices. The amplitudes of the insolation change at these frequencies is of the order of 0.2 Wm^–2 at the maximum. Offprint requests to: A Berger     

冷暖空气入侵对西南低涡发生发展影响研究

本文采用WRF模式模拟了2008年7月20~22日四川省一次由西南涡活动引发的大暴雨过程,并分析了对流层中层至中低层冷/暖空气入侵在西南涡发生发展过程中的作用,研究结果表明:冷/暖空气从北部入侵会改变对流层中、低层流场,当降低模式北边界温度,增强西北气流南下,致使四川省上空没有形成西南涡,取而代之为一深槽,同时雨区内上升运动减弱、低层辐合减弱,对流层中层温度增加、比湿略减小,雨区集中在深槽附近,雨区范围和强度都显著减弱且小于控制试验。增加模式北部温度引起北部东北气流向南输送,低值系统南移,增温促进了周围空气向降水中心辐合,增强了中低层大气的辐合上升运动,对流层中、中高层增温,雨带南压,雨区强度显著增强且大于控制试验。降低或增加模式西边界温度对流场、低涡强度和位置影响相对较小,降温使得低涡位置偏北、对流层风速增强与减弱区交替分布;增温使得低涡偏东、对流层中层至中低层风速减弱高层风速增强,二者对降水落区影响亦较小,对大暴雨中心强度有不同程度影响。     

青藏高原四季开始日期随海拔高度和纬度变化

利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的青藏高原60个测站1961~2007年逐日气温资料, 分析了青藏高原近47年来四季开始日期随海拔高度和纬度的变化趋势。结果表明, 春季和夏季开始日期是整体提前, 而秋季和冬季开始日期是整体延迟的, 春季和冬季开始日期的变化相对夏季和秋季更为明显;四季开始日期随海拔高度变化分布明显不同, 海拔越高, 春夏季开始日期来临越晚, 秋冬季开始日期来临越早, 海拔越低, 春夏季开始日期来临越早, 秋冬季开始日期来临越晚;海拔越高, 春夏开始日期提前的天数越多, 秋冬开始日期推迟天数越多, 反之低海拔地区相对更小, 由此得知高海拔地区的季节开始日期对当地气温的增温更为敏感;春季开始日期在36°N以南基本随纬度递增而开始日期推后, 36°N以北地区春季相对偏早, 夏季、秋季、冬季开始日期随纬度的变化和春季变化基本相似;四季开始日期来临的早晚受到多种因素包括气温、海拔和纬度共同影响, 季节延迟率也受到气温和海拔的影响, 但是纬度对季节延迟率影响不大;四季开始日期的提前和延迟变化和当地气温的变化几乎一致, 秋冬季节的开始日期对气温变化更为敏感, 高海拔地区的季节开始日期对气温变化更为敏感。     

基于多源数据融合的云南省雷电灾害风险综合评价与区划

根据自然灾害风险理论,结合气象数据、地理信息、人口与经济资料等开展雷电灾害风险综合评价,研究致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体等因子与风险的定量化关系,建立评价指标和层次分析模型,运用模糊综合判断和聚类分析等方法计算综合评价指数并划分风险等级.结果 表明:雷电灾害高风险区主要集中在滇中、滇西南及滇西北的丽江东南部等地区;次高风...     

新一代天气雷达在人工增雨作业中的应用

将雷达资料传输到人工增雨作业指挥系统,指挥中心可以根据作业云的方位、距离、云高、云厚及其移向移速等雷达观测信息和先前输入指挥系统的作业点位置,自动计算出作业方位、作业距离、作业仰角,有效的指挥增雨作业;通过雷达跟踪观测,雷达回波的动画显示,作业前后的回波强度比较,作业点与非作业点之间的比较,还可以科学检验人工增雨作业的效果。     

2008年夏季风期间西沙海域海-气通量交换及热量收支

2008年4—10月在中国南海西沙永兴岛近海进行了第4次海-气通量观测试验,获得了整个夏季风期间近海面层湍流脉动量及辐射、表层水温、波浪及距水面3.5、7.0、10.5m高度温、湿、风梯度观测资料,根据涡动相关法和COARE3.0法计算结果研究了2008年南海西南季风爆发、发展、中断、衰退包括暴雨、台风、冷空气影响等天气过程中海-气通量交换和热量收支变化。结果表明:(1)季风爆发前的晴天太阳总辐射强,而海洋失热量较小,热量净收支为较大正值,海面温度迅速升高。季风爆发期太阳总辐射仍然较强,大气长波辐射也有所增强,而海面长波辐射变化很小,故海面净辐射收支仍为正值;(2)季风活跃期特别是降水阶段感热通量增大,季风中断阶段变小;季风活跃期虽然潜热通量增大,由于太阳短波辐射没有减少,海洋净热量收支稍有盈余;中断阶段潜热通量、感热通量减少,海洋吸热大于季风活跃期;降水阶段由于太阳短波辐射减小,感热通量增大,海洋热量收支出现较大负值,海面温度很快降低。季风衰退期风力减弱,湿度减小,潜热通量减小,海洋热量收入又出现较大正值,海面温度回升;(3)台风影响过程中潜热通量随着风速增强迅速增大;感热通量因降水情况不同而有差异,晴天时减小,大雨时剧烈增大;由于太阳短波辐射减少、潜热通量剧增,海洋热量净收支出现负值,促使海面温度迅速降低;(4)动量通量主要与海表面风速有关;动量通量τ与风速V的关系可以表示为τ=0.00171v~2-0.003809v+0.02213。     

气象因素对标枪成绩的影响分析

气象条件对体育比赛有着重要的作用,温度、湿度、降水、风等各种气象因素对体育比赛项目都会产生一定的影响。使用自20世纪80年代以来国内外有关气象条件对标枪项目的影响、标枪训练与投掷的技术标准、标枪项目的生物力学等方面的文献资料和有关标枪风洞实验的有关数据,重点分析了风力和风向对标枪投掷的影响。结果表明:在风速较小(顺风和侧风时风速小于6 m/s,在逆风时风速小于3 m/s)的情况下,一定的风速使标枪的飞行距离稍有增加,当风速超过6 m/s以后,飞行距离随风速的加大而减少。另外,气温和湿度对标枪运动的影响主要是在对运动员的身体状态方面,表现为对运动员的心理和生理的影响,影响运动员水平的发挥,降水、大雾等则表现为能见度差,造成比赛中止甚至取消。     

Research on Water-Vapor Distribution in the Air over Qilian Mountains

Based on the remote sensing data, the radiosonde data and precipitation data observed by weather stations, distributions of atmospheric water-vapor and cloud motion wind over the Qilian Mountains are analyzed. Moreover, on the basis of water-vapor and cloud motion wind analyses, relations of atmospheric water-vapor distribution with precipitation~ atmospheric circulation, and terrain are investigated. The results show that distributions of atmospheric water-vapor and precipitation in the Qilian Mountains are affected by the westerly belt, the southerly monsoon （the South Asian monsoon and plateau monsoon）, and the East Asian monsoon. In the northwest Qilian Mountains, water-vapor and precipitation are entirely affected by the westerly belt, and there is no other direction water-vapor transport except westerly watervapor flux, hence, the northwest region is regarded as the westerly belt region. In the south and middle of the mountaili, water-vapor is mainly controlled by the southerly monsoon, 37.7% of the total watervapor is from the south, especially in summer, the southerly water-vapor flux accounts for 55.9% of the total, and furthermore the water-vapor content in the southerly flow is more than that in the westerly flow. The southerly monsoon water-vapor is influenced by the South Asian monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the plateau monsoon in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, thus, the south and middle region is called southerly monsoon region. But in the northeast Qilian Mountains, the East Asian monsoon is the main climate system affecting the water-vapor. Besides west and northwest water-vapor fluxes, there are a lot of easterly water-vapor fluxes in summer. The frequency of easterly cloud motion winds in summer half year accounts for 27.1% of the total, though the frequency is not high, it is the main water-vapor source of summer precipitation in this region, therefore, the northwest region is a marginal region of the East Asian monsoon. On the other hand, atmospheric water-vapor, precipitation, and conver     

气象信息共享平台的开发技巧

构建气象信息共享平台，即充分利用报纸、广播、电视、短信、互联网、警报器等载体，及时发布气象预报、预警，确保公众及时获得气象信息。通过研究气象信息共享平台及关键技术，为气象信息资源的整合与有效共享提供了技术解决方案。     

江西省人工影响天气工作高质量发展思考

为贯彻落实国务院、江西省委省政府关于推进人工影响天气工作高质量发展的部署,通过现场座谈、信函采访、电话咨询、问卷调查等方式,围绕人工影响天气组织体系、法规体系、业务体系、服务体系、科研体系、安全体系、经费保障机制等方面,对贵州、重庆、宁夏、甘肃、云南、福建6个省(市)人工影响天气工作现状和未来发展进行调研,总结了外省在人工影响天气工作中许多值得学习的经验,同时对比分析了江西省人工影响天气工作的的短板和优势,提出推进江西省人工影响天气工作高质量发展的对策与建议。     

Biological and Temporal Variations of Trace Element Concentrations in the Moss Species Scleropodium purum (Hedw.) Limpr.

Over a period of one year, the moss Scleropodium purum was sampled every two weeks in a French rural area to determine the levels of Li, Na, Al, Si, P, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ba, Hg, and Pb. The element distribution in the moss shoot was studied throughout the year. An apical bioconcentration was discovered for Na, P, Ca, Mn, and Zn, whereas higher levels were found in the basal fraction for Li, Al, Si, V, Fe, Ba, Hg, and Pb. A significant variation of element concentrations was observed during the sampling period. In the apical part Li, Al, Si, V, Fe, Ba, and Hg show maximum levels in the summer and minimum in the autumn. The same pattern was found with Ca and Mn in the whole plant, whereas Na showed opposite fluctuations.     

COMPARISONS BETWEEN DOPPLER AND SIMULATED FEATURES OF A SUPERCELL

Firstly, typical features of a supercell, which occurred in Guangzhou on August 11, 2004, are discussed by using the new generation weather radar data. V-notch, finger-echo, weak echo region, overhang and echo-wall are observed from reflectivity products. A vertical cross section of the radial velocity is made along the direction of the low-level inflow and across the maximum reflectivity core, which displays a part of strong updraft and downdraft. Secondly, a 3-D convective storm model is used to simulate the supercell. The maximum reflectivity and the core thickness of the simulated radar echo are 75 dBz and 14km, respectively. These values are more than the counterparts that are detected by radar. The reason is that attenuation is not calculated in the model. The wind field structure is also given when the storm is the strongest. Divergence, caused by thunderstorm outflow, is in the low level. In the middle and high level, convergence is dominant, but the plume is not simulated at the top. Finally, the evolution of the simulated vertical motion is documented. The interaction between the environmental wind and the updraft, which is formed by the convergence on the ground at the beginning, makes the storm stronger. Then, downdraft occurs and grows. When it becomes dominant, the supercell collapses.     

丹东地区沿海和山区降雪气候特征

利用丹东地区4个观测站1955—2010年逐年10月至翌年4月逐日降水量、天气现象、雪深等资料,对丹东地区南部沿海和北部山区降雪气候特征进行了分析,结果表明:丹东地区沿海和山区降雪初日、终日及初终日间隔日数、年降雪日数、年降雪量、降水相态、日最大降雪量、日最大积雪深度等平均特征不同。与山区相比,沿海降雪初期较晚,终期较早,初、终日间日数较短,年降雪日数和年降雪量相对较少。在丹东地区1955—2010年降雪时段平均气温升高趋势显著背景下,丹东地区降雪初期推迟、终期提前、初终日间隔日数缩短;降雪日数减少,其中雨夹雪日数所占百分比显著增多;降雪量减少,其中主要是纯雪量减少;日最大降雪量和积雪深度呈减小趋势;沿海和山区变化幅度不同。     

黄河源区域生态环境演变与对策建议

黄河源区是三江源自然保护区的重要组成部分,在全球气候变暖和日趋频繁的人类活动的共同影响下,黄河源区的生态结构受到严重干扰。通过对黄河源区域生态与自然环境演变特征研究进展的概括总结,从生态系统和物理环境2个方面归纳了黄河源区主要的生态环境问题：（1）植被、冻土和湿地生态系统不断退化;（2）气候暖干化、径流变化、土壤侵蚀、土壤沙漠化、土壤碳流失、鼠害和人为影响加剧。根据面临的生态环境问题提出了区域生态与自然环境保护的相应对策和建议：形成完善的生态补偿机制;加强生态环境保护立法;建立统一的监督管理机构;建立有效的执法队伍;划分功能区;发展生态旅游;强化全社会的环保意识。     

县级综合气象业务智能供电系统的设计及应用

该系统采用日本三菱PLC作为主要的控制核心,以中间继电器对系统信号进行采集及转化。系统主要由数据处理模块、市电监测模块、无线通信模块、远程控制器、语音识别模块、显示模块、传感器、切换输出模块和UPS电源组成。系统可以实现当市电停电后,自动启用发电机供电;当市电恢复正常时,自动恢复市电供电的功能。为了提高系统的稳定性,系统设有故障报警功能、远程复位功能和远程查询功能等,可实现市电与发电机无缝切换。有效避免了由于市电不稳定而导致气象数据丢失、延误、网络中断等,解决了基层气象台站的供电难题,特别是夜间,为综合气象观测、预报、预警服务提供了稳定的供电保障。     

Oceanographic Change and Terrestrial Human Impacts in a Post A.D. 1400 Sediment Record from the Southwest Iceland Shelf

Environmental proxies of soil erosion on Iceland, and oceanographic conditions on the adjacent shelf, were measured on a 50 cm box core taken from the southwest Iceland shelf in 1993 during cruise 93030 of the Canadian ship, CSS Hudson. These data, covering the last several centuries, are compared with the documentary record of sea-ice changes around Iceland since A.D. 1600. The site is under the influence of the Irminger Current, which carries warm, saline, Atlantic water northward along the shelf. Because of the relative warmth of this current, sea ice rarely occurs off southwest Iceland, even during the most severe sea-ice intervals of the historical record. In severe sea-ice years, however, the ice drifts clockwise around Iceland from the northeast and east and, in rare cases, reaches the southern coasts (Ogilvie, 1992). The chronology of the core was established by converting the basal radiocarbon date to calendar years and assuming a linear sedimentation rate from the base of the core to the year of collection, 1993. Organic carbon, stable C and O isotope ratios, planktonic foraminiferal assemblages, and sediment magnetic parameters were measured on samples from the core, plotted against calendar years and compared to the Icelandic sea-ice index. The environmental proxies suggest that increased soil erosion, reduced salinity, and, possibly, decreased marine productivity prevailed during the severe sea-ice interval lasting from the last quarter of the eighteenth century to around 1920. Such a situation could develop with climatic cooling, increased storminess, and loss of vegetation cover to stabilise the soil. Although the core site generally lies outside the sea-ice limits, the evidence clearly shows the influence of sea ice and fresh water, and is sensitive to the overall climatic deterioration manifested by the sea-ice record.     

广州酸雨观测站2008年-2012年酸雨资料分析

利用广州酸雨观测站2008年-2012年的酸雨观测数据,分析广州市年、月、季平均酸雨pH值及酸雨发生频率,并对广州市酸雨变化情况进行分析总结,结果表明：五年中广州的年酸雨平均pH值为4.48,年平均发生频率为75.8％.年平均酸雨最大pH值为4.67,年平均酸雨最小pH值为4.22.酸雨发生频率最高是2009年,为95.9％,最低则是2012年,为82.3％.按照酸雨PH值标准划分来看,2008至2010年年平均pH值属于较强酸性降水,而2011至2012年年平均pH值属于弱酸性降水.月平均酸雨最大pH值出现在11月,pH值为4.71,月平均酸雨最小pH值出现在2月,pH值为3.29;而酸雨频率月变化则可以看出6月份酸雨发生频率最高,为90.4％,而10月份酸雨发生频率最低,为44.0％.按季节分析,广州市秋季降水pH值最高,冬季降水pH值最低,秋季出现酸雨频率最小,冬季出现酸雨频率最大.四季轻雾日数与降水pH值呈显著的负相关,与酸雨频率呈显著的正相关.对风速与酸雨平均pH值分析,说明风速增大时,容易造成外来污染物的入侵,使污染加剧,酸雨平均值减小,酸雨频率增大.而雨量的变化对四季酸雨平均pH值有着显著的影响.     

近40年黄河源区气候要素分布特征及变化趋势分析

用Mann-Kendall统计检验方法对黄河源区13个气象站点1959—1997年日照、气温、降水、蒸发的分布特征和变化趋势进行了分析,结果表明:近40年黄河源区年平均日照时数表现为微弱的下降趋势,空间分布呈明显的从北部向南部减少的态势,变化趋势从中部向西部、东部、北部逐渐减少;年平均气温呈明显的上升趋势,空间分布规律从西向东、从南向北逐渐增加,变化趋势为中部、南部地区上升趋势最小,北部、东部、西部上升幅度较大;多年平均降水呈较弱的下降趋势,空间分布规律从东南向西北逐渐减少,变化趋势表现为大部分地区降水量呈下降趋势;年平均蒸发量的下降趋势幅度较大,空间分布规律从北部向南部逐渐减少,变化趋势表现为大部分地区呈减少趋势,以北部地区最为明显。另外,本文也应用线性倾向估计方法对黄河源区各气候要素进行了分析,这两种方法得到的结果基本一致。     

沙尘暴热力结构的个例研究

利用民勤站L波段探空雷达2004年5月23—24日的一次强沙尘暴过程加密探测资料,从气象要素的垂直廓线和能量天气学两个方面,分析了沙尘暴发生发展过程中大气层结及其演变特征。结果表明：沙尘暴过境前,500hPa以下的高空风速较小,低层800hPa以下基本为偏东气流,中高层为偏西气流,沙尘暴过境时近地层风速明显加大,700hPa以下为西北气流,高层为西南气流;相对湿度在沙尘暴过境前,高层明显高于低层,而过境后,整层大气的湿度明显增加,且800hPa附近出现逆湿现象,沙尘暴过境前后整层大气相对湿度在垂直方向上的变化趋势基本一致。沙尘暴发生前,近地层气温较高,200hPa附近存在超低温现象,250hPa附近存在比较厚的下沉逆温层,随着沙尘暴过境,低层的气温显著下降,近地层约800hPa处出现逆温层,而250hPa处的逆温层逐渐减弱;地面气象要素的变化为：沙尘暴过境之前,地面气压比较低,温度较高,风速也比较小,而沙尘暴一到,顿时气压升高,风速猛增,温度下降;沙尘暴过境前,500hPa以下处于对流不稳定,过境期间饱和能差逐渐减小,不稳定能量由高层向低层传递,单站的垂直运动发展加剧;沙尘天气结束后．整层大气的结构基本稳定．不稳定能量衰竭,饱和能差进一步减小,整层大气湿度有了较大的增加。